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JAMESTOWN, 1607. 



PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL SERIES. 



HIGHER HISTORY 



UNITED STATES 



SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. 




HENRY E. CHAMBERS, 

Author of " A School History oj the United States," Etc. 



NEW ORLEANS: 
Published by F. F. IIANSELL & BRO. 



\ 



\ 



^ 178 
•I 

•C43 

PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL SERIES, 

PUBLISHED l:Y 

F. F. HANSELL & BRO., 

NEW ORLEANS. 



CHAMBERS' TWENTY LESSONS IN BOOK-KEEPING. 

DUVAL'S STUDENTS' HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI. 

HANSELL'S PRIMARY SPELLER. 

HANSELL'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

HANSELL'S PRACTICAL PENMANSHIP, 8 Nos. 

HANSELL'S TRACING BOOKS, 3 Nos. 

HANSELL'S PRACTICAL DICTIONARY. 

HEMPSTEAD'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

NICHOLSON'S PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S INTERMEDIATE ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S COMPLETE ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S ADVANCED ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. 

PRACTICAL SCHOOL RECORD. 

PRACTICAL SCHOOL REGISTER. 



COPYRIGHT 

1SS9. 
F. II AN SELL & 15 RO. 



PRESS OF KLECTROTYPED BY 

Graham \- Son, T. A. Slattery & Rro. 

NEvV ORLEANS. NEW ORLEANS. 



PREFACE. 



_^_ 



L. 



THE preparation of a work whose purpose it is to guide the intelligence 
and shape the thought of the young mind, carries with it a responsi- 
bility, the importance of which must be apparent to all/ * When this work 
is one upon the history of our country, and one designed to find its way into 
the hands of the youth of the South, an obligation is attached to this 
responsibility which in all its sacredness cannot be too fully dwelt upon. 
In full realization of this the author undertook the preparation of the 
present volume with some reluctance. He was encouraged to do so, how- 
ever, by the favorable reception accorded his ''School History of the 
United States,"— a more elementary text-book— the general introduc- 
tion of which into southern schools has brought to him innumerable requests 
that he supplement his earlier volume with one of a more advanced nature. 
The author is one of an army of teachers whose experience with the 
average historical text-book has been thoroughly unsatisfactory. Like 
most of these teachers, who have attained satisfactory results with their 
history classes, he has had to devise and originate his own methods, to 
eradicate many erroneous impressions caused by prejudiced statements in 
earlier published text-books, and to obviate the glaring faults of omission 
to be found in those published at a later day. The objections to be urged 
against most of these text-books pertain to both text and arrangement. 
The former too often comprises a series of events tritely described, inter- 
spersed with stereotyped annecdotes, whose antiquity has long ago robbed 
them of all interest. The latter as often consists of a strictly chronologi- 
cal arrangement of these events, to master which is no light feat of men- 
tal gymnastics. Of historical cause and historical effect little is shown. 
The student is expected to take a series of abruptly disconnected facts, 
associate those that bear upon each other, and generalize the whole into 
definite knowledge of the subject. It is needless to add that the association 
is seldom made, and that inasmuch as the faculty of generalization is one 
of the last to reach development in the youthful mind, the generalization 
is never accomplished unless the faculty receives systematic aid and training 
during its earlier period of growth. ^Question a student pursuing his his- 
torical studies by means of the average school history, and one will find 
that not infrequently his conception of the American Revolution, and of; 
the secession of the Southern States, is that the one was a conspiracy, the 



6 PREFACE. 

other a war. Of the struggle for that liberty, enjoyed wherever the English 
language is spoken, preliminary to the war that was hut incidental to the 
Revolution, and of the events immediately following, he has little know- 
ledge. Of the long chain of events leading to the great civil conflict, and 
of the logical development of principles, the contention for which has 
made two peoples heroic, he is ignorant. 

In the preparation of the present volume the author has endeavored to 
place himself in the attitude of both teacher and student. He has embodied 
in this volume the methods by which, in an experience covering a number 
of years with classes of various grades, he has attained pronounced and 
unmistakable success. He has called to mind the mental processes by 
which he, as a student, attained historical knowledge, and has made smooth 
the places that presented obstruction to his own youthful mind, as well as to 
those under his observation during his experience as a teacher. He has 
endeavored to group his facts in a manner to show unmistakably their 
relation; and at the same time has preserved the signs and land-marks in 
side-note and outline form, that teacher and pupil, accustomed to other 
text-books, may find the change to this not altogether an abrupt one. lie 
has endeavored to present his facts truthfully, clearly and logically. Belong- 
ing to a generation that has but recently come to a knowledge of the world's 
affairs, he has inherited traditions only, to bias his judgment. He lias, 
however, made strenuous efforts to avoid error, to make his statements 
as impartial as lies within his power, and to employ language thoroughly 
unequivocal. 

To the many who have so kindly examined, revised and corrected the 
proofs and advance sheets, the author must signify his unqualified apprecia- 
tion. To the printers and compositors, whose infinite patience and excel- 
lent suggestions take practical shape in the following pages, he must extend 
his kindest thanks. To the publishers, whose confidence, enterprise and 
liberality have enabled him to present the fruits of his labor in so highly 
attractive a form, his sincere acknowledgments are extended. To the 
teacher engaged in the holy calling of instilling the truth, the whole truth, 
in the minds of the young, and into whose hands the present volume may 
fall, the author gives greeting and a Godspeed. 

II. E. C. 

Central High School, 
New Orleans. 



CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

Page. 
Unman Progress. — Revealed by History in General — Exemplified in the History of the 

United States 13 

PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

I. The Great Awakening. 

Chapter I. The Dawn of Learning 19 

" II. The Increase of Geographical Knowledge 21 

II. America Discovered. 

Chapter III. The Idea and the Man 25 

" IV. The Story of San Salvador 29 

" V. The News Brought Back. 33 

" VI. First on the Mainland 39 

III. First Comers from Four Nations. 

Chapter VII. The Spaniards in Florida 43 

" VIII. The Conquest ot New Spain 47 

" IX. The Quest of the Fabulous . 52 

" X. Xew France and Acadie 57 

" XI. Louisiana 62 

" XII. The Northwest Passage - 67 

IT. America of Old. 

Chapter XIII. Aboriginal Races — Semi-civilized 73 

XIV. Aboriginal Races — Savage 7S 

" XV. Prehistoric America S5 

PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

I. Attempted Settlements. 

Chapter I. First Seekers for Religious Liberty 97 

" II. Raleigh's Failures in South Virginia 101 

" III. English Attempts in North Virginia 106 

II. Virginia. 

Chapter IV. England's First Foothold no 

" V. The Father of Virginia 113 

" VI. Permanency Assured 11S 

" VII. The First Assembly of American Lawmakers 122 

III. New Netherlands. 

Chapter VIII. The India Companies 126 

IV. New England. 

Chapter IX. Pilgrims and Puritans 130 

" X. The Tyranny of Intolerance 135 

" XI. New England Settlements 138 

T. Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

Chapter XII. First for Liberty of Conscience 143 

" XIII. The Proprietary of Penn's Woods 145 



8 CONTENTS. 

TI. Carolina. Pace 

ChapterXIV. The Lords Proprietors 14s 

VII. Georgia. 

Chapter XV. Philanthropy and Protection 152 

Till. Louisiana. 

Chapter XVI. French Barriers to Westward Expansion 155 

PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

I. The Growing Colonies. 

Chapter I. The Beginning of Indian Extinction 164 

" II. Indian Conflicts (Northern Colonics) 166 

" III. Indian Conflicts (Southern Colonies) 169 

" IV. An Early American Rebellion 172 

" V. A Vestige of Superstition 175 

" VI. Colonial Quarrels (English and French) 17S 

" VII. Colonial Quarrels (English and Spanish) 181 

II. The Struggle for Supremacy. 

Chapter VIII. A Youth and His Mission 1S6 

IX. The Old French War 189 

" X. England Victorious 191 

" XI. Ouconostota and Pontiac J96 

III. The Thirteen English Colonies. 

Chapter XII. Colonial Progress 199 

" XIII. The Beginning of American Industries 202 

" XIV. The Development of Sectional Differences 205 

PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

I. The Struggle for English Liberty in America. 

Chapter I. Commercial Slavery 211 

" II. Unjust Taxation 213 

" III. Agitation 217 

•' IV. Armed Resistance 221 

" V. Independence Declared. 226 

II. The War for American Independence. ' 

Chapter VI. The War in the North 234 

" VII. The First Great Victory 239 

" VIII. The War in the South 245 

" IX. The Partisans of the Carolinas •. 249 

" X. America Triumphant 253 

III. The Institution of Self Government. 

Chapter XI. The Transfer of Soverignty 259 

" XII. The Delegation of Governmental Power 262 

" XIII. The Federal Constitution 26S 

PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
I. Union. 

Chapter I. The Beginning of the Federal Government 279 

" II. The Rise of Political Parties 2S6 

" III. Expansion of Territory 290 

" IV. The Spirit of Young America 29S 

" V. The War for Maritime Independence 301 

" VI. Sea Triumphs of the Young Republic 30S 

" VII. The Era ot Good Feeling 315 

" VIII. The Rise of Modern Political Methods 322 

" IX. The American System 325 



CONTENTS. 



Ill 



Page. 

Chapter X. The Panic of 1837 333 

" XI. The Annexation of Texas 33S 

" XII. War with Mexico 344 

" XIII. The Development of Sectional Antagonism 352 

Disunion. 

Chapter I. The Secession of the Southern States 361 

" II. The Advance on Richmond 367 

" III. Early Battles in the West 373 

" IV. The War in Virginia 3S1 

" V. Coast, River, and Sea 393 

" VI. Lights and Shadows of Appomattox 404 

" VII. The Readmission of the Southern States 417 

Reunion. 

Chapter I. Recent Events 424 

II. The United States of To-Day 429 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page. 

Jamestown, 1607 Frontispiece. 

Introduction (Illustrated Heading) 13 
Period of Discovery (Illustrated 

Heading) 19 

First Signs of Land 32 

Statue of Columbus at Genoa 35 

Landing of the Cabots 40 

Cortez in Mexico 4S 

Cartier on the St. Lawrence 5S 

La Salle taking formal possesion ot 

Louisiana 64 

In Search of a Northwest Passage ... 6S 
Remains of Ancient American 

Civilization 75 

Mandan Village 79 

Long House of the Iroquois 79 

Indian Medicine Man Si 

Indian Burial S3 

Indian Mounds, Arkansas S7 

Cliff Dwellings SS 

A Pueblo SS 

Statue of Lief Ericson 90 

Norse Ruins in Greenland 90 

A Viking Vessel 90 

Period of Colonization (Illustra- 
ted Heading) 97 

Old Fort St, Augustine 9S 

" Croatan " 104 

Settlers Choosing Wives 120 

Introduction of African Slavery 121 

Scenes in New Amsterdam 126 

Peter Stuyvesant 12S 

The Mayflower 131 

Landing of Pilgrims 134 

Roger Williams and the Narragan- 

setts 140 



Page. 

Catholics in Maryland 144 

Oglethorpe and Tomo Chichi 153 

Death of La Salle 157 

Founding of New Orleans 15S 

Period of Colonial Development 

(Illustrated Heading) 164 

Indian Warriors 170 

Ruins of Jamestown 174 

The Charter Oak 17S 

■Washington and the French Com- 
mandant 17S 

Braddock and Captain Jack 190 

Wolfe's Army Ascending the 

Heights 194 

Early American Coins 203 

Period of Revolution (Illustrated 

Heading) 211 

The Call to Lexington 222 

Paul Revere Watching for the 

Signal 223 

The Continental Congress 224 

Fortifying Breed's Hill 226 

Sergeant Jasper Replacing the Flag 229 

The Advance on Trenton 235 

The Morning Drill at Valley Forge.. 23S 

American Flag, 1777 241 

Battle of King's Mountain 252 

The Outpost 255 

Period of Independence (Illus- 
trated Heading) 279 

Decatur Burning the Philadelphia ... 291 

Crossing the Rocky Mountains 292 

Fulton's First Steamboat / 294 

Impressing American Seamen 300 

Croghan's Defense of Fort Stephen- 
son 302 



IO 



CONTENTS. 



ILLUSTRATIO 

Page. 

" Don't Give Up the Ship " 310 

Battle of New Orleans . .. 312 

Early American Railroad Train 322 

A New England Eactory 328 

The Alamo 340 

"General Taylor Never Surrenders." 3 p 

A Southern Cotton Eield 353 

Montgomery, Ala. — Night of Davis' 

Inauguration 364 

Bombardment of Eort Sumter 366 

"We Will Give Them the Bayonet." 372 

Battle of Shiloh 379 



N S — Continued. 

Page 

The Confederate Flag 3S1 

The Night before Chancellorsville — 

East Meeting of Lee and J ackson 3SS 

The Last Charge at Gettysburg 391 

Running the Blockade 394 

Battle Between the Virginia and the 

Monitor 396 

Running the Fire of the Forts 39S 

The Alabama Sinking the Hatteras . 403 

Custer's Last Rally 425 

Statue of Liberty 433 

After the Earthquake 434 



PORTRAITS 



Columbus 

Ferdinand _ 

Isabella 

Americus Vespuccius. 

Balboa 

Magellan 

Pizzaro 

Champlain 

La Salle 

Francis Drake 

Queen Elizabeth 

Walter Raleigh 

John Smith 

Pocahontas 

Miles Standish 

John Winthrop 

Lord Baltimore 

William Penn 

James Oglethorpe 

Montcalm 

Jeffrey Amherst 

Wolfe 

James Otis 

Patrick Henry 

Samuel Adams 

George Washington. 

Moultrie 

John Rutledge 

DeKalb 

Count Pulaski 

Steuben 

Gates 

Burgoyne 

Pickens 

John Paul Jones 

Tarleton 

Arnold 



S3 
26 

2 7. 
4' 
47 
47 
50 
60 
62 
69 
102 
103 
114 

i>5 
133 
136 
'43 
146 
'52 
191 
192 

'93 
212 

■2'S 
2l6 
227 
230 
230 
234 
236 

237 
24I 
241 

245 
247 
247 
24S 



Page. 

Marion 249 

Sumter 250 

Henry Lee 251 

Isaac Shelby 253 

Greene 254 

Morgan 255 

Lafayette 256 

Benjamin Franklin 264 

James Robertson 266 

Daniel Boone 266 

John Sevier 267 

John Adams 273 

George Washington 2S0 

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 2S7 

Thos. Jefferson 290 

Robert Fulton 295 

James Madison 29S 

Commodore Perry 304 

Macdonough 307 

James Monroe 316 

John Quincy Adams 319 

Black Hawk 323 

Andrew Jackson 324 

Eli Whitney 327 

1 Henry Clay 329 

John C. Calhoun 330 

Martin Van Buren 333 

William Henry Harrison 335 

John Tyler 336 

Daniel Webster 336 

Gen. Sam. Houston 339 

James K. Polk 343 

Gen. Zachary Taylor 345 

Millard Fillmore 355 

Franklin Pierce 357 

James Buchanan 361 

Howell Cobb ' 363 



CONTENTS. 



II 



PORTRAIT S— Continued. 



Page. 

Alexander H. Stephens 365 

Jefferson Davis 36S 

Irvin McDowell 371 

E. Kirby Smith 374 

A. P. Hill 374 

Fitzhugh Lee 374 

Wade Hampton 374 

H. H. Sibley 375 

Sterling Price 375 

Earl Van Dorn 376 

Albert Pike 376 

Leonidas Polk 377 

Albert Sidney Johnston ■ 37S 

W J. Hardee 379 

Joseph H. Wheeler 3S0 

P. G. T. Beauregard 3S0 

Thomas, Grant and Meade 382 

J. B. Magruder 3S4 

Geo. B. McClellan 3S5 

John Pope ., 3S6 

J. E. B.Stuart 3S7 

Ambrose E. Burnside 3S7 

Joseph Hooker 3S9 

"Stonewall" Jackson 3S9 

Richard S. Ewell 390 

Geo. D. Pickett 392 

Phil. H. Sheridan 395 

Commodore Farragut 397 

W. S. Rotecrans 399 



Page. 

W. T. Sherman 399 

N. P. Banks 400 

Ridiard Taylor 401 

Raphael Semmes 402 

T. C. Hindman 404 

Frederick Steele 404 

T. II. Holmes 405 

J. B. Hood 407 

Jas. B. McPherson 40S 

John H.Morgan 40S 

N. B. Forest 408 

Pat Cleburne 409 

E. C.Walthall 409 

Jubal A. Early 410 

J. B.Gordon 410 

Robert E. Lee 411 

Winfield S. Hancock 412 

James Longstreet 413 

D. H. Hill 413 

Joseph E. Johnston 414 

Andrew Johnson 41S 

Abraham Lincoln 419 

General Custer 425 

R. B. Hayes 426 

Jas. A. Garfield 428 

Chester A. Arthur 429 

Grover Cleveland 430 

Benjamin Harrison 435 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

This book has been arranged to meet a variety of requirements. Teachers who believe 
that the pupil should obtain something more than a cursory knowledge of earlier American 
history will find the events leading up to the establishment of the Federal Government 
treated with unusual fullness. Those who believe that definiteness of acquired knowledge 
can best be secured by the employment of set questions, will find the ones given in this work 
carefully chosen and free from such objectionable wordings as elicit mechanical responses. 
Those whose preferences are for the topic methods of study and recitation will find their 
requirements duly considered in the Blackboard Forms, Topical and Review Outlines inter- 
spersed throughout these pages. 

Experienced teachers have long ago recognized the folly of disconnecting the studies of 
the class-room, whose interdependence is evident to all. The intimate relation between 
history and geography, the absolute necessity of a thorough understanding of words used, 
whatever the subject taught may be, are generally understood. Thus, at intervals in this 
work, are placed Preparatory Notes, to facilitate a preliminary mastery of locations, word 
meanings and pronunciations, so that when the text is taken up an intelligent consideration 
of it may ensue. With the average pupil, the author suggests that these Preparatory Notes 
be given special and due attention ; with the more mature student the teacher may exercise 
his judgment, whether or not consideration of them is necessary. 

It must be borne in mind that history study is mental training, and that little training 
results where no effort of mind is required to grasp a subject. The author has endeavored 
to grade the lessons so that this mental effort may be made continuous, and at the same time 
to make no discouraging demands upon the young mind. He suggests that in the use of 
this book as a class manual for pupils of the intermediate grammar grades, the teacher 
follow the full text as it is, up to the period of the Revolution, making analyses of the 
lessons as indicated in the first tew chapters. Upon taking up the Periods of Revolu- 
tion and Independence for the first time, he would advise that the side notes be only 
read and referred to in connection with the body of the chapter. With advanced classes 
intelligent recitations on both side notes and remainder of text should be insisted upon. 

The Blackboard Forms should be reviewed frequently by being reproduced from time to 
time with or without dates, as the teacher may see fit. The Topical Outlines should be made 
the special subjects of study in connection with review exercises, for in these the most 
important facts of American history are generalized and placed within the full view of the 
student. The questions printed in bolder type are such as require answers of more than 
ordinary fiUlness, the length of which is to be determined by the teacher. 

As all History cannot be embraced within the covers of one book there is given, in con- 
nection with the Preparatory Notes, a carefully prepared list of references under the heading 
of Parallel Readings, to serve as guides for such original reseach — limited or extended — as 
the pupil may desire or be required to make. In this connection the author would empha- 
size the good results that follow the establishment of an historical library — no matter how 
few the. volumes may be — in connection with the school. In addition to the long-established 
standards there should be found in each of these libraries such bright and modern works 
as the " American Statesmen " and " American Commonwealth " series, published by 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., the " Story of the States Series," published by D. Lothrop & Co., 
Fisk's "' Critical Period of American History," "The Century War Book," and a number of 
other publications that might be mentioned. No class pursuing the study, or teacher 
imparting instruction upon the subject, should be without the monthly visits of the Magazine 
of American History, of New York, the most excellent publication of its kind of which the 
writer has knowledge. 

In teaching History the teacher should make use of every convenient aid, and whether he 
succeeds or not in placing every minute fact indelibly upon the memory of the student, if he 
can train to breadth of mind and intelligent interest in current affairs, his ends and aims as 
an instructor of History have been reasonably accomplished. 



INTRODUCTION. 




Human Progress. 

THE history of the human race is a 
record of that development and 
progress by which it has attained its 
present state of civilization and enlightenment. A study 
of the record reveals that this advancement has been 
made by various stages, as impulses have from time to 
time been received; and that the greatest of these impulses 
have been conquests, race conflicts, colonizations, dis- 
coveries, inventions, and birth of spiritual ideas. 

The history of a nation, or of a people, is a record of its rise 
and progress, and, where it has ceased to exist, of its decay. 
From such as have become known to us we readily perceive 
that the degree of enlightenment attained by any nation or by 
any people is proportional to the welfare and condition of 
the individuals constituting it; and we have come to know 
that this individual well-being depends directly upon moral- 
ity, personal liberty, culture, and control of nature's forces. 



14 INTRODUCTION. 

In the history of the United States we are to see some- 
thing more than a mere statement of facts, or a narrative of 
events arranged in chronological order. We are to see in it 
the rise and development of a nation distinct in its political 
features from all others on the earth ; a nation of self-govern- 
ing States, bound together by ties of agreement and mutual 
interest, exemplifying in every respect the laws of human 
progress ; a nation no part of whose history is shrouded in the 
obscurity of a remote past, but whose birth and rapid growth 
have been illumined by the full light of modern times. This 
history is of absorbing interest to the intelligent of every for- 
eign land, and to be perfectly familiar with it should be the 
pride, as it is the duty, of every citizen of our own. 

Although the youngest of civilized nations the United 
States has already received many of the impulses to pro- 
gress that history in general reveals to us. As a nation, its 
foundations were laid in intellectual development, geograph- 
ical discovery and colonization. The expansion of its terri- 
tory has been marked by conquest and race conflicts. The 
advancement of its people has been preeminently character- 
ized by invention and scientific discoveries. Ideas have 
been awakened into life during the course of its existence that 
are of paramount importance to mankind without its borders 
as well as within — such ideas as the equality of man, liberty of 
conscience, personal freedom, and the right of self-govern- 
ment. 

Within its confines is to be found every essential condition 
of individual well-being. Morality is fostered by law and is 
furthered by churches of many denominations in every ham- 
let. Each State concerns itself directly with the culture of 
its inhabitants, and to that end provides universities, colleges 
and common school systems. Personal freedom is recog- 
nized by it as by no other nation; for here the only restric- 



HUMAN PROGRESS. 1 5 

tion placed upon individuals in time of peace is that no one 
shall interfere with another in the enjoyment of rights com- 
mon to all. No other people have so placed the forces of 
nature under control to ease the burdens, to lighten the 
labors, and to facilitate the subsistence of the human race. 

The history of this nation, then, is one in which every 
American may take pride ; it should be familiar to every 
boy and girl. There is a past that in its glory must be car- 
ried into our future. There is a past that in its sadness must 
never be repeated in our experience so long as the nation 
endures. Sadness and glory alike must become known to 
successive generations, who, becoming citizens, perpetuate 
our institutions. A knowledge of what has transpired enables 
one to judge of the present and influence the future. If this 
knowledge inform us of ill-feeling and bitterness, the present 
tells us that the well springs of this ill-feeling and bitterness 
have dried up. The future must find us carrying forward 
unitedly our common country to its glorious destiny. No 
greater lesson is to be learned from United States history 
than this. 

In the following pages the history of the United States is 
approached by first considering the condition of Europe at a 
time when America was unknown. In the consideration 
of this condition we are to note the circumstances that led to 
the discovery of America, the explorers concerned in mak- 
ing this newly-found region of the earth known, and the col- 
onization of its shores. There is given incidentally some 
account of the red races of people there found, showing the 
degree of civilization they had attained in accordance with 
the well-known laws of human progress; and also of the 
authentic and uncertain visitations of America in past times, 
that added not to the knowledge of mankind, and therefore 



I 6 INTRODUCTION. 

rob the navigator who first made the western continent known, 
of not one tithe of his honor and credit. 

In the development of the colonies planted upon the Amer- 
ican shores we are to see first the beginnings of a race extinc- 
tion, the red disappearing before the white, as inferior races 
upon the advent of a superior, have often done before; then, 
the conflicts between colonies of rival nations, ending in the 
supremacy of those of England. This colonial development 
will indicate a sectional development, due to diversity of 
interests, to geographical position, and to climatic conditions; 
and for a time these sectional differences will be hidden from 
sight in the union of the colonies in a common cause against 
the mother country, England. 

We shall see what reason the English colonies had to re- 
volt, and how the Revolution ended in the establishment of 
independence and self-government in America and in the 
institution of the present government of the United States. 
We shall see the sectional differences developed in colonial 
times increase and strengthen into antagonism, and two sec- 
tions, urged on by some power beyond their control, rushing 
to a conflict the most terrible in history. This conflict was 
inevitable before the Americans could become one people, 
and from it both emerged with heritage of noble deeds and 
memories of gallant heroes, with mutual respect and with a 
clasping of hands in friendship, all barriers to which from 
that time forward it is to be their duty to remove. We shall 
therefore consider the subject in five periods : Discovery. 
Colonization, Colonial Development, Revolution, and 
Independence. 



HUMAN PROGRESS. 



17 



BLACKBOARD FORM 



Analysis of Ixtkodhtion, 



Dependent upon 



HUMAN PROGRESS. \ ' mpulse C ji!en by 



Molality 

Personal Freedom. 
Culture. 
{ Control of Nature. 



•i 



Exemplified in the 



Conquests. 
Colonizations. 
Race Contiicts. 
Inventions. 
Discoveries. 
Birth of Ideas. 

Discovery 

and 

Colonization 

of America, and in a 

Colonial Development. 

which led to the American 

Revolution 

and to the 

establishment of 

American 

Independence. 



I§ INTRODUCTION. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of what is the history of the human race a record ? What is revealed to us 
by its study ? Name some of the great impulses that have been given to 
human progress. What is the history of a nation or of a people ? To what is 
the degree of enlightenment attained by a nation or people proportional? 
Upon what does individual well-being depend ? What must be seen in the 
history of the United States other than a chronological arrangement of facts ? 
The United States is a nation of what? Its rise and development exemplify 
what laws ? What may be said of this rise and development? In what haye 
the foundations of the United States been laid ? What has marked its expan- 
sion of territory? The advancement of its people ? What great ideas have 
been born into the world during the course of American events ? What are 
found within the confines of the United States ? How is morality fostered and 
furthered ? With what does each State concern itself ? What boon is held out ? 
What is the only restriction upon individuals ? Why are the forces of nature 
controlled ? What is there in the past of our nation ? Who perpetuate our 
institutions? What enables us to judge of the present and influence the 
future? What is the greatest lesson to be learned in American history? 
Give in your own words an outline of the ground to be covered in this work. 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS I AND II. 

Geography. — Upon aglobe or map note the position of the Mediterranean sea: 
What grand divisions border it? Where is Portugal? Italy? Genoa? 
Venice? Name the principal seaports on the southeastern shores of the 
Mediterranean. How would a vessel go from Genoa to the mouth of the 
Volga River? What rivers empty into the Black Sea? What islands south- 
west of Portugal? Trace the west coast of Africa. How would a vessel sail 
from Lisbon to Cape of Good Hope? 

Definition of Words. — // the meaning of these -words is not clearly under- 
stood master eaeh with the aid of a good dictionary: Civilization, literature, 
gainer, superstition, maritime, caravans, project, essay, conviction, inves- 
tigation, conception, canopy, surmise, fraught, weird, capital, destined, era, 
experience. 

Pronunciation of Names. — A list of proper names difficult to pronounce will 
be found in the appendix. I'ractice upon the pronunciation of the following: 
Christoforo Colombo, Bartholomeu Diaz, Yasco da Gama. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

REFERENCE.- Hallam's "Middle Ages," Draper's "Intellectual Development of Europe" 
(vol. 2, chap. 5), livinp "Life ol Columbus." 
Topical.— "Dark Ages," "Printing, Discoverv of," ".Marco Polo," "Mandeville Sir 

John," "Copernicus," "Manner's Compass." 



EIRST PERIOD. 



DISCOVERY 




The Great Awakening. 



CHAPTER I. 



The Dawn of Learning. 

SEA more historic than the 
Mediterranean is not to be 
found on the surface of the earth. 
Its waters have floated the fleets of maritime nations for 
thousands of years, bearing to and fro the commerce of 
three grand divisions. About its shores have risen, 
flourished, and decayed, civilizations, the records of which 
have come down to us and influenced our own. 

The Europe which touches this sea upon the north was not 
always the enlightened portion of the world that it is to-day. 
There was a time in its history known as the Dark Ages, in 
which the densest ignorance prevailed. Learning was 
locked up in a few schools, monasteries and colleges, where 
priests and monks preserved the literature of other times in 



20 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

hand-written volumes, copying the same from time to time as 
the needs of their few patrons required. 

Upon no subject of knowledge were the masses more igno- 
rant than geography. When we examine a modern text- 
book upon this subject, and in it see elaborate maps outlining 
correctly every portion of the earth's surface; when we read 
the accompanying descriptions of lands and inhabitants, 
countries and governments, cities and industries, it seems 
difficult to realize that the time of this general ignorance 
was no further back in the history of man than four hun- 
dred years. Geographical knowledge, other than that of a 
local nature extended but little beyond the shores of the 
Mediterranean. America then formed no part of the known 
world. 

The fifteenth century brought to a close this era of intel- 
lectual darkness. The art of printing, so wonderful as to be 
regarded by the ignorant with superstition at the time, was 
invented, and books from movable type began to appear. 
Thousands of books could now be easily produced by 
mechanical means where formerly the production by hand 
of but one was a laborious undertaking The result was a 
cheapening of books, and with this cheapening sprang up a 
desire to master the arts of reading and writing. With much 
reading came much thinking. The storehouses of knowledge 
garnered up in the past were placed within easy reach of the 
multitude. It was not long before Europe was in a state of 
intellectual activity. 

As knowledge of the old became familiar, a desire for the 
new increased, and this desire extended to knowledge of 
the earth's surface. Sir John Mandeville of England, 
and Marco Polo of Venice, two renowned travelers, had 
in times past penetrated into the interior of Asia. Their 
works were read with avidity, and the desire for further 



THE GREAT AWAKENING. 



2T 



discovery tended, therefore, 



Successive expeditions were slowly 
making known the west coast of Af- 
rica, the dispatch of which had been 
induced by the reports ot Portuguese 
representatives at Cairo that Africa 
is a peninsula, and that its southern- 
most cape could lie rounded. This 
knowledge was obtained from the 
Arabs, who had been familiar for 
some time with the navigation of the 
east coast. The Cape of Good Hope 
was reached by Bartholomeu Diaz 
in t486, and was finally doubled by 
Yasco da Gama in i (97. 



to the East. The little maritime 
nation of Portugal was trying to 
reach that East by sailing down 
the unknown shores of trans- 
equatorial Africa. The known 
world was in a state of eager 
expectancy to gain know- 
ledge of the unknown, and 
an era of discovery was 
ushered in. 



QUESTIONS. 

What sea is one of the most historic on the earth? Why is the Mediter- 
ranean historic? What fleets has it floated? What have risen, flourished and 
decayed upon its shores? What has not Europe always been? What period 
in European history is known as the Dark Ages? By whom was the litera- 
ture of other times preserved during the Dark Ages ? How were books then 
produced ? Upon what subject were the masses greatly ignorant? How does 
the geographical knowledge of the present day differ from that of the Dark 
Ages ? Of what does the fifteenth century mark the close? What effect had the 
invention of printing? What desire sprang up with the cheapening of books? 
What, was placed within easy reach of all who learned to read? What increased 
as a knowledge of the old became familiar? What do you know of Sir John 
Mandeville and Marco Polo? In what direction did the desire for discovery 
extend? What maritime nation was endeavoring to reach India by sea ? 
What do you know of Portuguese discoveries ? What era was ushered in with 
the dawn of learning? 



CHAPTER II. 
The Increase of Geographical Knowledge. 

Among the first European countries to experience the 
revival of learning was Italy. In the northern portion of this 
peninsula were situated the republics of Venice and Genoa, 



2 2 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

both long celebrated for commercial enterprise, their seamen 
being the most skilful in Europe, and their vessels plying to 
and fro between the various Mediterranean ports. 

The trade of Venice had long been established with the 
seacoast towns of southwest Asia and northeast Africa, 
where long caravans came laden with the treasures of the 
Indies and the merchandise of the East, to be transferred to the 
holds of Venetian vessels for European distribution. As time 
passed on, the trade of Genoa was centered in the Black 
Sea, where stations and depots were established to receive 
the vast quantities of produce coming down from the inte- 
rior of Russia by way of her numerous rivers, and from 
the interior of Asia by way of the Caspian. 

But the trade of Genoa suffered a death blow when the 
warlike Turks, having crossed the Bosphorus, gained a foot- 
hold in Europe, and cut off all access to the sea on which 
the commerce of the Genoese had been built up. Com- 
petition with Venice had now to be entered into. Fierce 
rivalry ensued between the two republics, and Genoa being 
at a sore disadvantage, to discover a new route to India 
and other lands soon became a serious question with her 
merchants and sailors. 

Among the many whose attention was occupied with this 
question was one who conceived the bold project of reach- 
ing the Indies by water in a way other than that which 
was being essayed by the Portuguese. The name of 
this Genoese was Christoforo Colombo, and the boldness 
of his idea consisted in the manner in which he proposed to 
attain his object. 

A skilful navigator, he was thoroughly familiar with all 
matters pertaining to the sea. He had voyaged to many of 
the known regions of the world, and during a long course of 
observation the conviction had entered his mind that the 



THE GREAT AWAKENING. 



n 



earth is round, not flat, according to the prevailing beliet 

at the time ; and under the impression that it was very much 

smaller than it really is, he 

proposed to reach India 

by sailing west across the 

Atlantic ocean, upon the 

bosom of which no known 

vessel had yet ventured 

far. 

Columbus, as he is call- 
ed in history, was not alone 
in the belief that the earth 
is round. A few great 
scholars, in the course of 
their scientific investiga- 
tions, had arrived at the 
same conclusion ; but these 
conclusions they had not 
dared to openly assert. 
Long years of ignorance had fixed in the popular mind 
a conception of the earth as being flat, as having four 
corners, as serving to support the heavens stretched canopy- 
like above it, and any expression of conviction contrary to 
the popular belief called forth at that time ridicule and 
sometimes persecution. 

Of the other side of the Atlantic nothing was known. 
One by one groups of islands such as the Canary, had, by 
some accident or other, come within the knowledge of Por- 
tuguese navigators. Surmise placed others far out upon the 
broad expanse, and superstition had pictured mysterious lands 
beyond, approach to which was fraught with weird dangers, 
and return from which was believed to be impossible. 




COLUMBUS. 



24 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

Columbus boldly professed his belief, and offered to 
attempt the westward voyage to India. His services were 
first tendered to his native city, but Genoese capital could be 
embarked upon no scheme so visionary. The glory of send- 
ing him upon that first great voyage was destined for no 
merchant of Genoa, and its determining motives were to be 
other than those of commercial enterprise. 

QUESTIONS. 

What country was among the first to experience the revival of learning? 
What two little republics in the northern part of Italy? What do you know 
of Genoa and Venice? What can you say of their vessels and seamen? 
What trade had Venice established? Where did the trade of Genoa centre? 
What finally sprung up between the two republics? Why? What question 
became a serious one to the merchants and seamen of Genoa? Who con- 
ceived the idea of reaching India by water? What can you say of the idea 
entertained by Christopher Columbus? With what was Columbus familiar? 
What conviction entered his mind? What mistaken idea had he about the 
size of the earth? Who besides Columbus had reached his conclusion? 
Why did not eminent scholars of that day dare to profess openly their beliefs 
and convictions? What conceptions had been firmly fixed in the popular 
mind by long years of ignorance? What was known of the other side of 
the Atlantic? What did people imagine to be there? What offer did 
Columbus make? To whom was this offer first tendered? Why? Why 
was not the offer of Columbus accepted by his native city? 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

When did the Turks gain a foothold in Europe? When and by whom was printing 
invented? What nautical instrument renders it possible for a vessel to sail out of sight 
of land? Name two civilizations that have arisen and decayed about the shores of the 
Mediterranean sea. What is "St. Brandan's Isle?" 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS III, IV, V AND VI. 

Geography. — Note the location of the following upon a globe or map: 
Lisbon, Canary Islands, Palos, Bahama Islands, Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, Ori- 
noco River, Isthmus ot Panama, Barcelona, Bristol, Newfoundland, Labra- 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 2$ 

dor, Straits of Belle Isle. In what direction from Palos are the Canary 
Islands? What point on the American coast is the same latitude as these 
islands? Would a vessel steer north or south of this parallel in sailing from 
the Canary to the Bahama Islands? In what direction is Labrador from the 
British Isles? Which is the greater distance, from the Canary Islands to 
the Bahamas, or from England to Labrador? What animals are found in 
the Polar regions? 

Definition of Words. — Master the meaning of the following words: Patron , 
discredit, treachery, interval, arguing, prior, dominant, absurdity, evidently, 
antipodes, reversed, visionist, replenish, species, persistent, depleted, 
accrue, parallel, identity, formal, disaster, proclaim, adulations, accusations, 
latitude, patent, bestow, subsequent, authentic. 

Pronunciation of Names.- — Practice the pronunciation of the following: 
Salamanca, Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, Roderigo de Triana, San Salvador, 
Ilispaniola, Bahama, Gomera, Sebastian, Santius, Prima Vista, Alonzo de 
Ojedo. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference.— Irving's "Life of Columbus," Nicholls' "Cabot," Bancroft's "History of 
the Colonization of the United States" (chapter i). 

General. — "How America was Discovered," in Harper's Magazine (Dec, 1SS1). 

Topical. — "West Indies," "Labrador," "Cabot, John," "Cabot, Sebastian," "America, 
Discovery of," "Ferdinand and Isabella," "Canary Islands," "Columbus, Life of." 



' America Discovered. 

CHAPTER III. 
The Idea and The Man. 

It appears that Columbus first formed the idea of the 
earth's roundness about the year 1474, at which time he was 
living at Lisbon, Portugal, whither a number of Genoese 
navigators, attracted by the fame of the Portuguese princes 
as patrons of maritime enterprises, had from time to time 
repaired, as the commerce of their own city declined. 

At this time he was very poor, and having no means to 
put his ideas into execution, he naturally turned to the 



26 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

Portuguese king after his native city had declined to enter 
into his plans. The application of Columbus was referred 
to several councilors. They first ridiculed the project 
openly, then secretly advised the king to dispatch an expedi- 
tion of his own and reap the whole glory. To the discredit 
of this monarch — an unusually enlightened one for the times 
— it is said that he listened to these evil advisers; but the 
expedition sent out ended in speedy failure. 

Smarting from the treachery, Columbus set out from Por- 
tugal to lay his plans before the court of Spain. Much 
of the toilsome journey was performed on foot, his little 
son walking beside him. Poverty-stricken, the very bread 
they ate was begged at times by the wayside. Spain, then 

beginning to be the most powerful 
nation in Europe, was in the midst 
of costly wars, and a long interval 
elapsed before Columbus could gain 
a hearing. Seven years did he spend 
pleading, urging, arguing, devoting his 
whole energy to the one idea of add- 
ing to the world's knowledge a know- 
ledge of the world. Two of these 
years were spent in a convent, whose 
prior fortunately gained for him 
powerful friends at court. He obtained a hearing at last 
from Ferdinand and Isabella, the reigning king and queen. 
A council of wise men, known as the Council of Salamanca, 
was assembled, to whom Columbus presented, with the great- 
est eloquence, the ideas that had long been dominant in his 
mind. He maintained that the sea was everywhere navigable ; 
that there were lands upon the earth other than those 
then known ; that the earth was round ; and that Asia could 
be reached by sailing west across the Atlantic. 




FERDINAND. 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 



27 



"The earth," he reasoned, "is made for man." "The 
command and promise of the Bible is that man shall increase 
and replenish the earth. Too much of the earth's surface 
cannot therefore be taken up with water. There must be 
lands to us unknown. Is it possible that the sun shines 
upon nothing, and that the nightly watches of the stars are 
wasted upon trackless seas?" 

To sustain his arguments he brought forward a number of 
facts. West of the Azores Islands had been found floating a 
piece of timber curiously carved by tools evidently not of iron. 
Whence came it? Two dead bodies of an unknown race, 
with large, dark, strange features, had been cast upon a 
western coast. Where live such men? Where grow the 
gigantic canes, the trees and vines of strange species, whose 
trunks and stems are found floating upon the waters of the 
ocean by navigators driven far out to sea by adverse winds ? 

But the great and wise council would not accept his argu- 
ments. "The earth cannot be round," they answered, "for 
then there would be antipodes, and everything would be 
reversed. People certainly cannot live with their feet up 
and heads down. Snow and rain cannot fall upwards. 
Moreover the rotundity of the earth 
would imply the arrangement of the 
ocean as a watery hill, up and down 
which vessels would have to sail in 
going from one region to another — an 
absurdity." 

Discouraged, but still persistent, 
Columbus prepared to apply to France, 
and had actually set out upon his way 
when overtaken and recalled. His elo- .sabella 

quence had made a deep impression on the queen. The 
possible success of such an undertaking as Columbus pro- 




28 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

posed opened up to her mind the glories of extended 
dominion, and, good Catholic that she was, the desire of 
spreading the religion of Christ to such unknown regions 
as might be found, appealed to her very strongly. So 
she agreed to furnish the required assistance. 

The treasury of Spain was in a state of depletion, caused 
by years of war; but an offer to pledge her jewels obtained 
for Isabella the necessary amount. An agreement was entered 
into with Columbus by which he was to contribute one-eighth 
of the expense and to receive one-tenth of whatever pearls, 
precious stones, gold, spices and other articles he might 
obtain. He was to be admiral "in all the lands and 
continents he might discover or acquire in the ocean, " and 
viceroy of the same. He was also to have the privilege of 
nominating three candidates for each of such governorships 
as might be established. 

Eighteen long years of poverty, misfortune, and disappoint- 
ment had he passed through. Assailed by the superstitious, 
ridiculed as a madman by the ignorant, he had adhered to 
his purpose with a perseverance, the parallel of which it is 
difficult to find. At last his time had come, and the dreams 
of the visionist were to become established facts. 

QUESTIONS. 

About what time did Columbus form the idea of the earth's roundness? 
Where was lie then living? Who had repaired here from time to tinier 
Why? Whv did not Columbus put his ideas into execution? What efforts 
did Columbus make to obtain assistance ? To whom was the application 
ot Columbus lor assistance referred? To what evil advice did the Portuguese 
king listen? Where diil Columbus next apply? Tell what you know of 
Columbus' visit to Spain. How was the journey thither performed? Why 
could lie not gain an immediate hearing? How long a time did he spend in 
Spain? Where were two of these years spent? Who were king and queen 
ot Spain at the time? What council was assembled to pass upon Columbus' 
views? What do you know of the Council of Salamanca? \\"hat arguments 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 



2 9 



did Columbus present? What facts? How was he answered by the wise 
men? Where did Columbus next proceed? Why did he not continue on 
to France? Why had Isabella determined to grant the necessary assistance ? 
Why did she offer to pledge her jewels? What agreement between Colum- 
bus and Isabella was entered into? How long did Columbus labor to put 
his idea into execution? What had he encountered through this period? 




CHAPTER IV. 



The Story of San Salvador. 

Immediately upon receiving his commission Columbus 
repaired to Palos, a little port in the southwest of Spain, and 
began preparations for the voyage. Here dwealt a wealthy 
family of navigators named Pinzon, friends of Columbus, 
with whose assistance he was enabled to contribute that por- 
tion of the expense he had agreed upon. The Pinzons thus 
identifying themselves with the expedition, were to receive a 
share of whatever profits might accrue. 

Two small vessels, the Pinta and the Nina, were furnished 
by the government, while with the funds obtained from the 
Pinzons, a third, the Santa Maria, somewhat larger than the 



30 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

other two, was procured. The last named was made the 
flagship of the admiral. Martin Alonzo Pinzon took com- 
mand of the Pinta, and his brother. Vincent Yanez, of the 

Nina. 

The government provided for the employment of ninety 
sailors. At first it was with some difficulty that men could 
be procured. Every one was interested in the expedition 
being fitted up, but the venture was regarded as a desperate 
one. and lew cared to risk themselves upon a vovage with 
chances of returning so meagre. The results of possible 
success, however, were held up so glowingly that, by the 
time preparations were completed, not only ninety sailors 
were secured, but thirty others joined for the purpose of 
adventure. 

By August 2, 1492, everything was ready for departure. 
The day was spent in solemn and impressive religious 
ceremonies. Officers and men in procession marched to the 
church, confessed their sins and offered up prayers, accord- 
ing to custom of the Roman Catholic Church. The priests 
called down the blessings of heaven upon the expedition, and 
early next morning the fleet set out to sea, Columbus bear- 
ing with him a letter from the sovereign of Spain to the 
Grand Kahn of Tartary, a monarch whose realm had been 
visited and described by Marco Polo, and whom Columbus 
expected to visit before his return. Aboard the vessels it was 
announced that a prize, offered by the queen, awaited him who 
was first to see land not heretofore discovered. The great- 
est voyage in the world's history had now begun. 

When three thus out. the rudder of the Pinta was lost; sail 
was therefore made for the Canary Islands, where, after a 
three weeks' stay at the one called Gomera, the damage was 
repaired. Here Columbus was informed that a Portuguese 
fleet was in those waters for the purpose of intercepting him. 



America discovered. 31 

Fortunately it never came in sight, and on September 6th 
the voyage was resumed. 

Day after day now passed, filled sometimes with hope, 
sometimes with fear. Most of the sailors were superstitious ; 
some were inclined to be insubordinate. When the sea hap- 
pened to be calm, they were afraid that a region had been 
reached where winds never blow. When a steady breeze set 
in and wafted them swiftly along in the direction most to be 
desired, it was, "How shall we ever sail back against it?" 

The further they proceeded, the more uneasy they became. 
In consequence of this uneasiness Columbus found it advis- 
able to keep two reckonings of the distance daily traveled — 
a correct one for his own guidance, and another recording 
a less number of miles than had actually been traveled, to be 
shown the crew. From time to time appeared signs that 
sailors had always hitherto regarded as indicating nearness 
of land, but in these instances they proved false indications. 
More than once clouds upon the horizon were mistaken 
for shores. The fears of the sailors brought them at times 
to the verge of mutiny; and it was only by great tact that 
Columbus succeeded in persuading them, from time to time, 
to continue the voyage. 

On the 7th of October a memorable incident happened. 
Martin Pinzon, from the deck of the Pinta, perceived a flock 
of parrots flying toward the southwest, and rightly suppos- 
ing land to lie in that direction, the heads of the vessels were 
turned accordingly. As they sailed on signs of land became 
numerous and unmistakable. A branch filled with berries 
went floating by, and birds that never fly far from shore, 
alighted on the vessels. 

The night of October nth arrived in the course of time. 
The vesper hymn, sung by each crew at eve, had ceased to 
sound over the waters. In the forepart of his ship, peering 



32 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 




FIRST SIGNS OF LAND. 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 



33 



anxiously into the dark ahead, stood Columbus. A little 
twinkling light in the distance suddenly attracted his atten- 
tion. It was moving, and, though he was not certain of it at 
the time, was coming from land. Early the next morning a 
gun sounded from the Pinta. Rodrigo de Triana, the sailor 
on watch, had summoned all hands ; for there before them, 
dimly to be seen, was an unknown shore approached in the 
night. The joyful shout went up, and all uncertainty was at 
an end. 

QUESTIONS. 

Where did Columbus repair upon receiving his commission? What friends 
had he here? What part did the Pinzons take in aiding the enterprise of 
Columbus? What benefit were they to receive therefrom? What three ves- 
sels were fitted up? How was each obtained? Who was the commander 
of each? How many sailors were employed? How many men went with 
the expedition? How was this number finally procured? Tell what you know 
of the fitting up of Columbus' expedition ? When was everything ready 
for the start? What ceremonies preceded the departure? What did Colum- 
bus take with him? Why did he take this letter? What announcement was 
made to the crews? Why is the first voyage of Columbus one of the greatest 
in history ? What acciden.t befell the Pinta? When? Where was it repaired? 
What danger did Columbus escape? Describe the voyage from the Canary 
Islands? What fears were entertained by the men? What did Columbus 
find it necessary to do on account of these fears? What was the notable 
occurrence of October 7th? Why was this occurrence remarkable? What 
signs of land soon began to appear? What happened the night of the nth? 
The morning of the 12th? Who first saw land? What was now at an end? 



CHAPTER V. 

The News Brought Back. 

The land first seen proved to be one of the Bahama Islands. 
The devout Columbus bestowed upon it the name of San 
Salvador (Holy Savior). In the light of early dawn the 
three vessels drew up and cast anchor. The intense interest 



34 



PERIOD OK DISCOVERY. 



with which the men scanned the land before them may well 
be imagined. The vanguard of European civilization had 
reached American shores, and all felt the solemnity and 
importance of the occasion. 

The first landing of Columbus in the new world was 
made with elaborate ceremony. Attired in a rich uniform of 
scarlet, with the royal banner of Spain in his hand, the 
admiral entered his own boat and was joined by his subordi- 
nate captains in theirs, each holding aloft the green-crossed 
banner of the enterprise ; all three were accompanied by 
retinues — the whole forming a most brilliant pageant as it 
drew near to shore. The first act of Columbus on landing 
was to kneel reverently, kiss the earth, and offer thanks to 
God, while the tears of joy sprang to his eyes and a sense 
of gratitude to his heart. He then rose to his feet, drew 
his sword, and, surrounded by his men, took formal posses- 
sion in the name of the sovereigns of Spain. The oath 
of obedience to him as admiral and viceroy was then taken 
by all present. 

Dark-skinned natives had gathered around and were 
witnessing the proceedings with astonishment. To them the 
ships seemed bird-like, and wing-like the sails. Regarding 
the visitors as from the sky, they treated them with every 
mark of kindness. A few of them wore ornaments of gold, 
with which they readily parted, and when asked by signs 
where more of that metal could be obtained, they pointed to 
the south. This led the Spaniards to further search, and, 
erecting a large cross, they left the island, and proceeded in 
the direction pointed out. 

Before lon<: the coast of Cuba was sighted, and soon after 
that of Hayti, which was called by them Hispaniola (Little 
Spain). The Spaniards landed from time to time along the 
coast to search and make inquiry for the gold and spices they 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 



35 



had hoped to find in abundance. At Hispaniola disaster 
befell the Santa Maria, and many of the men opposing fur- 
ther exploration, a fort was constructed from the wreck and 
named Fort Isabel. Leaving thirty-five men as a garrison, 
Columbus set out with the rest upon the return. 

The excitement that spread over Spain when, on the 13th 





STATUE OF COLUMBUS AT GENOA. 



of March, 1493, news went out from Palos that Columbus 
had returned successful, can hardly be imagined. Bells were 
rung, and exultation was upon every side. A general holi- 
day was proclaimed. The king and queen assembled their 



36 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



courtiers, and waited in state at Barcelona, to welcome with 
honor the man who was thenceforth to be known as Spain's 
greatest admiral. The journey of Columbus from Palos to 
the Spanish court was quite different from the footsore and 
weary one made six years before. Greetings and adula- 
tions were now showered upon him all along the route, and 
his progress was a series of triumphs. 

In the presence of the assembled court Columbus received 
the hands of his sovereign. The story of his adventure, and 
of that new world beyond the seas, was given in full. The 
curious objects he had brought back with him, among 
which were two natives of the new world, were examined 
with wonder. The islands that Columbus told about were 
thought to be among those lying off the southeast coast of 
Asia, and known in those days as the Indies ; hence the 
natives received the name of Indians, which they have 
retained to this day. 

A large fleet was now provided for Columbus to make a 
second voyage. Impatient to make further discoveries he 
soon set sail, this time with fifteen hundred soldiers, mission- 
aries and adventurers, all eager 
to extend Spain's dominion, 
to Christianize the savages, 
and to search for the gold and 
silver that were to flow into 
the coffers of Spain, and, for 
a time, make her the richest 
among nations. 

In time Ilispaniola was 
reached ; but a sad discovery 
was here made. The men left 
by Columbus on his first voy- 



Tlie last days of Columbus were 
spent in misfortune. The powers and 

privileges granted him in the new world, 
occasioned much jealousy and awaken- 
ed powerful enmity. False accusa- 
tions were made against him at one 
time, and he was sent back in chains as 
a criminal. Public opinion was so in- 
censed at the indignity imposed upon 
him that his chains were quickly re- 
moved; but he was never restored to 
the benefits to which he was entitled. 
His patron, Queen Isabella, having 
died, he was treated with more and 
more neglect : and at last, overcome 
by disappointment, the man who had 
given to Spain a new world died (May 
26, 1506) a victim of ingratitude. 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 37 

age had been massacred, and Fort Isabella destroyed. The 
fort was rebuilt and strengthened, the settlement was re- 
newed and the hostile tribes of the island were subdued by 
the many new-comers. 

Columbus, continuing upon his voyage, discovered a num- 
ber of other islands, one of which was Jamaica (1493). A 
third voyage brought him to the mainland of the continent, 
near the mouth of the Orinoco River (1498); and a fourth 
and last, to the coast of Central America (1502). 



QUESTIONS. 

What did the land first seen prove to be ? Describe the ceremonies of 
landing? What did Columbus do upon reaching the shore? Who gathered 
around to view the proceedings? How were the Spaniards regarded by the 
natives? What ornaments were found upon the natives? What induced 
the Spaniards to sail south upon leaving the island? What did they do 
before leaving? The coasts of what islands were explored? What inquiries 
were made? What name was bestowed upon Hayti? What followed upon 
reaching Hispaniola ? How many remained behind while Columbus 
returned? What fort had been erected? Of what was this fort constructed? 
What effect had Columbus' return to Palos ? How was he greeted? 
What was the difference between his present journey to the Spanish court 
and his former one? How was Columbus received by Ferdinand and 
Isabella? What mistaken idea had Columbus of the islands he had vis- 
ited? What name was bestowed upon their inhabitants? Tell what you 
know of Columbus' second voyage? By whom was he accompanied? 
Why? What sad discovery was made upon reaching Hispaniola? What 
did the Spaniards do after their arrival? How many voyages did Columbus 
make? What did Columbus discover upon each of his voyages? How 
were his last days spent? What indignity' was put upon him? From what 
did he suffer after Isabella's death? What did Columbus give to Spain? 



33 



PKRIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



REVIEW OUTLINE 



Memory Aid for Lesson on Columbus. 



I Place upon the Blackboard and have pupils till the blank spaces, alter which use as outline 
tor Composition or topical recitation.) 



CO 

-J 
O 
CO 



Native of 

Entertained idea 



Applied for 

assistance to 



First Voyage 
149 



Other Voyages. 



Last Days. 



I 



Preparations 



■ s 

about the year 

/. (refusal.) 

2 ..... (treachery.) 

waited yea/s. 

intents. ■ 

\ Refutations 

( Motives, 

was assisted by < , 

j / ement, 

|C) 

Vessels >• tin ■' (2) 

1(3) 

Expenses shared by the 

„ ■ c ( Procession. 

Ceremonies ot I Ues$j 

'" are -\Embarkauon. 

' Accident to Repaired at 

Direction tat -> 

Uneasiness of. 

Reckonings kept by 

I I 

Signs of land < 

[2 

Course changed on the 

(Oct. 7th 

Incident of ..... < 

[Oct. Ilth 

f Discovered on 
J First seen by . 
I Lanoing 
Cuba. I 



Incidents of 

Voyage. 



149..: Discovered 
149 . Discovered 
i 50... -Discovered 



San Salvador 

{ Natives 
Wreck oi 

Fort built. 

Garrisoned by ..men. 

Greeted by 

Welcomed by 



II, i 



Return 



Suffered from... 

Died 

Gave to Spain a. 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 39 

CHAPTER VI. 

First on the Mainland. 

The news that Columbus had found land upon the other 
side of the Atlantic soon spread from Spain over western 
Europe. About this time there was living at Bristol, Eng- 
land, a Venetian navigator named Giovanni Gabotto (John 
Cabot), who, upon learning of the discoveries of the Spanish 
admiral, began to devote much study to the shape of the 
earth. It occurred to him that this newly discovered region 
could be reached by a shorter route than that taken by 
Columbus ; and he believed this shorter route lay directly 
west from England. An examination of a globe will show 
how nearly correct he was; for the Western Continent, in 
the latitude of England is much nearer the Eastern than it 
is in the latitudes of Spain and the Canary Islands. 

Cabot fitted up an expedition at his own expense. The 
English king (Henry VII), interesting himself in his enter- 
prise, granted a patent that included many privileges. This 
patent was made out to John Cabot and his three sons, Lewis, 
Sebastian and Santius, and by its terms they were authorized 
to take possession of all "isles, countries, regions, provinces, 
whatsoever they be," and hold the same in the king's name. 
Should any profits accrue from the venture the king was to 
receive one-fifth. 

John Cabot and his son Sebastian set sail early in the sum- 
mer of 1497, and after a short but stormy voyage sighted land 
(June 24). The name of Prima Vista was bestowed upon 
the land first seen, and it is believed to be a point lying a 
little to the north of the straits now called Belle Isle. Thus 
was reached the mainland of the Western Continent, the 
Cabots being the first Europeans to set foot upon its shores, 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY 




LANDING OF THE CABOTS. 



not discover the 
coast of South 
America until 
some fourteen 
months after- 
wards. 

Of that first voyage of the Cabots there remains little 
record. Doubtless they found the shores bleak and barren, 
inhabited by a few savages, whose clothing was made of furs, 
whose weapons were bone-pointed pikes and darts, and 
whose occupations were hunting and fishing. Such a 
region could not be India. It must be a "new found land." 

A second voyage was made by Sebastian Cabot in May 
of the next year. This navigator at the time was only twenty- 
two years old, but he had already won a name for benevo- 
lence, courtesy, daring and patience. With three hundred 
men he set out, bent upon reaching India through what- 
ever passage he might discover in the new found land. 

On arriving at the Labrador coast he turned northward, 
entering a region the strangeness of which so alarmed his 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 



41 



Naming the New World. 

Among those who came to America 
with Columbus upon his second voyage 
and who took an active part in the 
conquest of Hispaniola was Alonzo de 
Ojedo. Commanding in time an expe- 
dition of his own, he made explorations 
among the neighboring islands, and 
sailed along the shores of South Amer- 
ica for some hundreds of miles (1499). 
His pilot upon this occasion, as well as 
upon a subsequent one to the same re- 
gion, was a man of some intelligence 
named Amerigo Vespucci, or, Latin- 
ized, as was the custom 
days, Americus Vespucc 
with keen observation, r 
the features of the conn 
and afterwards, in a series 
of printed letters, gave an 
excellent description of 
regions visited. These 
letters, being the first 
published description 
of the new world, 
were read with eager- 
ness. People soon be- 
gan to refer to the 
land beyond the Atlan- 
tic as the land 
Americus. A German 
geographer, named Waldsee -Miiller, 
ri n a 1 1 y p r o p o s e d the name of 
America for the new continent. It 
met with general acceptance, and soon 
began to appear in books and upon 
maps. This is the generally accepted 
theory concerning the name America. 
It is, however, stated that the natives 
found by the early explorers about the 
southwest shores of the Carribean Sea 
referred to their country as Amaraca, 
hence a counter theory gives the origin 
of the name to the natives of the New 
"World. 




AMERICUS VESFUCCIUS 



men as to render them mu- 
tinous. Everywhere the sea 
was filled with blocks of ice 
and floating icebergs, and 
monstrous animals of strange 
appearance often made them- 
selves visible. Retracing his 
course, Cabot sailed south as 
far as the southern limits of 
what is now Maryland, and, 
not finding the desired 
passage, returned to 
England. 

The discoveries of 
the Cabots have an 
important bearing 
upon American his- 
tory ; for by them Eng- 
land was enabled to 
establish those claims to terri- 
tory that afterwards led to her 
colonization of America. In 
this colonization were to be 
laid the foundations of our 
present great English-speak- 
ing republic of the United 
States. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who was John Cabot? Where did he live? What did he do upon learn- 
ing of the discoveries of Columbus? What conclusion did he arrive at from 



4 2 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



his study of a globe? What patent did the English king grant him? What 
were the privileges granted by patent to Cabot? What three sons had 
Cabot ? What share of profits was to be the king's ? When did Cabot set 
sail? Who accompanied him? What was the nature of the voyage? 
Where did they first sight land? What was the nature of this land? Why 
was this discovery of future importance? How many months did the 
Cabots precede Columbus in the discovery of the mainland? For what was 
Sebastian Cabot noted ? When was a second voyage made by him ? How 
old was he at the time? Tell what you know of the voyage of Sebastian 
Cabot? What direction did he first take? Why did he turn back? How 
far south did he sail? To what did the discoveries of the Cabots lead? 
Who was Alonzo de Ojedo ? Amerigo Vespucci ? How did the new world 
receive the name of America? Who first bestowed this name upon the new 
continent? 



THE 
FOUR GREAT 
NAVIGATORS. 



BLACKBOARD FORM. 



Columbus. Who first crossed the Atlantic, 
Da Gama. Who first doubled Cape Good Hope, 
Cabot. Who first reached North America. 
Magellan. Who first sailed around the world. 



SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

Where is Columbus buried? Was Cabot the first European to reach North America ? 
•. trge did Columbus believe the world to be? What was the Indian name of San 
nd? How ditl the Pope divide the new world? What became of the chains 
of Columbus? What is an astrolabe? What is a caravel? 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 
TO CHAPTERS VII, VIII AND IX. 

Geography. — Note the principal islands of the Went Indies', Name them. 
Note the proximity of Mexico and Central America to Cuba. Where is 
Veia Cruz? The citv of Mexico? Isthmus of Darien? Island of Porto 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 43 

Rico? In what direction is Florida from this island? Where is Tampa Bay ? 
How would one go overland from Florida to Mexico? Note the nearness 
of Peru to the Isthmus of Darien. About how wide is this isthmus? What 
strait south of South America? What ocean west? In what direction is this 
ocean from the Isthmus of Darien? Note the Rio Grande, Colorado, and 
Gila Rivers. Into what do each empty? Where is Santa Fe ? Cape Men- 
docino? Note the relative position of the Southern States? What state 
north of Florida? West of Georgia? West of Alabama? Two west of 
Mississippi? Where is the Altamaha River? Ogeeche? Coosa? Missis- 
sippi? White? Ouachita? Where is Mobile? 

Definition of Words. — Learn the meaning of the following! Adventu- 
rous, materially, ambition, credulous, subsequently, taskmaster, ruse, avail, 
abduct, harass, persistently, circumnavigate, subjugate, equip, atrocity, 
manifest, revolt, dictates, annals, eventually, similar, realm, fabulous, 
survivor, transcending, assert, pacify, acquirement, rumor, indomitable, 
emergency, miasmatic, summit, bayou, fidelity, unanimity, viceroy. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Practice the pronunciation of the following: 
Porto Rico, Ponce de Leon, San Augustine, Pascua Florida, Chicora, 
Hispaniola, Vasquez de Ayllon, Pamphilo de Narvaez, Alvar Nunez, 
Cabecca de Vaca, Enciso, Nunez de Balboa, Grijalva, Hernando 
Cortez, Velasquez, Montezuma, La Noche Triste, Francisco, Pizarro, 
Antonio de Mendoza, Coronado, Espejo, Juan de Onate, Rio Grande, 
Gila, Altamaha, Mauvilla, Arkansas, Ouachita, Luys de Moscoso. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico," P.ancroft's "History of the Colonization 
of the United States" (chapter 2), Martin's "History of Louisiana" (chapter 1). 

General. — "Spanish Discoveries," in Harper's Magazine (Octoher, 1SS2), "Pictures from 
Florida," in Scribner's Monthly (November, 1S74), Morris' "Half Hours with American His 
tory" (vol. 1), Wallace's "Fair God" (fiction'), Drake's "Making of the Great West." 

Topical. — "DeSoto," "Ponce de Leon," "Cortez," "Fountain of Youth," "Mississippi, 
Discovery of." "Florida, Discovery of," "Mexico, Conquest of," "Santa Fe, Founding of, ' 
"Coronado, Expedition of." 



First Comers from Four Nations. 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Spaniards in Florida. 

To this day the islands of the West Indies are remarkable 
for fertility of soil and for beauty of vegetation. Such won- 
derful accounts of this region were wafted back to Spain, 



44 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

that adventurers in great numbers flocked to the New World 
to embark in the eager pursuit of wealth. Island after island 
was taken possession of and entrusted to the governorship of 
some soldier of fortune or adventurous nobleman ; and it was 
not long before Spanish conquest extended to the mainland. 

Among the many who came over with Columbus upon his 
second voyage was a stern old soldier, named Ponce de 
Leon, who, having aided materially in the conquest of 
Hispaniola, was made governor of that island. Soon after- 
wards he was transferred to the smaller domain of Porto 
Rico ; but here his ambition prevented him from remaining 
long content. Moreover there had been whispered in the 
ears of the credulous Spaniards the legend of a wonderful 
fountain, whose waters, bathed in, restored the old to youth. 
Tradition placed this fountain somewhere to the northwest; 
and De Leon, with three vessels, set sail in that direction, 
bent upon finding the fountain. 

His search was, as maybe supposed, fruitless; but during 
the course of his voyage he sighted the mainland a little north 
of what is now San Augustine (15 12). It was Easter Sun- 
day, a day known to the Spaniards as Pascua Florida ; so 
to the land was given the name of the holy day. Formal 
possession was taken. De Leon subsequently returned with 
the appointment of governor; but his landing was this time 
opposed by the natives, and in the attack he was mortally 
wounded. 

Some miles north of where he had first landed, lay the coast 
of Chicora (South Carolina). From Hispaniola there came 
to this coast Vasquez de Ayllon, with two vessels, upon a 
kidnapping expedition (1520). The Spaniards, in their 
eagerness for riches, had opened up mines and laid out plan- 
tations in the different islands, and the conquered natives, 
compelled to labor under brutal taskmasters, were fast disap- 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 45 

pearing. To remedy this loss was De Ayllon's mission. The 
natives of Chicora, ignorant of his intentions, received him 
kindly, and were induced to come on board the visitors' ves- 
sels for the ostensible purpose of taking part in a great feast. 
When a sufficient number had crowded aboard, the cruel De 
Ayllon headed his vessel for the place whence he came, and 
sailed away. The ruse availed but little. One of the ves- 
sels was wrecked, and the captives on board of the other so 
sickened from grief as to be totally unfit for the purpose for 
which they had been abducted. 

By the time the territory of Florida became established 
within the geographical knowledge of the Spaniards, its 
conquest was determined upon by Pampiiilo de Narvaez. 
He landed for the purpose upon the west coast, near Tampa 
Bay, with three hundred men and eighty horses (April, 
1528). The vessels were placed in charge of one Alvar 
Nunez, better known as Cabecca de Vacca, with instruc- 
tions to sail along the shores to the northwest; and with his 
land forces De Narvaez marched into the interior. 

The natives encountered by the Spaniards along the route 
were treated with great atrocity, and therefore rose in hos- 
tility against the invaders. The Spaniards, after eight hun- 
dred miles of weary marching, harassed by natives, suffering 
from pestilence and hunger, reached the coast exhausted. 
Upon embarkation a storm arose, and wrecked the vessels, 
and all the adventurers perished miserably, with the excep- 
tion of De Vacca and four or five others, who made their 
way overland to Mexico.. 



4 6 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



TOPICAL OUTLINE 



Memory Aid. 



For Lesson on Early Florida Exploration. 



(Place on the Black Hoard and have pupils fill blank spaces, then elaborate mvlritten 

composition.) 



O 

5! 



De Leon 
151 



De Ayl/on 
152 



De Narvaez 
152 



f Came to New World with 

Appointed to governorship of. then to.... 

Went in search of 

<( Landed near in the year. 

Named the country because 

Was in his search. 

. Returned subsequently and was by 



Sailed from with vessels. 

Landed on the coast of which is now. 

Practiced the deception of 

Expedition unsuccessful because .. 



Landed near Bay. 

Left his vessels in charge of. 

Marched about miles. 

Treated natives 

(/) - 



Expedition suffered from... 






Returned to the coast, embarked and vessels were 

survived and made their way to Mexico. 



QUESTIONS. 

For what are the West Indies remarkable? Why did adventurers flock to 
the New World? Where did Spanish conquest extend? Who was Ponce de 
Leon ? What island did he help to conquer? To what three governorships 
was he successively appointed? What legend had he heard? What was the 
result of de Leon's exploration? How did Florida receive its name? What 
was the fate of De Leon? What coast was called Chicora? What was the 
object of de Ayllon's expedition? How did he succeed? What deception 
did he practice? What do you know of Pamphilo de Narvaez? Cabecca de 
Vacca ? How were the natives treated byDe Narvaez? What sufferings did 
the expedition of De Narvaez encounter? What was its fate? Where did 
the survivors make their way? How? 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 

CHAPTER VIII. 



47 



The Conquest of New Spain. 

In the belief that the West Indies were the outlying islands 

upon the southeast shores of Asia, the Spaniards went from 

island to island, persistently searching for those sources of 

gold, spices and precious commodities that had been so long 

the objects of maritime enterprise. 

In the course of these searchings Enciso landed upon the 

Isthmus of Darien about the time De Leon was exploring 

Florida ( 1512) ; and Gri/alva reached 

the coast of Mexico (1518), two years 

before De Ayllon did that of Chicora. 

With Enciso went Nunez de Balboa, 

who, hearing upon his arrival at Darien, 

of a great sea to the south, determined 

to behold it, and for that purpose 

journeyed over land. Ascending the 

last range of mountains, he 
was greeted with a view, of 
the mighty ocean that has since 
borne the name, Pacific 

(1513). 

The discoveries of Balboa 
and Grijalva opened up other 
regions to conquest. Mexico, 
or Anahuac, as it was then 
called, was the first to attract 
attention. Grijalva brought 
back with him accounts of the 
Aztecs, a strange race of 
people living in the interior. 





MAGELLAN. 



Eight years after Balboa's discovery 
(1520), Magellan, a navigator sailing in 
the interest of Spain, entered the Pacific 
ocean through the straits that now bear 
his name, crossed the broad expanse, 
his vessel finally reaching Spain after 
having circumnavigated the globe. 



4 s 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



Wonderful to relate, this people had made great advances 
toward civilization. They knew many of the uses of metals, 
wore ornaments of gold, lived in cities composed of well- 
built houses, and fol- 
lowed many of the arts 
and occupations of civil- 
ized life. A conquer- 
ing race, they had subju- 
gated most of the neigh- 
bor! n<r tribes. Marvelous 





r 



CORTEZ IN MFXICO 



accounts of the wealth of their 
capital city, given by the natives 
of the coast, were but little 
exaggerated. 

The avarice of the Spaniards was incited by these accounts, 
and it was determined to conquer this people. Seven hundred 
pien, carefully selected and equipped, were placed under 






FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 49 

command of Hernando Cortez by Velasquez, the gover- 
nor of Cuba. Eleven vessels conveyed the expedition to 
a spot near the present town of Vera Cruz, where a 
landing was made (1520). Cortez was here joined by 
the Tlascalans and other tribes at enmity with the Aztecs, 
and, with forces thus augmented, marched into the interior. 
Along the route many atrocities were perpetrated by the 
Spaniards for the purpose of intimidating all who were 
inclined to oppose them. At first the Aztecs, regarding the 
Spaniards with awe, as superior beings or gods, offered no 
resistance. The capital city was entered without opposition, 
and the strangers took up their abode in quarters furnished 
by the Montezuma, or Aztec emperor. 

Meanwhile Velasquez, becoming jealous of the superior 
qualities for leadership manifested by Cortez, dispatched 
De Narvaez — him who eight years after attempted the 
conquest of Florida — with another force to supersede him. 
Cortez refused to surrender his command, and, returning 
to the coast with a portion of his army, defeated De Nar- 
vaez, many of whose men joined the conqueror, and with 
him marched back to the Aztec city. 

Affairs, however, had gone wrong in the absence of the 
commander. The natives, becoming assured that the Span- 
iards were but men, had risen in revolt. Their numbers were 
overwhelming; but Cortez, by treachery, secured the person 
of the Montezuma and held him as hostage for the good 
behavior of his subjects. He compelled the unfortunate 
monarch to furnish large quantities of gold and supplies of 
food, and to administer the affairs of his empire according 
to the dictates of his captor. This served for a time ; but 
the warlike spirit of the people soon manifested itself anew, 
and to so alarming an extent that the abandonment of the 
city was determined upon. 



5o 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



Having selected a dark night for the purpose the Spani- 
ards as quietly as possible withdrew from the castle they had 
been occupying, and attempted to leave the city. But the 

natives were on the ^X/y^ ^^sj^^ alert, and assembled 

in thousands to cut 6/ X~x^\ \dk off the retreat. A 
terrible night of con- 
flict and slaughter 
ensued, known in 
the annals of the 
expedition as La 
Noche Triste. By almost 
superhuman exertions, Cortez 
and a remnant of his army 
made their way through the 
swarming natives, and escaped 
to the coast. By aid of rein- 
forcements which joined him 
the conquest that has placed 
conquerors of history. 




A race similar to the 
Mexicans in enlightenment 
and advancement inhabited 
Peru. Their conquest was 
brought about by Francisco 
Pizarro, a bold but ignorant 
man, who went there from 
Darien with a much smaller 
army than Cortez had, and met with 
less opposition. The same treachery 
was practiced against the Peruvian 
Inca as against the Mexican Monte- 
zuma, and the realms of both poured 
into the coffers of Spain, riches that 
surpassed in realization the tradi- 
tions of the long-sought for Indies. 



here, he eventually effected 
his name among the great 



QUESTIONS. 

What were the West Indies according to early belief? For what were the 
Spaniards continually seeking? Who landed upon Darien? Who went 
with him? What do you know of Balboa? Who explored the coast of 
Mexico? When? When was the Pacific discovered? What do you know 
of Magellan ? To what did the discoveries of Balboa and Grijalva lead ? 
What was the ancient name of Mexico? What accounts were brought back 
by Grijalva? What progress had been made by the Aztecs? What did they 
know? Wear? How did they live? What expedition was sent against 
them? When? Tell what you know of Cortez. Where did he land? What 
natives assisted him? Why? Why did the Aztecs not resist? Why was 
De Narvaez sent to recall Cortez? What was his fate? What did Cortez 
find upon returning to the Aztec capital? Whom did he take prisoner? 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 



51 



How? Why? What did he compel Montezuma to do? What was deter- 
mined upon when the Aztecs became threatening? Tell what you know of 
La Noche Triste. How was Cortez enabled to conquer Mexico? Who was 
Francisco Pizarro ? What was his success in Peru? How did Spain benefit in 
the conquest of Mexico and Peru? 



TOPICAL OUTLINE. 



Memory Aid. 



For Lesson on the Establishment of Spanish Power in America. 



(Place on the Blackboard, have pupils fill blanks and then elaborate in original composition.) 



2 

CO 



kl 



Enciso's \ Isthmus of. 
Exploration 



15 { 



Resulted in 



'Coast of.. 



Grijalva 's 

Exploration 

15 



Discovery of Ocean by.. 

Conquest of Peru by in. 



Naming the mainland New. 



Resulted in \ Conquest of 
Mexico by 
Cortez. 
152 



Lands with men. 

Near what is now 

Was assisted by the 

Aztecs did not resist because 

Returns to coast to meet 

who was sent by ..because he 

was 

The result was 

Cortez seizes 

is compelled to 

The night of his withdrawal called 

Afterwards successful because 



52 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

CHAPTER IX. 
The Quest for the Fabulous. 

Spanish dominion was extended into the limits of what is 
now the territory of the United States in two directions. 
One was from the southeast, and began with the discovery 
of Florida by De Leon ; the other was from the southwest, 
following upon the conquest of New Spain, as Mexico was 
in those days called. 

The survivors of the ill-fated De Narvaez expedition had a 
tale of wild exaggeration to unfold to their brethren upon 
reaching Mexico. The dangers of their toilsome overland 
journey were graphically portrayed; and the existence of 
wonderful races of people living in large cities, abounding in 
wealth, far transcending anything the Spaniards had yet 
beheld, was asserted by them. These reports confirmed 
the traditions of the natives whom the Spaniards had con- 
quered, and Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy of Mexico, 
gave to them willing ear. 

An expedition was prepared to go in quest of these fabu- 
ous realms. Father Marco, a friar, was sent on before, with 
presents to pacify the natives through whose territory 
it was to pass. Under the leadership of Vasquez de 
Coronado this expedition penetrated some distance into 
the interior (1540). Its only immediate result, however, 
was the acquisition of geographical knowledge concerning 
the region about the Rio Grande, Gila, and Colorado 
Rivers ; but it eventually led to Spanish occupancy of 
what is now the southwestern part of the United States. 
Cabrileo traced the west coast up as far as Cape Men- 
docino (1542); Espejo built Santa Fe (1582), the second 
oldest town in the United States; and Juan de Onate 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 



53 



established forts and missions, and took full possession 
in the name of Spain (1595-1599)- 

Mendoza was not the only one who put faith in the false 
reports of Cabecca de Vaca and his companions. In far-off 
Spain these reports reached the ear of Hernando de Soto. 
De Soto had been one of the trustiest lieutenants of Pizarro 
in the successful conquest of Peru, and had returned to 
his native country to find content and enjoyment in the 
wealth amassed in that expedition. But in this he was dis- 
appointed, for his great ambition was to place his name 
above those of Cortez and Pizarro as a conquering son of 
Spain. 

The rumors wafted to him from Mexico seemed to present 

his opportunity. His wealth 
placed at his command every- 
thing necessary to accomplish 
his desires. An expedition was 
fitted up at his own expense, 
perfectly equipped in every 
detail. From the multitude 
that would have accompanied 
him six hundred were carefully 
chosen for strength and cour- 
age. The route of De Nar- 
vaez was selected, rather than 
that of Coronado ; and in time 
De Soto and his men reached the New World and landed 
near Tampa Bay, Florida (1539). 

The Indians had not forgotten the depredations of those 
who not long before had visited their territory. They either 
opposed the progress of the Spaniards, or rid themselves of 
their presence by narrating to them tales more fabulous 



The preparations for this expedition 
were most complete. Weapons of the 
finest make, chains to bind captives, 
and a forge to repair armor and im- 
plements, were provided. To guard 
against a possible scarcity of food, 
hogs were driven before the expedi- 
tion. The men were distinguished for 
courage; their leader, indomitable. It 
would seem no emergency could arise 
to debar them from success. We how- 
ever see them three years after, amid 
swamps and reeds, surrounded by lurk- 
ing foes and miasmatic death, in woe 
and desolation, but faithful to each 
other, making their way slowly back 
to safety, with only memories of fallen 
comrades, of toils and privations, lead- 
erless and unsuccessful, their quest a 
failure, the ends of their expedition 
unachieved. 



54 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

than any that had drawn them to the New World, thus caus- 
ing them to press on in all eagerness. 

Having crossed the Altamaha River the Spaniards entered 
the land of the Cherokees, in what is now Georgia, and 
arrived at the Ogeechee, from which they turned northwest 
to the Coosa. Down this river they journeyed to the Indian 
village of Mauvilla, near what is now Mobile. A fierce battle 
with the natives here ensued, during which sixteen of De 
Soto's men lost their lives, more than one thousand Indians 
were killed, and their village was laid in ashes. 

After a rest of one month the Spaniards again turned to 
the interior, marching northwest over what is now the State 
of Mississippi. This brought them into the country of the 
Chickasaws, a powerful tribe, who waged such fierce war 
against them that in one attack alone, forty of the Spaniards 
fell. De Soto pushed on through this hostile territory until, 
reaching the summit of a high bluff, he found his further 
progress obstructed by the mighty river (1541) that now 
bears the name Mississippi. 

Flatboats were hastily constructed. The expedition 
crossed to the other side, into the present State of Arkansas, 
and moved up the banks of the White River for some dis- 
tance. The Spaniards had now been engaged for two years 
in following their quest, marching and fighting with energy 
and courage under their iron-willed leader, and at last 
they could but conclude to return. 

Southward they turned to the Ouachita River, down whose 
banks they proceeded to the marshes and bayous near 
its mouth. Here they made their way with difficulty, 
harassed by hostile natives and attacked by disease. Here 
also their brave leader was stricken with an illness that 
proved fatal, and, as his end approached, he called his 
faithful followers about him. Commending them feelingly 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 55 

for the fidelity with which they had served him, he gave 
them parting words of instructions, appointed Luys de 
Moscoso his successor, and urged upon them the neces- 
sity of obedience to their new commander, affection for each 
other, discipline, unanimity and perseverance. The last 
rites of the church were administered to him and he was laid 
at rest (1542), first at the foot of a tree, afterwards beneath 
the surface of the mighty river he had discovered. 

Moscoso succeeded with great difficulty in constructing 
some small vessels, and in these the Spaniards drifted down 
the Mississippi, fighting their way against armed canoes. 
When, by way of the Gulf of Mexico, they arrived at a place 
of safety, it was found that of the six hundred who set out 
upon the expedition, but three hundred and eleven had lived 
through the three years of toil and hardship, to tell of its 
dangers and of its failures. 

QUESTIONS. 

From how many directions did Spanish explorers enter the territory of 
what is now the United States? From what directions? What reports were 
spread in Mexico by the survivors of the De Narvaez expedition? What did 
these reports confirm? Who was Viceroy of Mexico at the time? How did 
these leports affect him? What do you know of Vasquez de Coronado ? 
What was the result of his expedition? When was it made? Who explored 
the coast line of what is now California? When? Who was Espejo ? 
Who took full possession for Spain in the southwest? What did he establish? 
When? Where else had the reports of De Vacca extended? Who was Her- 
nando de Soto? Why was he not contented with the wealth already ac- 
quired? Tell what you know about the organization of this expedition. 
Why was it reasonable to suppose that this expedition would be successful? 
Where did it land? When? Trace De Soto's route upon some map of the 
Southern States. What spirit did the Indians show? Why? From what 
river in Georgia was the route changed to the northwest? What direction 
was taken upon reaching the Coosa? What happened at Mauvilla ? What 
State was then crossed? What Indian tribe made war upon DeSoto? What 
prevented further progress at Chickasaw Bluff? When was the Mississippi 
River discovered? How was it crossed? In what State did they wander? 
How long had they been searching by this time? What was determined 
upon? What river did they descend? By what difficulties were they sur- 



56 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



rounded near its mouth ? Tell what you know of the last days of De Soto? 
How many times was he buried ? How did the survivors finally reach a 
place of safety ? 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 



Memory Aid. 



For Lesson on Early Spanish Exploration. 

(Place on the Blackboard and have pupils fill blanks and afterwards elaborate in written 

composition.) 



a! 

a: 

CO 



2 

co 



Florida. 



New Spain. 



Review. 



De Leon- 
De Ayllon. 
De Narvaez. 



Preparations 

Lands at in. 



States 



Route 



De Soto. 



[ Mobile. 

Incidents •( Chlckasaws. 

I Death of De Soto. 



Discovered river in 

Dies near mouth of in year. 

{ Buried 



Review, Conquest by Cortez. 

15 Cabrillo traces coast line of 

15 Coronado explores 

1 5 Espejo founds 

i5 On ate establishes 



'I. A . 

2. . 

3. C . 

4. M . 

5. W.. 
.6. 0.. 



As far as Cape . 
is preceded by 



SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

Why is the term " New World ' ' a misnomer ? What was the fabled island of Bimini ? 
What were the Seven Cities of Cibola ? Was De Soto the first European to see the Mis- 
sissippi River ? Who are the Zunis ? Why was De Soto buried twice ? What was the 
fate of Magellan ? 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 57 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS X, XI AND XII. 

Geography. — Note upon a globe or map of the -world the similar latitude of 
France and Newfoundland, and their comparative nearness. What is the 
latitude of each? Note the location of the St. Lawrence Gulf. Where is 
the Bay of Chaleurs? Note the St. Lawrence River. Where is Montreal? 
Quebec? Kingston? Note the southeast coast of Maine. Where is the 
St. Croix River? What islands at its mouth? Where is Nova Scotia? In 
what part of it is Annapolis? Where is Lake Champlain? Note the 
region about the Great Lakes. Name these lakes. What State borders 
Lake Michigan on the west? Where is the Fox River? Into what does 
it empty? Where is the Wisconsin River? Find the shortest distance 
between the two rivers over which a canoe would have to be carried. 
Note the Mississippi River from its source to its mouth. Where are the 
tails of St. Anthony? Into what does the Illinois empty? Wisconsin? 
Missouri? Ohio? Arkansas? Red? Into what does the Misssissippi 
;mpty? Note the northeast coast of North America. Where is Davis 
Strait? Frobisher's Inlet? Hudson Bay? Hudson Strait? Trace the west 
;oast of South and North America up as far as Oregon. 

Definition of Words. — Nnow the meaning of the following: Ignore, 
sarcastically, disinherit, severity, appellation, monopoly, instigation, immi- 
grant, frontier, interference, peltry, vicissitude, erection, acquire, recipient, 
veteran, devotion, portage, capacity, tact, incite, obstacle, symbol, alliance, 
inal, freighted, assume, eminent, achievement, frequented. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Verrazanni, Denys, Jacques Cartier, Cha- 
eurs, Hochelaga, De la Roche, Roberval, Poutrincourt, St. Croix, Port 
Royal, De Monts, Acadie, Champlain, Iroquois, Algonquin, Coureurs-de- 
bois, Outagamis, Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Frontenac, Chevalier de 
ronti, Dacan, Hennepin, Sioux, Duluth, Prudhomme, Quapaws, Trensas. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World," Gayarre's "History of 
Louisiana," Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," Shea's "Discovery and Exploration of 
the Mississippi Vallev." 

General.— Drake's "Making of the Great West," "Champlain in America" (Magazine 
sf American History, March, 1SS6), Drake's "Making of New England," (pages 20 and 40), 
'The Romance of Dollard," (fiction), (Century Magazine, iSSS). 

Topical.— "Cartier," "Roberval," "Frontenac," "De Monts," "Champlain," "La Salle," 
'Marquette," "Joliet," "Hennepin," "The Jesuits," "Tonti," "St Lawrence, Discovery 
af," "New France," "Settlement, First French in America," "French Fisheries in Amer- 
ica," "Quebec, Founding of," "Champlain Lake, Discovery of," "French Claims." 

CHAPTER X. 
New France and Acadie. 
The explorations and conquests of Spain in America were 
bringing to that nation such wealth that others would have 



53 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



gladly followed in her footsteps had she not set up a 
haughty claim to all the regions beyond the Atlantic. 
Francis I, King of France, disregarded this claim of 
his powerful neighbor, and resolved to have a share of 
America's riches, sarcastically demanding to be shown 




CARTIER ON THE ST LAWRENCE 



the clause in father Adam's will by which he was disin- 
herited in the New World. 

So Verrazani, a Florentine navigator, was employed 
and sent over to explore (1524) the east coast of what 
is now the United States. Long before the voyage of 
Verrazani, however, the waters about Newfoundland had 
become familiar to the Breton fishermen of northwest 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 59 

France, the Gulf of St. Lawrence having been entered by 
John Denys (1506). The explorations of France were thus 
directed to this portion of the continent. Jacques Cartier 
entered the gulf (1534) ten years after the voyage of Ver- 
razani, naming one of its bays, Chaleurs. The next year 
[1535) he ascended the St. Lawrence River to the Indian 
tillage of Hochelaga, near the site of the present city of 
Montreal. The territory was taken formal possession of, 
after the manner of the early explorers, and named New 
France. 

This establishment of a French claim was followed up by 
an attempt at settlement. Francis de la Roche, Lord of 
Roberval, was appointed viceroy of the territory, and with 
Jacques Cartier as his captain-general, proceeded to estab- 
lish a colony. There was little unanimity between the two. 
Cartier, arriving first, built a fort near the present town of 
Quebec (1541), passed a gloomy winter, and in the spring 
abandoned the settlement just as Roberval arrived with 
reinforcements. 

More than fifty years elapsed before any further efforts 
were made. A monopoly of the fur trade having been 
granted to De Monts, an honest, able and patriotic 
Frenchman, he arrived off the coast of what is now Nova 
Scotia, entering the harbor of Annapolis. Its situation so 
pleased Poutrincourt, one of the leaders of the expedi- 
tion, that he obtained permission to establish himself near 
by; and De Monts, continuing on, planted a settlement upon 
an island at the mouth of the St. Croix River (1604). The 
winter was one of unusual severity; and next year the 
colony was transferred to the site selected by Poutrincourt. 
This became the first permanent French settlement in 
America, and was called Port Royal (1605). The neigh- 
boring territory received the appellation of Acadie. 



6o 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 




The monopoly granted to De Monts was, however, soon 
set aside at the instigation of a company of French mer- 
chants, who themselves desired to enjoy some of the fur- 
trading privileges. Samuel Champlain, a man who had 
served the St. Croix settlers faithfully in their trying 
winter, and who had displayed unusual 
energy and intelligence, was sent over 
to New France by these merchants. 
Champlain founded the city of Quebec 
(1608), from which point he ex- 
plored the country in every direction, 
entering at one time the territorial 
limits of the present United States, 
and discovering the lake that now 
champlain. bears his name. Numbers of French 

immigrants arriving, other settlements were founded, whose 
affairs were directed by Champlain with such wisdom and 
ability that he has been called the "Father of New France." 
Champlain, however, made the fatal mistake of permit- 
ting himself to be drawn into the quarrel that had long existed 
between the Algonquin Indians 
of Canada and the. Iroquois of 
central New York. The latter 
were among the most power- 
ful tribes upon the continent, 
and they long resented this 
French interference with such 
success that the French tide of 
immigration to the St. Law- 
rence never turned southward 
to the Atlantic, but was compelled to make its way to 
the southwest, thus leaving the Atlantic seaboard clear 
for the English colonies soon to be planted. 



The Jesuits in North America. 
With these early immigrants came 
the Jesuits, members of a religious 
order that has done much to spread 
the faith of the Catholic Church be- 
yond the frontiers of civilization. 
These missionaries penetrated great 
distances into the country, took up 
their abode among the Indians, bring- 
ing the savages into subjection by the 
mild aits ot peace, and while engaged 
in their Christianizing and self-sacri- 
ficing labors, were laying the founda- 
tions for France of a mighty empire m 
the new world. 






FIRST COMERS PROM FOUR NATIONS. 



61 



QUESTIONS. 

What did the explorations and conquests of Spain bring to that nation? 
Why did not other nations follow in her footsteps ? What king ignored the 
claim of Spain to a monopoly of the new world's riches? What sarcastic 
inquiry did he make? Who was employed to make explorations for France? 
When? Where were his explorations made? What fishermen had already 
become familiar with American waters? Who was the first to enter the 
St. Lawrence Gulf? When? What do you know of Jacques Cartier? What 
bay did he discover and name? When? What river did he ascend? When? 
To what point? What name was bestowed upon the region about the St. 
Lawrence? Who was appointed viceroy? What appointment did Cartier 
receive? Tell what you know of the first efforts of France to occupy this ter- 
ritory. What fort did Cartier build? When? Why was this attempted set- 
tlement unsuccessful? How many years elapsed before further effort was 
made? To whom was a monopoly of the fur trade then granted? Where 
did Ue Monts first establish himself? When? To what point was this set- 
tlement then removed? When? Tell what you know of the first permanent 
French settlement in America. What was it called? What name was 
bestowed upon the territory now known as Nova Scotia? How did the 
monopoly of De Monts come to be set aside? What do you know of Cham- 
plain ? What explorations did he make? What city did he found? When? 
Why was he called the father of New Fiance? What grave error did he 
commit? What effect had this upon the extension of French dominion in 
America ? What part did the Jesuits take in establishing the French power 
in the New World ? 



CO 

5 

as 

a; 

8 
8: 



TOPICAL OUTLINE 



Memory Aid. 



For Lesson on First Ventures of France in the New World. 



(Place on the Blackboard and have pupils fill blanks.) 

in 



' Early Discoveries. 



[ Denys. Gulf of 

Verrazani, Coast of.. 

Cartier 



in. 



New France 



Bay of in .. 

river, in.. 

Faii to colonize in.. 



Roberval and 

Cartier. 

{Settles at mouth of river In 
Removes to in and thus 
establishes first '" America. 
Country called Acadie. 

' Founds city of. in 

Fxplores 

Discovers Lake (/V. Y.) 



Champlain... 
The Jesuits. 



Manages affairs with< 

Mistake made and its results. 



62 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



CHAPTER XL 

Louisiana. 
As time passed on, the prosperity of the French settlements 
about the St. Lawrence became assured. The fur trade 
that had sprung up proved to be very profitable. French 
influence and dominion were extended about the great lakes. 
Traveling agents or runners, known as coureurs-de-bois, 
penetrated to great distances, returning with loads of valu- 
able furs and peltries to be shipped to France. 

Accounts gathered from the Indians of the interior, of a 
great river flowing southward, were from time to time brought 
back by these runners, It was believed that this river flowed 
to the great South Sea, and as visions of French supremacy 
in the New World began to arise, the discovery and explo- 
ration of this river were determined upon. Along the chain 
of great lakes went a monk, Marquette, accompanied by 
a trader, Joliet, to seek out this river; and entering the 
Outagamis, now the Fox River, of Wisconsin, ascended it to 

a point near its head waters. A 
portage enabled them to trans- 
fer their canoes to the stream 
now called the Wisconsin, upon 
which they floated until they 
reached the Mississippi, the ob- 
ject of their search (July, 1673). 
Down this river they proceeded 
to the mouth of what is now the 
Arkansas, where, becoming satis- 
fied of its general direction, size 
and importance, they turned back. 
Marquette and Joliet were soon followed by Robert 
Cavelier de ea Saeee. This "prince of explorers" had 




FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 63 

spent several years with the Jesuits, and coming to New 
France had found much to occupy his mind in conceiving 
brilliant plans for the extension of French dominion. One 
of these plans was the thorough exploration of the great 
river that had been brought to notice, and the erection of 
forts within convenient distances of one another, along the 
lakes and down the newly explored river, to serve as links 
in a chain binding a vast domain to the already acquired pos- 
sessions of France. 

Count Frontenac, who was at that time governor of 
New France, entered fully into the proposed plans, and La 
Salle went to France and laid the matter before the French 
king, whose interest was immediately awakened. Here was 
a man who proposed to add an empire to the possessions 
of France. La Salle having received a title of nobility, and 
being clothed with ample authority, returned to America, 
accompanied by Chevalier de Tonti, a grim, experienced, 
one-armed veteran, who was to serve him devotedly through 
many vicissitudes. 

The first fort was erected near the present town of Kings- 
ton, and was called Fort Frontenac. From this point expedi- 
tions were sent out along the lake shores until a territory of 
some fifteen hundred miles had been covered. At length La 
Salle found himself in the country of the Illinois (1680), 
where the difficulties and conditions with which he had to 
contend, tested at times his capacity and tact to the utmost. 
Iroquois messengers had been sent to inflame the minds of 
the Illinois against the French. His own men mutinied, 
plotted against him, endeavored to incite the Indians to hos- 
tility, and even attempted his death by poison ; but every 
obstacle was overcome, and La Salle never lost sight of what 
he had set out to do. 

A small party, under Dacan and Father Hennepin, was 
sent to explore the headwaters of the Mississippi (February, 



6 4 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



1680). In this expedition they discovered and named the 
falls of St. Anthony, near which they were captured and held 
prisoners for some time by the warlike Dakota or Sioux 
Indians. They were finally liberated through the interces- 
sion of some traders, who had thus early penetrated this 
region from the north. One of these bore the name of Du 
Luth. 




LA SALLE TAKING FORMAL POSSESSION OF LOUISIANA. 



At Creve Coeur, the fort erected in the Illinois country, 
preparation was made to proceed further, and early in Feb- 
ruary, 1681, La Salle and his men floated out of the Illinois 
River for a voyage down the Mississippi. Short stops were 
made at the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio Rivers, but the 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 65 

first landing of importance was at Chickasaw Bluff, where a 
log fort was erected and named Fort Prudhomme. 

One hundred and forty years had elapsed since the ill-fated 
De Soto had encamped near this same spot, and the Chicka- 
saws had had time to forget the cruelties of the Europeans 
who first came among them. A calumet, or peace pipe, had 
been given to the French by the Illinois, and the symbol was 
understood and responded to favorably, so La Salle and his 
men were not disturbed, and here, for the first time, were 
the shores of the lower Mississippi taken possession of 
formally in the name of the King of France. 

A four days' voyage further on brought the explorers to 
a village of the Kappas or Quapaws, in the present territory 
of Arkansas. The peace pipe was again brought into 
service, and professions of alliance and friendship were 
exchanged with these Indians and also with the Arkansas, 
twenty-five miles further down. Here the standard of 
France was again erected and possession taken. One 
hundred and eighty miles then brought them to the land 
of the Taensas. The enmity of these Indians had been 
feared, but Tonti, sent on in advance with the peace 
pipe, succeeded in rendering them friendly. 

Below the mouth of Red River some hostile tribes were 
encountered, but the opposition presented was not sufficient 
to deter them from continuing on, and at last the mouth of 
the river was reached (April, 1682). Landing here, La Salle 
took final possession, in the name of the King of France, of 
the whole territory through which he had traveled, bestow- 
ing upon the river he had descended the name St. Louis, 
and the region through which it coursed Louisiana. 



66 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



QUESTIONS. 



What important trade sprang up about the Great Lakes? Who were 
couretirs-de-boisf What accounts were gathered by them from the Indians of 
the interior? Where was the Mississippi river supposed to empty? Who were 
sent to explore it? What do you know of Marquette and Joliet? Who were 
they? How did they reach the Mississippi? 
When? How far down this river did they make 
explorations? Why did they turn hack? Who 
soon followed up their explorations? Tell what 
you know of La Salle. What great plans did he 
conceive? Who was then governor of New France? 
What encouragement did he give La Salle? Before 
whom were these plans laid? What success had 
La Salle with the French king? Who accom- 
panied him hack to America? What was the 
first fort built? About how many miles of territory 
were soon covered? When did La Salle find 
himself in the Illinois country? What difficul- 
ties were overcome by La Salle in the Illinois 
country? Who were dispatched to the head 
waters of the Mississippi? Tell what you know 
of the expedition of Dacan and Hennepin? What 
happened to them? By whom were they res- 
cued? What was the Illinois fort called 
How did La Salle reach the Mississippi 
When? In drifting down where were ' 
short stops made? Where was the 
first landing of importance made by 
La Salle on the Mississippi? What 
fort was here erected? Why did he 
meet with a better reception at the 
hands of the Chickasaws than had De 
Soto? What ceremony occurred at 
Chickasaw Bluff? With what two 
Arkansas tribes were friendly relations established? 
on in advance to the Tansas ? Why ? With what 




MAP SHOWING EARLY EXPLORATIONS OF 
MISSISSIPPI VALLEY 



Who was sent 
uccess ? What 
opposition was encountered below the mouth oi Red Rivei ? When did La 

Salle reach the mouth of the river? What name was bestowed upon the 
river? Upon the territory? What do you know of the Prince of Explorers? 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 



6 7 



TOPICAL OUTLINE. 



Memory Aid. 



For Lesson on The Exploration of Louisiana. 

(Place on Blackboard and have pupils fill blanks and elaborate by written composition.) 

r 



5 



_, a monk. Reach the 



, a trader. Mississippi 



way of 



in the year.. 



' Early life. 
Conceives plans of. 

Is encouraged by Governor of New France. 

Lays plans before the King. 

('I) Authority. 

Returns with I (2) Title of. 

L (3) Chevalier 

Builds first fort and calls it 

Explores territory for miles. 

Reaches the Illinois country about the year 

{1 ( Discover fal's of .. 
To headwaters of M,s- I ^ d 
I sissipi River who .... ) , .■ 
J ' [Are rescued by 

Leaves mouth of Illinois River (date.) 

( Treated by Indians. 



Arrives at Bluff < Builds Fort 

[ Takes formal possession. 



Continues on to country of the 



Indians. 

Then to that of the 

Sends Tonti in advance to the Indians. 

Arrives at mouth of Mississippi 

t 



Takes final possession, calls < T ,' 

' Territory. 



CHAPTER XII. 
The Northwest Passage. 

When the discoveries of Balboa and Magellan made it 
known that America was a new continent, the old question 
of the shortest route to India again arose. For almost a 



68 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



century Spanish galleons had been crossing and recrossing 
the Atlantic, freighted with the riches and products of New 
Spain. All this time the naval power of England had been 
increasing; and when Elizabeth assumed the throne the 




IN SEARCH OF A NORTHWEST PASSAGE.' 



spirit of English enterprise was directed 
to the explorations begun by the Cabots years before. 

To reach India by the most direct route seemed to be about 
the only achievement remaining by which a navigator could 
win renown. Moreover, the voyage by way of Cape Horn 
or Cape of Good Hope was impracticable to English vessels 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 



Sir Francis Drake. 
While this northwest passage was 
being sought there was one, who, in 
another quarter ot the globe, was 
achieving glory and renown for 
England's growing navy. Sir Fran- 
cis Drake, styled the greatest sea- 
man of his age, scorning to avoid the 
■waters frequented by Spanish men- 
of-war, sailed southward with five 
vessels (1577), and after taking many 
rich prizes and making his name a 
terror upon the Spanish seas, found 
himself in the south Atlantic with one 
vessel laden with the treasures he 
had captured. Drake boldly enter 
ed the Pacific, although Spain 
had set up the claim to the ex- 
clusive right of navigating its 
waters. He sailed up the western 
coast of South and North 
America, and landed at a 
point north of that reach- 
ed by Cabrillo, upon the 
shores of what is now 
Oregon (1579). He named 
the country New Albion, 
and took formal posses- 
sion of it tor England. 
The Indians, in all friend- 
liness, crowned him king in token 
of their submission. Two years had 
elapsed since he left England, and 
he now determined to set out for home. 
Having refitted his little vessel he 
decided to cruise across the broad Pac- 
ific. Rounding Cape Good Hope he 
arrived safely in England — the second 
navigator in the world's history to cir- 
cumnavigate the globe, as Magellan 
was the first. 



69 

in those days, not only because of the distance, but because 
a part of the ocean would have to be crossed which was 
zealously guarded by hostile Spanish fleets going to and 
returning from America. 

This caused English navi- 
gators to follow up the explora- 
tions of Sebastian Cabot in 
seeking for a northwest pass- 
age around North America. 
Many eminent English sea- 
men engaged in this enter- 
prise. One of these, Martin 
Frobisher, sailed with a small 
fleet (1576), explored 
much of the coast vis- 
ited by the Cabots, 
reaching a higher lati- 
tude. Returning the 
next year with a larger 
fleet, he pushed on 
^ until blocked by ice. 
Eight years after 
(1585) John Davis entered 
the straits that now bear his 
name, but was compelled to 
turn back by the same ice that 
had obstructed the passage of 
Frobisher. Both of these 
navigators were firmly im- 
pressed with the idea that, were it not for this ice, the 
object of their voyages could be attained. 

The Dutch also attempted to find a passage to India. 
No sooner had the way to the East Indies around Africa 




SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 



70 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

become known than the ships of the enterprising little 
country of Holland followed closely in the wake of the 
Portuguese discoverers. A company of merchants called 
the Dutch East India Company rapidly rose to wealth 
and power, and in their service, Henry Hudson, an 
Englishman, visited the shores of North America (1609) 
and explored numerous inlets, in the hope that they might 
prove to be the long sought passage. He entered the 
harbor now known as New York, and his vessel, the Half 
Moon, ascended the Hudson River to the head of naviga- 
tion. One year after this Hudson, now in the service of 
England, entered the strait and bay that bear his name. 
Here he was forced into an open boat and sent adrift by a 
mutinous crew, and was never heard of more. 

QUESTIONS. 

What question again arose as soon as it was known that America was 
a new continent? About how long after the discovery of America did 
England begin to follow up the discoveries of the Cabots? Why was the 
voyage to India by way of Cape Horn or Cape Good Hope impracticable to 
English vessels? What English navigators followed up the explorations of 
the Cabots? When did each make his voyage? Where? Tell what you 
know of Frobisher and Davis. Who was Sir Francis Drake? How did Drake 
bring glory and renown to England? When did he sail? What did he make 
himself in Spanish waters? What did he capture? What ocean did he 
enter from the Atlantic? What shores did he reach? What name was 
bestowed upon what is now called Oregon? How did the Indians of this 
region show their friendliness? Tell what you know of the second circum- 
navigation of the globe. What other nation sought a northwest passage? 
What was the Dutch East India Company? What Englishman was 
employed by them? What do you know of Henry Hudson? What harbor 
did he enter? Why? What river did he ascend? What was the name of 
his vessel? What was his fate? 



FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 



71 



TOPICAL OUTLINE. 



Memory Aid. 



For Lesson on Early English and Dutch Explorers. 



(Place on the Blackboard and have pupils fill blanks, then elaborate by written 

composition.) 



CO 

kj 

o 
a, 

as 

2 



English 



I Dutch 



Seekers for the 
Northwest Passage ' 



' Sebastian Cabot-. 
Frobisher 



Davis 



First Voyage. 

Second Voyage 

f Sailed in 

t Discovers strait 



.Sir Francis Drake. , 



•j Henry Hudson 



' Sails In year with vessels 

Captures 

Enters ocean 

Discovers 

Crowned by 

Reaches England by way of 

' Explores coast of In year 

Ascends river 

Name of vessel - 

Subsequent voyage to 

, Perished in Bay- 



SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

What has been built over Champlain 's grave ? How did Canada receive its name ? 
How was doliet rewarded ? What name did La Salle give his residence ? After whom 
did La Salle name his fort at Chickasaw Bluff? Why was New Albion so called ? Who 
was the founder of the desuits ? 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS XIII, XIV, XV. 

Geography. — Note upon a map the location of Mexico. Where is Yucatan? 
Vera Cruz? Note the relative position of America and Asia. What strait 
between them? About how wide is this strait? Where are the Aleutian 
Islands. Upon the chart of the ocean currents in a physical geography note 
the direction and flow of the Japan current. Where does this current touch 
the American shores? What current flows from Africa to South America 
at the equator? Note the numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean. Name 



72 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

the principal ones in Malaysia. Upon a globe or map of the world note the 
nearness of Norway to Iceland. Of Iceland to Greenland. Of Greenland 
to Labrador. Of Labrador to Newfoundland. Of Newfoundland to the 
New England coast. Where is Newport ? 

Definition of Words. — Know the meanings of the following words: Aborig- 
inal, ethnologist, plane, immutable, partial, zeal, impelled, revealed, 
archaeologists, imbedded, supplanting, predecessor, ingenuity, devise, con- 
centrate, inferior, absolute, expressive, systematic, precepts, expert, fabrics, 
crystalized, congregate, surveillance, serfdom, vassalage, dialects, varying, 
improvident, edifice, economy, primitive, constituents, prowess, decorum, 
taciturn, ceremonious, intervals, guttural, vocabulary, reverence, appease, 
grotesque, efficacy, interpret, alternate, attribute, discordast, fantastically, 
incantations, intensified, accordance, inferior, encroaching, bounty, cope, 
extinction, speculative, fabricated, similarity, nautical, evidence, research, 
predominating, structure, antiquity, sedentary, relapse, deify, accredited, 
ample, blend, corroborative, bards, veritable, inscribe, prehistoric. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Study the pronunciation of the following: Chi- 
chimecs, Alcolhuas, Nahuatlac, Aztlan, Tenochitlan, Montezuma, Esqui- 
maux, Algonquins, Sioux, Shoshones, Comanches, Apaches, Iroquois, Hoei 
Shiu, Phoenicians, Zuni, Pueblo, Moquis Cabral, Quetzal, Gunnbjorn, 
Bjorne llerjulfson, Lief Ericson, Thorstein, Thorfinn, Karlsefne. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Short's "'North Americans of Antiquity," Foster's "Prehistoric Races," 
Bancroft's (H. II.) " Native Races of the Pacific States," Schoolcraft's "Indian Tribes of 
the United States," Biart's "The Aztecs," Prescott's " Conquest of Mexico'," Catlin's 
"North American Indians ," Beamish's "Discovery of America by Northmen," Weise's 
"Discoveries of America to the year 1525," Vining's "An Inglorious Columbus." 

General. — Wallace's "Fair God," Mrs. Wallace's "Land of the Pueblos," Drake's 
"Making of the Great West," Cooper's "Leatherstocking Tales," Longfellow's "Hia- 
watha," "Skeleton in Armor," Fontaine's "How the World was Peopled," "The First 
Americans" (Harper's Magazine, August, iSSi), "The Zunis" (Century Magazine, 
Aug.-Dec, iSSj, Feb. -May, 1SS3), Mrs. Jackson's "A Century of Dishonor," "The Visit oi 
tlu- Vikings" (Harper's Magazine, Sept., 1SS2), "Indian Tribes of Prehistoric Times," 
(Magazine of American History, Sept., iSSS), "Conquest of the Mayas," (Magazine of 
American History, April, iSSS), "Lief Ericson," by Mrs. Ole Bull (Magazine of American 
History, March, iSSS). 

TOPICAL.— "Mound Builders," "Iroquois," "Northmen," "Vikings," "Aztecs," "Pueblos," 
'Mayas," "Indians, North American," "Madoc," "Lief Ericson," "Vinland," "Snorri," 

Karlsefne," "Mandans," "Newport, Old Tower at," "Dighton Rock," "Cliff-Dwellers." 



AMERICA OF OLD. 



73 



America of Old. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Aboriginal Races. — Semi-Civilized. 

The Spaniards, under Cortez, came in contact with the 
ndian in his highest state of development. Of the races 
:onquered by him and his followers we have had for a long 
ime but little knowledge. The religious zeal of the con- 
querors impelled them to tear 
down what to them were pagan 
temples, and destroy many of 
the sacred records that would 
have made ancient Mexican 
history clear to us. What has 
long been hidden, however, is 
being gradually revealed by 
the labors of modern explorers 
and archaeologists. 

Among the earliest to occupy 
the territory afterwards to be 
conquered by Cortez were the 
Mayas, whose descendants still 
live in the interior of Yuca- 
tan. Here to this day are to 
be found imbedded in the earth 
md covered with forests, ruins of their ancient monuments, 
emples and cities. Following the Mayas, there arrived suc- 
cessively, each blending with or supplanting its predecessor, 
he Toltecs, the Chichimecs, the Alcolhuas and the seven 
Sfahuatlac tribes, one of which (the Aztecs) deeming them- 
selves the favored children of their divinity, Mexitli, 
changed their names to Mexi, from which we have the 
present Mexico. 



The aboriginal inhabitants of the 
American Continent, wherever found, 
are known as Indians. They are 
classed by some ethnologists as a 
separate and distinct family of man- 
kind. By others they are regarded 
as subdivsions of a great family that 
includes among its members the yel- 
low races of Asia. 

J ust as we find the white race to-day 
in various portions of the world, exist- 
ing in every condition of society, so 
were the red race found living at the 
time of the discovery in different por- 
tions of the American Continent. 
Some were occupying very low planes 
ot existence, as do now the animal - 
like Digger Indians of California; 
others, in accordance with the immu- 
table laws of human progress, had. 
by the time the Europeans began to 
visit American shores, responded to 
several impulses, and reached a state 
ot partial civilization, both peculiar 
and wonderful. 



74 PERIOD ok DISCOVER*. 

Emigrating from a northern land, referred to in their tra- 
ditions as Aztlan, of whose location we know but little, the 
Aztecs reached Anahuac, and laid the foundations of their 
capital, Tenochitlan, about the year 1325, near the present 
City of Mexico. A warlike race, continually engaged in 
conquests and conflicts, they made themselves secure by 
building in a lake and guarding the approach to their city 
by long and easily defended causeways. 

When at war and surrounded by enemies, the fish 
of the lake served - them as food, and ingenuity devised 
c hi 'nam fas, or floating islands, upon which they raised fruits 
and vegetables. These chinampas were constructed of 
interwoven reeds and roots, upon which was deposited the 
rich soil taken from the bottom of the lake. As time passed 
on, and the subjugation of neighboring tribes brought 
security and power, Tenochitlan became adorned with tem- 
ples and palaces, wherein were accumulated from all parts 
of the realm, the wealth and treasure for which the mines of 
Mexico are to this day celebrated. Under the reigns of wise 
and intelligent Montezumas, many of the arts of civilized 
life developed, and the advancement made by them before 
the conquest, reached a degree but little inferior to that of 
their conquerors. 

The government of the Aztecs was that of an absolute 
monarchy. Supreme power was vested in the Montezuma, or 
emperor. Under him ruled nobles or caciques over the dif- 
ferent provinces. Justice was admirably administered in 
every part of the kingdom. The religion, however, was 
idolatrous, and, unlike that of the Mayas and some of the 
other tribes, cruel in many of its practices and ceremonies, 
human sacrifice being of frequent occurrence. 

The language of the Aztecs was very full and expressive; 
their speech, musical. In writing they employed hiero- 



AMERICA OF OLD. 



75 



>lyphics and pictures. Poetry was frequently composed and 
sung to appreciative hearers, and oratory was carefully culti- 
vated. The education of children was systematic, and con- 
iisted of precepts and counsels 
egularly bestowed by fath- 
:r to son, and 
>y mother to 
laughter. Re- Jj 
mious instruc- 
ion was given 




for three years in public 
/ schools, and special semi- 
naries were provided for 
the higher education of 
ose destined to become 
priests and priestesses. 
In many of the arts the Aztecs were expert. As potters, 
stonecutters, jewelers, and basket-makers, they excelled. 
Many were skilled woodworkers, builders, and weavers, 



7<5 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

weaving not only delicate and beautiful fabrics, wherein 
feathers took the place of silk, and rabbit skins of wool, but 
also more serviceable clothes of cotton and other plant 
fibres. The farmers raised maize, cocoa, cotton, fruits, 
and agave, a plant most useful to them, — its thorns sup- 
plying needles; its fibres, thread for sewing and weaving; 
its juice, when boiled, honey ; when crystalized, sugar; when 
fermented, their favorite beverages of -pulque and mescal. 

Commerce was their special delight. Money consisted of 
grains of cocoa, squares of cloth and quills of gold. The 
market-places were large squares where one day in five 
traders from long distances congregated and displayed their 
wares. These market-places were admirably managed. Com- 
missioners, officially appointed, by strict surveillance insured 
good order and fair dealing. All differences were referred 
to a court of two judges near by, who decreed and instantly 
executed punishment upon those guilty of law-breaking and 
fraud. Enterprising merchants made long journeys to the 
interior, their goods borne upon the backs of porters, or 
tlamenes, whose individual load was sixty pounds and whose 
daily task was twelve miles. The most powerful of these 
traveling merchants took with them armed escorts, and their 
expeditions to distant regions often resulted in a conquest of 
territory visited, and its addition to the Aztec realm. 

Such was the people who were overcome by Spanish arms, 
whose records were destroyed by Spanish zeal, and whose 
civilization has been replaced by that of modern Mexico. 
The conquest of this race could not have been achieved by 
Cortez without the assistance of the many tribes, who pre- 
ferred serfdom to Spain rather than vassalage to Tenochitlan. 



AMERICA OF OLD. 



77 



BLACKBOARD FORM. 



Analysis of Lesson on The Aztecs. 



( Origin — Aztlan. 

Capital — Tenochitlan. 

Government — Absolute Monarchy. 

f Idolatrous. 
Religion. J Human sacrifices. 

I Priests, Temples, etc. 

I Chinampas. 

Agricultural. 



Occupation. 



Language. 



Education. 



Commercial. 



Industrial. 



Written. 



Spoken. 



Maize 
Cocoa 
Agave 
Cotton 
Fruit 



Thread. 

Needles. 

Paper. 

Clothes. 

Food. 

Sugar. 

Pulque. 

Mezcal. 



Market places. 
Money 



\ Caravans 

Builders. 

Woodworkers. 

Stone cutters. 

Basket makers. 

Weavers 

Jewelers. 

Potters. 



Picture. 
Hieroglyphic. 

Complete. 
Musical. 
Adapted to 



Grams of Cocoa. 
Squares or' cloth. 
Quills of Gold. 
Tlamenes. 
Armed escorts. 



Feathers. 
Cotton. 
Agave fibre. 
Raobit skins. 



Oratory. 
Poetry. 



instruction of son by father. 
Instruction of daughter by mother. 
Public schools, seminaries, etc. 



QUESTIONS. 
What name was bestowed upon the aboriginal inhabitants of America? 
What race do they constitute? What Indians occupy a very low plane of 
existence? What had some of the Indian races reached by the time the 
Europeans came ? Why did the Spaniards destroy most of the records of 
ancient Mexico ? How are we coming- to know of what could have been told 
us by these records? What !ace was among the earliest to occupy Mexico? 
What races followed? Who were the Aztecs? From where did they come.? 



7 8 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



What is the origin of the name Mexico? When was Tenochitlan founded? 
How was it built? Why? How did the Aztecs obtain food when besieged? 
How did Tenochitlan become adorned? What form of government had the 
Aztecs? Who ruled subordinate to the .Montezuma? How was justice 
administered? What was the character of their religion ? What did they 
practice? What was the nature of their language? Speech? What was 
frequently composed? What cultivated? How were children educated ? In 
what arts did the Aztecs excel? What materials did they weave: What did 
the farmers raise? Why was the agave a useful plant to them? In what did 
the Aztecs specially delight ? What did they use for money? What about 
their market places? Traveling merchants? Tlamenes? How did the 
Spaniards succeed in overcoming this race? 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Aboriginal Races — Savage. 

The Indians found living in that part of America 
occupied by what is now the 
United States and British 
America constituted number- 
less tribes, having many resem 
blances in common. Classi- 
fied according to language, 
the greater portion of them 
constitute four great fami- 
lies: the Esquimaux of the 
North, the Athabascans of 
West British America, the Al- 
gonquins of Canada and 
Northeast United States, and 
the Dakotas of Northwest 
United States. Each of these 
embraces many tribal sub- 
divisions, speaking dialects 
whose similarities enable them 
to be grouped together. Thus 



Many of the tribes that occupied the 
Southern States are generally I lassed 
together, as the Mobilian or Apala 
chians, though theii singularities of 
language and dialectical differences 
are perhaps more marked than those 
existing between the subdivisions o! 
the Algonquins or Dakotas. Among 
these tribes are the Yamasccs, CoreeS, 
Appal achees, Seminoles, Creeks, Choc 
taws. Chickasaw s and others. Separate 
and distinct from any mentioned here- 
tofore, and existing as single tribes or 
smaller confederacies, were the iro- 
quois ol Xew York, the Chero! 
Georgia, the Natchez of Missis- 
sippi, the Mandans of the upper 
Missouri River, and the Shoshones, 
Comanches, Apaches, Pawnees ami 
many others ol West and Southwest 
United States. Of these tile [roquois 
and the Natchez, were remarkable — 
the (roquios because of the indomitable 
spirit and courage that enabled them 
to conquer and destroy their powerful 

neighbors; the Natchez because of 

their peculiar tire and sun worship, 
and a governmental and industrial 
development tar in advance of sur- 
rounding tribes. 



we have the Wampanoags, Narragansetts, Pequods, Pow- 



AMERICA OF OLD. 



79 



attans, Shawnees, Ottawas, Sacs and Foxes, Illinois, Chip- 
ewas and others, constituting the Algonquin group; and 
le Crow, Sioux, Osage, Quapaws, Arkansas, Omahas, and 
thers, the Dakota group. 
Much has been written of the life, habits and customs of 




these savage 
races. That 
they possessed 
both good and 
bad traits of 
character, 
varying ac- 
cording to 
the individ- 
ual, is 
known 



eyond a 
oubt. As 
general thing 
iey were brave, 
ospitable and 

rateful, yet indolent, improvident, revengeful and treacher- 
us. Their habitations were rudely built huts or wigwams 
overed with barks and skins, the exception being the well- 
iuilt " long houses" of the Iroquois, the dome-roofed dwell- 
ngs of the Mandans, built upon circular foundations of 
tone; and the edifices of the Natchez and Pueblo Indians, 
instructed of sun-dried brick. In the economy of the 
Lousehold the women or squaws were most conspicuous 




So PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

for the labors that devolved upon them. It was their duty to 
cultivate in primitive fashion small fields of maize ; to dress 
the skins and cure the meat of the game taken in the chase ; 
to make the moccasins and garments, decorating them with 
quills of porcupine, shells, feathers and other ornaments; to 
cook the meals of parched corn, broiled flesh and sometimes 
broth, boiled in closely-woven baskets or rude utensils of 
clay by means of hot stones dropped therein. 

The passion of the men seemed to be for killing, either in 
the chase or upon the war-path. Their weapons until the 
whites came and supplied them with better were of the 
rudest description, consisting of bows and flint-tipped 
arrows, clubs and stone-headed hatchets or tomahawks. 
Their condition of continual warfare caused them to associate 
themselves in tribes and confederacies of tribes, their gov- 
ernment imposing but few restrictions upon them. In peace, 
a sachem presided over, the councils of a tribe; in war, a 
war-chief led them against the foe. Respect for the 
wisdom of the one, and the prowess of the other, assured 
obedience. 

Matters of importance were always referred to the older 
and experienced members of the tribe, who assembled for 
the purpose of deliberation around the council fire. The pro- 
ceedings always opened with a ceremonious smoking of the 
calumet, the sacred pipe passing from lip to lip amidst the 
greatest decorum. Between intervals of dignified silence 
one after another would express his views and opinions, 
tersely, yet eloquently, to the taciturn circle seated upon the 
ground around him. 

The spoken language of the Indian was harsh and gut- 
tural. The words in his vocabulary were so few that 
when new ideas were introduced to him by the Europeans it 
often required the combining of several of his words to 



AMERICA OF OLD. 



The Indian Medicine 
Man. 
The priest of medi- 
cine man occupied an 
exalted position in the 
tribe. It was his duty 
to read signs and inter- 
pret omens, to tender 
sacrifices and conduct 
religious ceremonies. 
He was supposed to 
have the power to call 
down rain in time of 
drouth, which he often 
endeavored to do by 
means ot chants, danc- 
ings and loud mouth- 
ings to the spirits of 
the air, in which coax- 
ings alternated with 
violent abuse. 'His 
ability to heal the sick 
went unquestioned. 
When illness would not 
yield to his simple 
remedies of roots and 
herbs, the cause would 
be attributed to a demon 
that had possession of 
the patient, and forth- 
with preparations would 
be made to exorcise 
the evil one. Relatives 
and friends gather- 
ed about the sick one's 
dwelling and engaged 
in noise-makings with 
gourd rattles and rude 
drums, accompanied by 
screechings and howls 
ot a most discordant 
nature. Amidst the 
hideous din the medi- 
cine man, fantastically 
attired and decorated 
with his most effective 
totems, practiced his 
incantations and exe 
cuted his medicine 
dance. 




INDIAN MEDICINE MAN. 



82 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

express what we in our language can with one. A very 
primitive form of picture-writing upon the inner and paper- 
like bark of trees was practiced by some few tribes. 

The North American Indian has often been wrongly pic- 
tured as having a sublime faith in one God, Great Spirit, or 
Manitou. In truth his religion was but a bundle of supersti- 
tions, erroneously comprehended by those who came in early 
contact with him. Certain animals were reverenced by 
him, and he believed in good and evil spirits, the latter of 
whom received the greater part of his worship ; for, accord- 
ing to his mode of reasoning, the good never did him harm, 
the evil injured him upon all occasions unless appeased. 
This appeasing constituted the greater part of his religious 
ceremonies, and consisted in sacrifices, grotesque dances, 
chantings, playing upon sacred and noisy instruments. 
and voluble promise-makings. He had great faith in the 
efficacy of charms, or totems, to shield him from evil 
influences. 

To him who died there was a hereafter, in which all the 
pleasures of this life were intensified and enjoyed in continu- 
ous repetition. So when a warrior died his weapons and 
other favorite possessions, including sometimes his clog, were 
buried with him, to add to his happiness when he reached 
the "Happy Hunting Ground." 

Some tribes buried their dead in sitting posture, a cover- 
ing of stones and earth forming a mound above the remains. 
Among many of the western tribes the custom existed of 
depositing the dead upon high platforms, erected for the pur- 
pose out on the prairie, away from the village. Here would 
the widow daily come to mourn her husband, to bring to 
him the food that only the fowls of the air devoured, to 
speak to him and in return receive no answer. 

With the advance of the white man the red race is rapidly 



AMERICA OF OLD. 



83 



passing away, in accordance with a well-established law of 
nature, that causes an inferior race to yield to a superior 
when one 
comes in con- 
tact with the 
other. Rem- 
n a n t s are 
found far out 
in the West, 
where even 
now the emi- 
grant and the 
ranchman are 
encroaching 
upon their 
domain ; or at 
agencies sub- 
sisting as pen- 
sioners on the 
bounty of the 
United States 
government. 
A fortunate 
few, descend- 
ants of the 
once power- 
ful Cherokee, 
Chickasaw, 
Choctaw and 
other tribes, 
occupy lands 
reserved to 

them in the IN o.an burial. 

Indian Territory, where education and acquired enlightenment 
are enabling them to cope successfully against extinction. 




8 4 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY 



BLACKBOARD FORM 



CO 



2 









Analysis ot Lesson on Savage Races of America. 



Classification. 



Characteristics. 



Language. 



Government. 



Religion. 



Life, Manners 
and Customs. 



Principal Groups. , 



. Minor Groups. 



Good. 



[ Evil. 



Esouimaux. 

Athabascans. 



Algonquins. 



Mobilians. 



Sioux. 
Osage. 

: . -■ .: 5. 

Arkansas. 
Omahas. 
Crow, etc. 

Wampanoags. 

Narragansetts. 

Pequods. 

Powhattans. 

Shawnees. 

Illinois, Oltauas. etc. 

Chickasaws. 

Creeks. 

Choctaws. 

Appalachees. 

Corees. 

Seminoles. 

Etc., Etc. 



Written. 



Spoken. 

The Sachem. 
The War-Chief. 
The Council. 
The Confederacy. 

Totems. 
Incantations. 
The Medicine Man. 
Worship of Spirits. 
The Hereafter. 

The Family. 

The Dwelling. 

The Dance. 

The Hunt. . 

The Preparation of J 

The War-Path. \ 

The Burial. 




Primitive Picture 
Writing. 



Duties. 

Powers. 



Food. 
Clothing. 



AMERICA OF OLD. S5 

QUESTIONS. 
According to ianguage how are most of the Indian tribes classified ? 
Locate each. Mention some of the tribal subdivisions of the 
Algonquins. Dakotas. Name the subdivisions of the Mobilian group. 
What can you say of the Iroquois ? Name some tribes other than 
those already mentioned. Why were tire Natchez remarkable? What 
are the principal traits of Indian character? What about their habitations? 
What can you say of the dwellings of the Iroquois? The Natchez and 
Pueblos? The Mandans? What duties devolved upon the squaws? Of 
what were garments made? Decorated? What were the principal articles 
of food? For what did the men have a passion? What weapons did they 
employ before the coming of the whites? How did they associate them- 
selves ? Who was the sachem? The war-chief? What was the council? 
How were matters passed upon by the council? What was the nature of the 
Indian language ? What about its vocabulary? What form of writing was 
practiced? What was the nature of the Indian religion? What did they 
worship? Reverence? How did they endeavor to appease evil spirits? In 
what did they have great faith? What do you know of the medicine man? 
What were some of his duties? What power was he supposed to have? 
Describe the ceremony of curing the sick. What hereafter did the Indian 
anticipate? What were the different methods of burial? To what has the 
red race yielded? Where are remnants of this race to be found to-day? 
What Indians are found in the Indian Territory? What is their condition? 

CHAPTER XV. 
Prehistoric America. 

The question of how America was originally peopled is of 
fascinating interest to students of a speculative turn of mind. 
Many wild theories have been fabricated upon the subject. 
It has been advanced that the Indians are perhaps the 
descendants of the ten tribes of Israel, of whom it is recorded 
in Biblical history that they wandered away and were lost; 
and that time, climatic conditions, and changed modes of 
life have altered their original appearance and charac- 
teristics. 

The nearness of Asia and America at the Behring Strait; 
the Aleutian Islands arranged, stepping-stone-like, between 



86 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



the two continents ; the Japan current sweeping around the 
east coast of Asia and depositing upon the western shores of 
America, even within our 
present knowledge, wreckage 
of Chinese and Japanese 
junks; the marked similarity 
of complexion and feature of 
the natives of Northwest 
America to those of North- 
eastern Asia, all lead many 
to believe that America re- 
ceived its first inhabitants 
from Asia. 

Many of the theories ad- 
vanced upon the origin of the 
American Indian would carry 
with them greater weight had 
not modern investigation and 
research brought to light his great antiquity. Evidence is 
multiplying to show that the Indians found living here at the 
time of the discovery were but descendants of a people 
whose existence extends far back in the past These people 
have received the name, mound-builders, from the charac- 
ter of the remains they have left behind. 

These remains take the forms of serpent, bird and animal- 
shaped embankments, mathematically constructed earthworks, 
seemingly fortifications, and tumuli or mounds, the latter 
predominating. Nothing resists the destroying effects of 
time more than a mound of earth. Structures of hardest 
stone decay and crumble into dust, but an earth-mound 
retains its shape indefinitely. Many of these American 
mounds are known to be of great antiquity, some of them 
being covered with dense forests, evidencing centuries of 



It has even been advanced that 
South America was visited in ancient 
times by the Malays whose nautical 
skill enabled them to people many of 
the Pacific islands. Under this theory 
it is interesting to note that the learned 
philologist, Pickering, is quoted as 
having detected, in the language of 
tne Inca Indians of Peru, a resem- 
blance to that of the Malays. It is 
also claimed that among the historical 
records of China, a nation among the 
oldest on the globe, there is to be 
found the narrative of a great traveler, 
Hoei Shin, who in the year 4cm, 
visited a country called by him 
F// Sang This narrative has been 
recently translated, and from the des- 
cription of the country visited, the 
direction taken, and the number ol 
miles traveled, the evidence is strong 
that Fu Sang corresponds with the 
southwestern shores of the United 

States. 



AMERICA OF OLD. 



87 



growth ; others have been constructed within the knowledge 
of the present day by the Indians of Florida and other 
Southern States. 

American antiquities of a much more wonderful nature 
are to be found in the southwest part of the United States. 
Here are to be seen Pueblos, 
great single houses built of 
brick, several stories in height, 
semi- circular in form, honey- 




as were 



INDIAN MOUNDS, DREW CO, ARK. .NSAS 

combed with rooms, capable of 
containing one thousand or 
more inhabitants. Similar ed- 
ifices are found built at almost 
inaccessible heights, in open- 
ings hollowed out of the gigan- 
tic sides of canon or cliff. The 
builders of these structures 
have probably left their de- 
scendants in the Pueblo, Zuni and Moquis Indians of those 
parts. 

Many traditions bind the old and new worlds together. In 
ancient times there lived on the southwest shores of the 
Mediterranean Sea a maritime people known as the Phocni- 



By excavating, pottery, copper and 
stone utensils, Mint arrowheads, idols, 
pipes, stone tools and human bones 
have been found. Hence it is inferred 
that the mounds were constructed for 
religious, burial and defensive pur- 
poses. The builders 
were in all prob- 
ability a sedentary 
and agricultural 
race, populating 
densely the alluvial 
illeys and rich 
lands of the Cen- 
t r a 1 an d 
Southern 
States. 
The 
cop- 
p e r 
mines of 
Michigan were 
worked by them, 
also the mica deposits 
of North Carolina and the lead ores of 
other States. They were much further 
advanced towards civilization than the 
Indians. Perhaps the savage shite ol 
their descendants was but a relapse 
into primitive barbarism from which 
the moundbuilders had advanced. It 
is believed that the Natchez Indians 
preserved intact many of the original 
habits, customs, religious and govern 
mental institutions, many of which 
were noted by the first French settlers 
of the lower Mississippi valley. 



88 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



cians. Such was the skill 
of their naval commanders 
that their vessels voyaged to 
every part of the known 
world (iooo B. C). Out 
through the straits of Gib- 
raltar would they go, then 
up to the coast of Cornwall, 
in England, for tin, to the 
shores of the Baltic for am- 
ber, or down the African 
coast for ivory and gold, 
their destination always a 
secret, their endeavor always 
to keep hidden from other 
nations the sources of their 
wealth. Their records refer 
to Ophir, a land of fabulous 
wealth far to the west, and 
the fact that Cabral, a Por- 
tuguese navigator, endeavor- 
ing in more recent times to 
double the African Cape, was carried by wind and current 
to South America, renders the idea of an accidental dis- 
covery of 
America by 
the Phoenic- 
ians not im- 
p o s s i b le , 
particularly 
as the Mayas 
and other 
an c i e n t 




CLIFF DWELLINGS. 




AMERICA OF OLD. 



8 9 



tribes of Mexico have a record of the visitation of a superior 
being, coming to them by sea from the East. This visitor, 
they claimed, taught them various arts, and they have 
deified him under the names of Votan and Quetzal. 

Leaving the realm of sur- 
mise, let us consider a dis- 
covery of America before the 
time of Columbus, a reason- 
able certainty of which has 
recently been established. In 
the north of Europe, about the 
shores of the North Sea, hold- 
ing little or no communication 
with the people south of them, 
lived tribes and clans of Norse- 
men, whose rulers were called 
Vikings, the achievements and 
adventures of whom have been 
recited and sung by bards and 
poets called scalds, in verse 
and narrative called sagas. 
These were the veritable sea- 
kings of history, bold and 
adventurous, loving no life but 
that upon the billow, happy 
only when engaged in preda- 
tory and warlike expeditions, 
wherein strength and courage could be exercised to the 
utmost. 

In the course of their wanderings these sea rovers became 
thoroughly familiar with the Northern Ocean. It is believed 
that Iceland was discovered by Nadod (860), Greenland by 
Gunnbjorn (876), Labrador by Bjorne Herjulfson (986), 



Among; other nations who have been 
accredited with having visited the 
New World in lormer times are the 
Arabs, the Irish, the Basque or P>is- 
cayan fishermen of Western France 
and the Welsh. Strong testimony has 
been adduced to show that the last 
named were not unfamiliar with this 
continent. It is asserted that the 
Welsh Prince Madog, after making 
a preliminary visit to this country, 
embarked a large colony ujion ten ves- 
sels and arrived on the coast of the 
United States, perhaps Carolina (i 170). 
Four hundred years elapsed before 
the Europeans became familiar with 
America, which period gave ample 
time for the colony to lose its identity 
and blend itself with neighboring 
tribes. Most strongly corroborative 
of this are the facts that the Tuscarora 
Indians of North Carolina were 
known to the earlier settlers as 
"White Indians," the skins of some 
of them being lighter than usual ; and 
that the eminent ethnologist, Catlin, 
found in the Mandans of the upper 
Missouri a tribe in which, contrary 
to the distinctive features of pure- 
blooded Indians, blue eyes and fair 
skin were not uncommon, whose lan- 
guage contained no less than fifty 
pure Welsh words, whose odd shaped, 
hide- covered canoe was identical with 
the coracle of the ancient Welsh, and 
peculiar to no other people, and whose 
very name, Mandan, is strikingly simi- 
lar to the Welsh word for red. 



9 o 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 



and the New England coast by Lief Ericson (1000), who 
bestowed upon it the name, Vinland. Erik the Red 
attempted the colonization of Greenland (985 ) ; Thoerwald 
and Thorstein, Newfoundland (1002-5), and Thorlinn 
Kalsefne, Vinland (1007). In this last colony was born 

Snorri, the first child of Euro- 
pean parents known to have 
been born in America. 

The discoveries of the Norse- 
men bore little fruit. Their set- 
tlements soon 




Mass., were long supposed to be relics of the Norse visita- 
tion of this continent. The authenticity of both, however, 
has been cast into doubt. Knowledge-seeking Europeans 
were none the wiser from viking voyages, and when, five 
hundred years later, Columbus returned from the west with 
intelligence of another continent, his achievement had all the 
merit of original discovery. 



AMERICA OF OLD. 

BLACKBOARD FORM 



9 1 



Analysis of Lesson on Prehistoric America. 



^ 

o 


Inhabitants 






CO 




e 

CO 


Discoveries 


Uj 
0^ 


, Settlements 



Moundbuilders. 
Cliff dwellers. 
Pueblo builders. 
Mayas. 
Toltecs. 
Chichimecs, etc. . 

( 1000. B. C. Phoenicians. 
| 499. Chinese. 'Hoei Shin) 
700-800. Irish. 
1170. Welsh. 'Madog.) 
Iceland. (Nadod.) 
Greenland. (Gunnbjorn.) 
Labrador (Bjorne Herju/fson) 
Vinland 'Lief Ericson. 
985. Greenland. {Erik the Red.) 

1002-5. Newfoundland { T T h h orwa ' d> 
1 Thorstein. 

1007. Vinland. (Thorfinn Karlsefne.) 



Authentic. 



QUESTIONS. 

What question has often interested students ? What theories have been 
advanced in regard to the origin of the Indians ? Why does it seem rea- 
sonable to suppose that America received its first inhabitants from Asia? 
Name some of the ways by which people could come from Asia in pre- 
historic times? What about the Malayan theory? What learned philol- 
ogist discovered similarities in the Inca and Malayan languages ? What 
great Chinese traveler is supposed to have visited this country ? When ? 
What is it called in his narratives ? Why do we think the land he visited 
to be the southwestern part of the United States ? Of what people are the 
Indians now supposed to be descendants ? What is the character of the 
remains left by the moundbuilders ? How do we know that some of 
these mounds are very old? What Indians of the present day are known 
to have been builders of mounds? What are frequently found 
by digging in these mounds ? For what purpose do we infer that these 
mounds were constructed ? What kind of a people were the ancient 
moundbuilders? What mines and deposits were worked by them? How 
did their social state compare with that of the Indians? What Indians 
are supposed to have preserved many of the customs of the ancient 
moundbuilders? What antiquities are found in the Southwest? What 
are pueblos ? Cliff dwellings ? Who were the Phoenicians ? Why is it 
reasonable to suppose they visited America ? About what time ? What 
Portuguese navigator was driven by accident to the coast of Brazil ? What 



9^ 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY 



other people are 
supposed to have 
visited America ? 
What is the tra- 
dition of Madog ? 
What has heen 
brought forward 
to substantiate 
it? 'Who were 
the Vikings? 
What are sagas ? 
\r Scalds? What Norse- 
w m ° u /^#x man discovered Iceland ? 
W"A- aZy Greenland? Labrador? 
>wYork / Vinland? About what time 
was each discovered ? Where 
> Vinland ? Who attempted 
the settlement of Greenland? 
Newfoundland ? Vinland ? When 
was each settlement attempted ? 
Who was Snorri ? Why is Colum- 
bus entitled to full credit for his 
discovery of America, despite 
these previous visits of the 
Norsemen ? 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

What were the " Pillars of 
Hercules ? " What is 
Runic Writing ? 
What eminent Dan- 
ish sculptor is de- 
scended from 
Snorri? By what 
title was the chief 
of the Natchez tribe 
known? What is 
the "Stone Age ? " 
How could Indian 
hunters walk oyer 

snow without sinking ? Who was Uncas ? What is called the northward trend of Indian 
civilization ? Name two Spaniards who assisted Cortez in the conquest of Mexico ? 




REVIEW OF FIRST PERIOD. 93 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

What was the condition of Europe just before the discovery of America? 
Who were the four great navigators ? What four voyages did Columbus 
make? What do you know of the life of Columbus? Who were the prin- 
cipal Spanish explorers? Conquerors? How did America receive its name? 
What motives led the Spaniards to explore the West Indies? The coast of 
Mexico? Florida? South Carolina? The southern part of the United 
States? The southwestern part of the United States? Taking the Aztecs as 
a type of the American Indian, in his highest state of development, what do 
you know of the progress attained? What do you know of De Soto? What 
led to French explorations in America ? Name eight French explorers. 
What was the first permanent French settlement in America? What do you 
know of the explorations of La Salle? Name four seekers for the northwest 
passage. What do you know of Sir Francis Drake? How are the savage 
races of North America classified? Tell what you know of the Northmen 
in America. What do j'ou know of the prehistoric discoveries of America? 

REVIEW EXERCISES. 

To the Teacher : — Place the following names on the blackboard, and after each have the 
pupils write the answers to the following questions: 

Exercise I — Who was he? Exercise II — What did he do? Exer- 
cise III — What date is associated with what he did? 

Columbus. De Ayllon. Poutrincourt. 
Magellan. Karlsefne. Champlain. 

De Monts. Frobisher. De Narvaez. 
De Leon. Cabrillo. Coronado. 

Da Gama. Roberval. Verrazani. 

Place the following dates upon the board: 
Exercise IV — Have pupils write the name associated with each. Exer- 
cise V — Have pupils write the event associated with each. 



Espejo. 


Balboa. 


La Salle 


Onate. 


Denys. 


Ericson. 


Tonti. 


Cabot. 


De Soto. 


Davis. 


Cortez. 


Hudson. 


Diaz. 


Drake. 


Cartier. 



1506 (2) 


1680 


1519 


1492 


1577 


I54i (2) 


1528 


1498 


1585 


1534 


1512 (2 


1673 


1604 


1542 (2) 


1518 


1493 


1682 


1539 


i486 


1579 


1608 


1524 


1520 


i6og 


1535 


1620 


1497 (2) 


1576 



Exercise VI — Have pupils fill the following blanks with names and dates : 

AMERICA was discovered by in 

FLORIDA was discovered by In ; was explored by in 

and by In 

SOUTH AMERICA was discovered by in ; was visited by in 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER was discovered by in ; was explored by in 

and by in 

NORTHWEST PASSAGE was sought by In ; by in ; by in 

MEXICO was discovered by in ; was conquered by in 

PACIFIC OCEAN was discovered by In ; was first crossed by ...in 

ST. LAWRENCE GULF was discovered by In ; was explored by in 

NORTH AMERICA was discovered by in / east coast was explored by 

in ; by In , and by in ; west coast was 

explored by In , and by in 

UNITED STATES was explored from the southeast by in......; by in 

and by in ; from the southwest by in , and 

by in .. ..; from the north by in ; by 

in , and by in 



94 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

REVIEW OUTLINE. 



AMERICAN DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS 

(BY NATIONS). 



,i**\ 



Discoveries 

and 
Explorations. 



Spanirfr. 



COLUMBUS 



1492 SAN SALVADOR. 

1493 JAMAICA. 

| 1498 SOUTH AMERICA. 

I 1502 CENTRAL AMERICA. 



English 

and 
Dutch. 



OJEDO, 1499 

DE LEON, 1512 

ENC/SO, 1512 

BALBOA, 1513 

GRIJALVA,... 1518 

CORTEZ, 1519 

MAGELLAN,.. 1520 

DE AYLLON, 1520 

DE NARVAEZ 1528 

PIZARRO, 1531 

CORONADO, .. 1540 

DESOTO, 1541 

CABRILLO, 1542 



SOUTH AMERICA. 

FLORIDA. 

DAR/EN. 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

MEXICO. 

MEXICO. 

STRAITS OF MAGELLAN. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

FLORIDA. 

PERU. 

ARIZONA. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER 

CALIFORNIA. 



(1497 LABRADOR. 
CABOT, I 1AQfi N. E. COAST OF N. A. 

14 ™\E. COAST OF U.S. 
FROBISHER, 1576^ 

DAVIS, 1585)' 

DRAKE, 1579 OREGON. 

HUDSON, [ 16Q9 £■ COAST OF U.S. 

\1611 HUDSON BAY. 



N. E. COAST OF N. A. 



French. , 



DENTS, 

VERRAZANI . 

C ARTIER, 



DE MO NTS, .. 
CHAM PLAIN, 
MARQUETTE 
JOLIET, 
HENNEPIN, 

DACAN, 

LA SALLE, .... 



1506 
1524 
1534 
1535 
1604 
1608 

)■ 1673 



1680 
1682 



ST. LAWRENCE GULF. 
E. COAST OF U. S. 
ST. LAWRENCE GULF. 
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. 
BAY OF FUNDY. 
CANADA. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

MINNESOTA. 
LOUISIANA. 



REVIEW OF FIRST PERIOD. 

REVIEW OUTLINE. 



95 



AMERICAN DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS 

(SHOWING RELATIVE TIME). 



Principal 
Discoveries 

and 
Explorations. 



(1492 

1493.. 

1497.. 
1498.. 

1498 

1499.. 

1502.. 

1506.. 

1512.. 

1512 

1513 . 

1518 

1519.. 

1520 

1520.. 

1524.. 

1528 

1531. 

1534 

1535.. 

1540. 

1541. 

1542. 

1576 

1579 

1585. 

1604.. 

1608.. 

1609 

1611. 

1673.. 

1680 

1682. 



SAN SALVADOR COLUMBUS. 

JAMAICA COLUMBUS. 

LABRADOR CABOT. 

SOUTH AMERICA COLUMBUS. 

E. COAST OF U. S CABOT. 

SOUTH AMERICA OJEDO. 

CENTRAL AMERICA COLUMBUS. 

ST. LAWRENCE GULF DENYS 
FLORIDA DE LEON. 

DARIEN ENCISO. 

PACIFIC OCEAN BALBOA. 

MEXICO GRIJALVA. 

MEXICO CORTEZ. 

STRAIT OF MAGELLAN MAGELLAN. 
SOUTH CAROLINA DE AYLLON. 

E. COAST OF U. S VERRAZANI. 

FLORIDA DE NARVAEZ. 

PERU PIZARRO. 

ST. LAWRENCE GULF CARTIER. 
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER CARTIER. 
ARIZONA CORONADO. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER DE SOTO. 

CALIFORNIA CABRILLO. 

N. E. COAST OF N. A FROBISHER. 

OREGON DRAKE. 

N. E. COAST OF N. A DAVIS. 

BAY OF FUNDY DE MONTS. 

CANADA CHAMPLAIN. 

E. COAST OF U. S HUDSON. 

HUDSON BAY HUDSON. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER MARQUETTE and JOLIET. 

MINNESOTA HENNEPIN and DACAN. 

LOUISIANA LA SALLE. 



9 6 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

Geography. — Note upon a map the coast of North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia and Florida. Where is St. Augustine? St. Mary's River? Port 
Royal? Note the distance between St. Augustine and the mouth of St. Mary's 
River. Where is Roanoke Island? Ocracoke Inlet? Note upon the map 
of New England the position of Cape Cod. Where is Martha's Vineyard? 
Elizabeth Islands? Kennebec River? 

Definition of Words. — Know the meaning of the following: Interpreta- 
tion, tenets, protesting, prevails, menace, ascendancy, genial, trespassing, 
havoc, treat, apprised, alternative, clemency, pinioned, occupancy, indefi- 
nitely, inspire, intimidate, recreant, preliminary, venture, fortitude. 

Pronunciation of Names.- — Practice the pronuncia- 
tion of the following: Huguenots, Gaspard de Coligny, 
Ribaut, Albert, Rene, Laudonniere, Melendez de 
Aviles, Durand de Villagagnon, De Gourgues, St. 

Augustine. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Bancroft's "Colonia 
" The Huguenots, or Reformed Frenc 
Martin's "History of Louisiana," Moore's 
of North Carolina," Palfrey's "History ol 
England." 

General. — TJowle's "Exploits an 
Voyages of Raleigh," Drake' 
"Making of New England," 
" Old English Seamen " (Har- 
per's Magazine, January, 
1883), Longfellow's "Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert" (poem), 
Margaret J. Preston's " Croa- 
tan " (poem). 

Topical. — "Huguenots," 
" Coligny," " Ribaut," " Lau- 
donniere," "Melendez," "St. Augustine," "De Gourgues," "Raleigh," "Roanoke, Colony 
of," "Gilbert, Sir Humphrey," "Gosnold," "Plymouth and London Companies." 




c 



SECOND PERIOD. 



COLONIZATION. 





m Attempted Settlements. 



CHAPTER I. 



First Seekers for Religious 
Liberty. 

IN the intellectual awakening 
that followed the invention 
of printing, the subject of religion occupied much of the 
attention of the people of Europe. As religious writings 
came to be printed and distributed more widely, various 
interpretations were placed upon them. Discussion and 
study led many earnest Christians to opinions different 
from those entertained by the great body of the Church. In 
time, this dissent from the established tenets and ceremonies 
took the form of protesting; hence the term Protestant 
came to be applied to these dissenting Christians. 

At the present day, the idea of religious tolerance generally 
prevails ; but this idea was born into the world amid great 
suffering. With the growth of Protestantism there arose 
a discord that for many years plunged Europe into the 
miseries and cruelties of war and persecution. They who 



9 8 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



were faithful to their creed and church, regarded all dissent- 
ing as a menace to their dearly-beloved faith. They who dif- 
fered, adhered ofttimes to their convictions and beliefs, un- 
deterred by imprisonment and death. The struggle was a 
mighty one. When one side gained the ascendancy, the 
other was persecuted. Small wonder it is, that the eyes of 
both should turn to that land beyond the seas where man 
could abide in peace, and God be worshiped as conscience 
might dictate. 

France was among the European nations that suffered most 
severely from these religious dissensions. Here the Protes- 
tants were known as Huguenots, and prominent among them 
was Gaspard de Coligny. 
This nobleman conceived the 
plan of colonizing his people 
in America. The cold region 
of the north was not selected 
to add discomfort to the sor- 



Coligny made three attempts to es- 
tablish the Huguenots in America. The 
first colony was sent under Durand de 
Villegagnon to South America (1555), 
A fort was built near the Rio Janeiro 
River, and named "Coligny," but the 
expedition ended in failure. 



rows of exile, but a more genial clime was chosen. What 
is now South Carolina became the refuge of the earliest seek- 
ers after religious liberty. 

John Ribaut, commanding the expedition sent out by 




OLD FORT, ST. AUGUSTINE 



' p Coligny, reached the coast 
of Florida near the mouth 
of a beautiful river (1562), 
upon which they bestowed 
the name, May (now St. 
Mary's). Proceeding up 
the coast, the Huguenots 
landed near what is now 



Port Royal, where they built a fort and called it Fort 
Carolina, after Charles IX, King of France. Leaving 
twenty-six men in charge, under Captain Albert, Ribaut 
returned to France for supplies. After Ribaut's departure, 



ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 99 

Albert and his men, becoming uneasy, constructed a small 
brigantine upon which they embarked for Europe. After 
enduring many of the horrors of starvation at sea, they 
were rescued by an English vessel. 

A second Huguenot colony was sent out under Rene Lau- 
donniere (1564), a member of Ribaut's colony, and a 
fort was built near the River of May and called Fort Caro- 
lina also. Discouragements brought this colony to the point 
of abandonment, but Ribaut's arrival with six hundred immi- 
grants, gave an impetus to the settlement that promised per- 
manency. 

News reached Spain of this trespass upon Spanish terri- 
tory and Melendez de Aviles, a cruel, bloodthirsty man, 
was sent with an army of twenty-six hundred men against 
the intruders. He determined to attack them by land; but 
before setting out, he built a fort, and founded a town ( 1565 ) 
called St. Augustine, which is still in existence, and is, there- 
fore, the oldest town within the limits of the present United 
States. 

In the march to Fort Carolina the Spaniards encountered 
marshes and swamps, through which they made their way 
with great difficulty. Contrary tothe advice of Laudonniere, 
Ribaut, apprised of the landing of the Spaniards, had left 
Fort Carolina with all but three of his vessels, for the pur- 
pose of attacking the Spanish fleet down the coast. Only 
one hundred and fifty men remained to defend the fort. 

By a strange act of carelessness there were no sentinels on 
duty to warn the French of the approach of the Spaniards. 
The fort was therefore surprised, and easily taken. About 
twenty escaped to the woods, and were afterwards picked up 
by the vessels left by Ribaut. The rest were massacred. 

Ribaut's fleet, proceeding along the coast, did not meet 
the Spanish vessels, but encountered a disastrous storm. 



100 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

Wind and sea and sandy beach made sad havoc, and Ribaut 
and his men, barely escaping with their lives, found them- 
selves shipwrecked, in a defenseless condition, upon a hos- 
tile shore. 

The French wearily made their way back by land towards 
Fort Carolina, only to find the Spanish flag floating above 
it, showing that it had fallen. They turned again into the 
wilderness, and in hunger and suffering journeyed footsore 
southward, not knowing the Spanish stronghold of St. 
Augustine to be in their path. 

An advance party of two hundred soon reached the neigh- 
borhood of the fort, and, becoming apprised of its proximity, 
sent messengers to treat with the Spaniards. Melendez 
would make them no promises. Behind them lay starvation 
and ceaseless wandering; before them, possible clemency. 
There seemed no alternative but surrender. Giving up their 
arms, they were marched, with hands tied behind, in small 
companies to the Spanish commander. His treatment of the 
prisoners was most cruel. A line was traced in the sand, 
and, pinioned as they were, they were led up to it and shot. 
The rest of Ribaut's men, arriving the next day, met with a 
similar fate. 

No official steps were taken by France to obtain repara- 
tion for this outrage, but many gallant Frenchmen smarted 
under the injury done their countrymen. One Dominique 
de Gourgues took upon himself the task of avenging this 
wrong. Three vessels were fitted out by him, and with 
one hundred and eighty men, he landed in Florida. He was 
joined by a number of the natives, who made common cause 
with him against the cruel Spaniards. Fort Carolina, with 
its garrison of three hundred, was captured. In the attack 
it was sought to save from death as many Spaniards as pos- 
sible, for De Gourgues had determined to match cruelty 



ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. IOI 

kVith cruelty. The Spaniards who survived the attack 
ivere hanged without mercy, and De Gourgues returned 
whence he came. 

QUESTIONS. 

What subject claimed much attention in Europe after the invention of 
irinting? What came to be printed and distributed? To what did study 
ind discussion lead many? How was the term Protestant first applied? 
What idea upon religion generally prevails now? What arose with the 
Protestant movement? How was dissenting regarded? How did they who 
lissented show the earnestness of their belief? What was beheld in the 
and beyond the seas? What nation suffered greatly from religious disturb- 
mces? Who were the Huguenots? Who was Coligny? What plan did 
le conceive? What region did he select? Who was Ribaut? Tell what 
/ou know of Ribaut's colony. What river was named by him? Where 
lid his colony land? What did they call the fort? Who was left in com- 
nand? With how many men? What followed Ribaut's departure? What 
lo you know of Laudonniere's colony? Where was a fort built? What 
prevented the abandonment of this settlement? How was the news of 
French intrusion upon Spanish territory received in Spain? Who was sent 
:o reclaim Florida? With how many men? Tell what you know of Melen- 
iez. What fort did he build? What is the oldest town in the United 
States? Describe the march to Fort Carolina. What was the result of the 
Spanish attack? Why? Where had Ribaut gone with his fleet: What 
nisfortune befell him? Describe the wanderings of the shipwrecked 
French. Why did they turn back from Fort Carolina? What was their 
ate? Who avenged this outrage? Tell what you know of De Gourgues. 
vVho assisted him against the Spaniards? What was the fate of the Span- 
aids who survived the French attack? 

CHAPTER II. 

Raleigh's Failures in South Virginia. 

The sixteenth century was drawing to a close before Eng- 
land took the first steps to establish by occupancy her claim 
to the territory discovered by the Cabots. Spanish power 
had been steadily increasing all the while, and the expulsion 
of the French from the territory of Florida had established 
Spanish claims more firmly. When Sir Humphrey Gil- 



102 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 




QUEEN ELIZABETH. 



bert, a good and wise knight, obtained from Queen Eliza- 
beth of England, a patent to establish English colonies in 

America (1579), the grant was, 
indeed, a timely one. 

Gilbert's first attempt was 
made with two vessels. One was 
lost, the other returned after 
having sailed but a short dis- 
tance. Four years later (1583), 
Gilbert, with the assistance of 
Sir Walter Raleigh, fitted up 
a much larger expedition. This 
consisted of five vessels, one of which deserted, another was 
abandoned and a third was wrecked. The remaining two, 
the Hind and the Squirrel, after coasting along the island 
of Newfoundland for some distance, proceeded to return to 
England. One night a storm a?-ose, filling the crews with 
great apprehension. Unmindful of self, the gallant Gilbert 
sought in every way to inspire his men with courage. As 
the two vessels came near together at one time in the night, 
he was heard to call out from the deck of the smaller one, 
" Cheer up ! cheer up ! We are as near to heaven by sea 
as by land." About twelve o'clock, his vessel went down, 
and he was never heard of more. 

Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlowe were now sent by 
Raleigh to select a suitable location for a colony (1584). 
They arrived off the coast of Carolina, near Ocracock Inlet, 
and found the land "as goodly as e'er sun shone upon." 
The Indians were hospitable. Upon one of their expeditions 
to the interior, the white visitors were entertained with a grand 
feast by the wife of Granganimo, father of Wingina, chief 
of the Indians of that region. Upon their return to England 
they were accompanied by two of the natives, Wanciiese and 



ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 



IO3 



Little wisdom was manifested in their dealings 



Manteo. Glowing accounts of the region were given, and 
the name of Virginia was bestowed upon it, in honor of 
Elizabeth, Queen of England, she being known as the Vir- 
gin Queen„ 

Raleigh found no difficulty in obtaining emigrants. A 
colony of one hundred and eight, under the governorship of 
Ralph Lane, was sent to Virginia in a fleet commanded by 
Sir Richard Greenville. The colonists landed upon Roan- 
oke Island 

with the IndianSo A whole vil- 
lage, with its surrounding corn- 
fields, was burned, in retaliation 
for the stealing of a silver cup. 
When the Indians withheld sup- 
plies of food, the whites sought 
to intimidate them by treacher- 
ously putting Wingina and several 
of his tribe to death, after they 
had accepted in good faith a de- 
ceitful invitation. 

These acts provoked retalia- 
tion, and the English soon be- 
came aware of an Indian conspiracy. The first oppor- 
tunity of returning to England was seized. Sir Francis 
Drake, happening to land in those parts in the course of one 
of his voyages, the colonists embarked with him and sailed 
away. 

Greenville arrived a few days after Drake's departure, and 
finding none of the settlers, left fifteen men to hold Roanoke 
while he returned to England. A new colony was collected 
(1587), consisting, in this instance, of men with wives and 
families, who were willing to settle permanently. On reach- 
ing Roanoke Island, they found nothing but the skeletons of 




SIR WALTER RALEIQH. 



104 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 







■^t^^ow (_\« 



'CiAlooaiuca. .'B-j 



In vain, in vain, their heart-sick search. 

No tidings reached them more, 
No record save that silent word 

Upon that silent shore. 

— Margaret J. Preston. 



ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 135 

the men left by Greenville. They soon established them- 
selves, and shortly after their arrival Virginia Dare, grand- 
daughter of John White, the governor of the colony, was 
born, the first white child born of English parents in 
America. 

Before many weeks it was decided that White should 
go to England for supplies. If, in the meanwhile, the col- 
onists determined to move to another location the name of 
the new place was to be carved upon a post, with a cross- 
piece above it, that he might know where to find them when 
he returned. White proved recreant to his trust, and, 
became for a time interested in other matters after his arrival 
in England. When at last, after two years, he again reached 
Roanoke no colonists were to be found. Carved on the bark 
of a tree was the word 



Croat an. 



This was the name of a neighboring island, but upon 
search no trace of the settlers was found. Several expedi- 
tions were sent out from England to find the. missing ones. 
Their fate has ever remained a mystery. They will ever 
be known as the Lost Colony of America. With the fail- 
ure of this colony Raleigh, who had by this time expended 
more than £40,000 in his American ventures, was now com- 
pelled to give up all further attempts at colonization. 

QUESTIONS. 

When did England take steps to occupy her American territory? How 
had the Spanish power in America manifested itself? What knight obtained 
a patent from Queen Elizabeth? When? Tell what you know of Gilbert's 
first venture. Who was associated with him four years after? Tell whst 
you know of Gilbert's second venture? How many vessels had he? 
What was the fate of each? What island was coasted? What was the fate 
of Gilbert ? Who were now sent over by Raleigh to explore? When? What 
coast did they reach? Where? How was the land described? How were 
they treated by the Indians? Who was Wingina? Granganimo? What 



I06 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

two Indians accompanied the English upon their return? Tell what you 
know of Lane's colony. Who was Sir Richard Greenville? Where did the 
colonists land? How did they act toward the Indians.' What treachery did 
they practice? What was awakened? What was feared? What did the 
colonists decide to do? What opportunity presented itself to carry this 
decision into execution? Who arrived after the colonists had departed? 
Who were left to hold possession? What became of them? Tell what you 
know of White's colony. When did it reach Roanoke? Who was Virginia 
Dare? Where did White go? Why? How long did he stay? What did 
he find upon his return? What do you know of the Lost Colony of 
America? What did his efforts to colonize America cost Sir Walter 
Raleigh? 

CHAPTER III. 

English Attempts in North Virginia. 

The next attempt by England to colonize America was 
made by Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, who sailed 
(1602) with thirty-two men in the ship Concord, and after a 
passage of forty-nine days reached the coast of what is now 
Massachusetts. He was the first Englishman to set foot in 
that region. Sailing south, he found himself in a land-locked 
bay, and exploring further discovered that" it terminated in a 
cape. He soon doubled this and named it Cape Cod, from 
the abundance of codfish caught by his men in the sur- 
rounding waters. 

Continuing along the coast he explored a number of 
islands, one of which he named Martha's Vineyard. He 
determined to form a settlement upon one of a chain of 
islands near the mainland, and in honor of the queen he 
called it Elizabeth — a name now applied to the whole chain. 
A fort and storehouse were built, and friendly relations 
established with the neighboring Indians, with whom a trade 
in furs, skins and sassafras soon arose. The region seemed 
admirable in climate and fertility, notwithstanding which, 
when the time came for the vessels to return to England, 
most of those who had come over for the purpose of colo- 
nizing, refused, for one reason or another, to stay, and the 
colony was therefore abandoned. 



ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 



I07 



Pring and Weymouth. 
A favorable description of the re- 
gions visited was brought back. The 
trade that had been carried on with the 
Indians turned out very profitably. A 
voyage was made by Martin Pking 
(1603), who returned after six months 
without having encountered mishap 
or danger, and fully corroborated 
the favorable report of Gosnold. 
Pring was followed by George Wey- 
mouth (1605), who made a number of 
landings upon the New England coast, 
taking formal possession by erecting 
crosses. Weymouth reached the mouth 
of the Kennebec River, which was 
then known as the Sagadahoc, and, 
treacherously kidnapping five Indians, 
returned to England. 



The whole coast of what is 
now the United States from 
Florida to Nova Scotia was 
known in those days as Vir- 
ginia, and eager plans were 
now made for its colonization. 
The territory was divided and 
assigned by grant to two com- 
panies, known as the London 
Company and the Plymouth 
Company, each named from 
the city in which a majority of 
its members resided. To the London Company was granted 
the exclusive right to colonize the territory between the 
thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth parallels of latitude; to the 
Plymouth, that between the forty-first and forty-fifth. 

The Plymouth Company made the first venture, and the 
colony sent out was called the Popham Colony, after 
Sir John Popham, one of the leading members of the 
company. George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert were 
the leaders of these colonists, and the ships "Mary and 
John" and " Gift of God " brought them over to the coast 
of what is now Maine. Skitwarres, one of Weymouth's 
kidnapped Indians, accompanied them. 

They landed on Satquin, an island at the mouth of the 
Sagadahoc, and before winter set in, erected a fort, store- 
house, chapel and fifty cabins. Although winter proved 
severer than it was anticipated, they were provided with 
abundant supplies, and encountered but few hardships. 
Notwithstanding this favorable beginning, much discontent- 
ment and homesickness were experienced, and in the spring 
the settlement was abandoned. 



IOS PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

These early attempts show what discouragements, hard- 
ships, and dangers were encountered by first settlers in the 
New World. They who were to establish the first perma- 
nent English settlement in America must needs be possessed 
of fortitude and endurance. No encouragement could be 
drawn from the past, for that past was one of failure. Suc- 
cessful colonization was to depend upon what manner of 
men they were. 

QUESTIONS. 

Tell what you know of Gosnold. What was the name of his vessel? 
What coast did he reach? What cape did he name? Why? What islands 
did he explore? Upon what island did he land? What were built? What 
established? Why was the settlement abandoned? What voyage did Pring 
make? Tell what you know of Weymouth's exploration. When did he sail? 
How did he take possession along the coast? Where did he land? Whom 
did he kidnap? What reports did he carryback with him? What was 
known as Virginia in those days? After whom had it been called? To 
what two companies was it granted? What parallels denned the limits of 
each grant? Which of the companies made the first move towards estab- 
lishing colonies? What do you know of the Popham colony ? What ves- 
sels brought Popham's colony over? Who returned with them? Where 
was a landing made? What were erected? How was the winter passed? 
Why was the colony abandoned? What did these early attempts at settle- 
ment show? What qualities were necessary to men who were to establish a 
permanent settlement? 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

Who was Madame de Guercheville ? What State has a county named after Virginia 
Dare ? Did Raleigh ever visit America ? What did Ribaut call the St John 's River ? 
What was the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day ? Where is Cuttyhunk ? Who intro- 
duced tobacco into England ? What was the fate of Sir Walter Raleigh ? 



ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 



109 



Memory Aid. 



For Lesson on Early Attempts at Settlement. 



(Place on the Blackboard and have pupils fill blank spaces, then elaborate in written 

composition.) 



' Review 



Uj 
k 

CO ^ 

g 



u. 



The Coligny 

Colonies. < 



Cartler and Roberval. 
Fort St Louis, 

{ Year .. 
To Brazil I 

{ Under . 



To South ( Year ■ 
Carolina,^ Under 



who builds Fort 

near what is now. 

Returns to France. 

Fate of' Colony after 

I. his departure 



'Gilbert's Attempts , 



To Florida . 



1579 



f Year .. 
I. Under . 



who builds Fort... 

near mouth of 

Fort surprised by 

Fate of the [ ln the fort 

Colonists \ Shlpwrecked men 

Massacre avenged by 



{assisted by 
sails with vessels. 
fate 
last words 



r Preliminary . 



f Amidas 

and 






The Raleigh 

Colonies. 



Lane's Colony. 



. illes Colony. 



Barlowe 

f Year 

■ i Dealings with Indians... 
(_ Result of Drake's visit . 



(Coast of.. 
visit < Year 

{ Report .... 
.... Place 



White returns 
I Virginia Dare 



(Year Place 
Gov. W. goes to 
(after years' 
White returns J 

I Croatan. 

( Cape 

Names I 

l60...Gosnold. 1 I Island. 

Preliminary Visits \ mn D ^ n | Fails to plant 

a Colony. 



North Virginia 



The Popham Colony, . 



l60...Pring. 
IGO... Weymouth 
Sent by 



Company. 



Year Place. 

\ Under 

[.Abandonment. 



IIO PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

Geography. — Note upon a map the east coast <>/ Virginia. Where is Ches- 
apeake Bav? James River? Cape Charles? Cape Henry? Chickahominy 
River? Where are the Bermuda Islands? In what direction from Vir- 
ginia? 

Definition of Words. — Know the meaning of the following: Auspices, 
delegated dissensions, motives, adopted, succumb, fortitude, crisis, ran- 
som, charter, sustained, assumed, bestowed, administrative, allotted, inden- 
ture, exterminated, inspired, permanence, political, tumult, ordinances, 
arbitrary, reverting, confirming, enactments. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Opecancanough, Bermuda, Ilenricus, Kic- 
cowtan. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Refehenck.- Bancroft's "Colonial History," Cooke's "Virginia," Lodge's "History of 
the English Colonies in America," Sparks' "Smith." 

General. — Simms' "Smith and Pocahontas," Hopkins' "Youth of tin- Old Dominion," 
Cooke's "Stories of the Old Dominion," "Virginia in the Colonial Period " f Harper's Maga- 
zine, November, 1SS2), "The Beginning of a Nation " (Century Magazine, November, 1882), 

Topical. — "Virginia," "Jamestown, Founding of," "Settlement, first Permanent 
English, "' "Smith, Captain John," "Slavery, Introduction of," "Tobacco, First Cultivation 
of," "Pocahontas," "Assembly, First Colonial." 



Virginia. 

CHAPTER IV. 

England's First Foothold. 

The London Company was not far behind that of Plymouth 
in sending out settlers under the king's charter, for three 
months after the Popham colon}- departed (December 19, 
1606), one hundred and five colonists, in the ships Susan 
Constant, Good Speed and Discovery, under the command 
of Captain Christopher Newport, sailed down the 
Thames for South Virginia. 

The preparation for the establishment of this colony had 
been elaborate. The plans for its government had been 
carefully considered. As an enterprise it was under the 
auspices of the London Company. As a colony, it was 
under the control of the king, which control he delegated to 
two councils — one composed of eleven members, to reside in 
England; the other of seven, to reside in the colony. 



VIRGINIA. 



Ill 



It was some time before the colonists 
knew who among themselves were to 
be the seven colonial councilors ; for the 
names had been placed in a box which 
was not to be opened until their desti- 
nation was reached. A number desired 
the honor, and thought themselves 
entitled to it, each aspirant looking 
upon the expectations of the others 
with distrust; so during the voyage 
many petty dissensions arose. Captain 
John Smith, the ablest man of them all 
— a man of whom we shall learn more 
hereafter — incurred the envy of a few 
of the worthless ones. Fearing that 
his ability might place him at the head 
of affairs, they falsely accused him of 
plotting against the interests of the 
king, and caused his arrest. 



After an unusually long voy- 
age, the vessels entered the 
mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. 
The capes on either side were 
named Charles and Henry, in 
honor of the king's sons. They 
soon entered a broad river, 
which, after the king, they 
named the James. Forty miles 
from its mouth, where a penin- 
sula is formed by one of its 
bends, they selected a site for 
a town. 



On May 13, 1607, the colo- 
nists landed and proceeded to 
lay out a town, which they 
called Jamestown. Neighbor- 
ing Indians looked on with 
curiosity and offered no inter- 
ference. One of the first acts 
of the colonists was to provide 
a canvas-roofed structure, in 
which the Rev. Robert 
Hunt, a "religious and coura- 
geous divine," held service 
morning and evening. This 
was the first English church 
erected within the present ter- 
ritorial limits of the United 
States, and it was soon replac- 
ed by a much better one. 

For the purpose of exploration, a party under Captain 
John Smith, went upon a six days' trip up the James River, 



First Colonial Government. 

Upon opening the box it was found 
that Bartholomew Gosnold, John 
Smith, Edward Wingfield, Christopher 
Newport, John Ratcliff, John Martin 
and George Kendall had been ap- 
pointed councilors; but Smith, being 
under arrest, was prohibited from serv- 
ing. In the box, besides the names, 
were instructions and laws for the 
guidance of the colony, by which were 
stipulated the holding of everything in 
common, the storing of all food and 
products in a common storehouse, the 
trial of criminal cases by jury and of 
civil cases by the council. 

Edward Wingfield was chosen 
president, and a worse selection could 
hardly have been made; for, from all 
accounts, he was indolent, self-indulg- 
ent and wanting in every faculty that a 
successful ruler should possess. In- 
deed, the remainder of the council were 
no better, with the exception of the 
deposed Smith and Captain Gosnold, 
the same brave and experienced navi- 
gator that had landed at Elizabeth five 
years before. The selection of the 
council was most unfortunate. Wise 
direction and control of affairs, so 
necessary during the early stages of 
the colony, could not be expected from 
men so notoriously incompetent and 
inexperienced. 



112 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

during the course of which a visit was made to Powhattan, 
the most powerful chief in that section. Upon their return 
they found that the settlement had been attacked by Indians 
and every thing thrown into confusion. Smith immediately 
demanded a trial by jury, according to the terms of the king's 
charter, and, notwithstanding the opposition of Wingfield 
and his friends, succeeded in obtaining it. At this, the 
first trial by jury in America, he was triumphantly 
acquitted, and his prosecutors were sentenced to pay a line 
of £200 damages, which Smith generously donated to the 
public treasury. He was thus restored to the council. 
Through the mediation of Mr. Hunt peace was temporarily 
secured, and all sat down and partook of communion 
together. 

Thus was bemin the first permanent English sf.t- 
tlement in America. Those who founded this settlement 
have been described as vagabond adventurers, turbulent, 
law-breaking and indolent, but we know that some of them 
undoubtedly were possessed of noble motives in coming to 
America, and all paid sedulous attention to the worship of 
God. They were drawn from every walk in life. Forty- 
eight called themselves gentlemen — a term that has been 
quoted to their reproach. That they were not adapted to the 
new, hard life in the American wilderness, the "gentlemen" 
having never before toiled with their hands, is a fact to their 
credit. It betokened that inordinate courage must have been 
theirs, to enable them to brave the toils of pioneer life, know- 
ing what these toils were, from the records of past colonial 
failures. We know that they were possessed of great spirit. 
Under incompetent rulers, their intense human activities may 
have taken, at times, a form of turbulence and disorder, 
which disappeared under wise direction. Some may have 
been deficient in many of the qualities that go to make up a 



VIRGINIA. 113 

perfect man, but a better element was in the majority, other- 
wise the colony would in all certainty have succumbed to 
the trials and sufferings they were called upon to endure — 
trials which fell to the lot of no other colony before or since. 

QUESTIONS. 

When was the first colony sent by the London Company? How many 
did the colonists number? Upon what vessels did they embark? What was 
the name of the commander? What can you say of the preparations for the 
establishment of this colony? How was its government to be ordered? 
How were the seven colonial councilors appointed? What resulted from 
the peculiar manner of appointing? How was Smith regarded by a few 
worthless ones? Of what was he falsely accused? What bay was entered? 
What names were bestowed upon the capes at its entrance? What can you 
say of the site selected for settlement? What was the town laid out called? 
Who were found to have been appointed councilors ? Why could not 
Smith serve? What did the box contain besides the names of the seven 
councilors? What were some of the stipulations for the government of the 
colony? Who was chosen president? What kind of a man was he? Who 
were the only competent ones among the members of the council? When 
did the colonists land? What did they proceed to do? What was one of 
the first acts of the colonists? Who was Rev. Robert Hunt? Tell what 
you know of Smith's first exploring trip ? Who was Powhattan? What did 
Smith find upon his return? What did he demand? What was the result 
of his trial? Why is this trial remarkable? How have the first settlers of 
Virginia been described? How many called themselves gentlemen? Of 
what were some undoubtedly possessed? To what did they give sedulous 
attention? Why did their activities take at times the form of turbulence ? 
What kind of an element prevailed among them ? How do we know? 

CHATTER V. 

The Father of Virginia. 

The history of the Jamestown colony, during the first 
months of its existence, is a record of suffering and misery. 
The site had been injudiciously selected, and with the heat 
of summer came malarial fevers, from which many, includ- 
ing Gosnold, died, and all more or less suffered. 

The gloom and despondency that hung over the colony 
were increased when it was found that much of the food 



ii 4 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



brought from England had spoiled, and that a hostile attack 
by the Indians could be expected at any time. President 
Wingfield was detected in acts of appropriating to his own 
selfish uses the best of the public stores. He was strongly 
suspected of an intention to 
seize the pinnace left by New- 
port and desert the colony. 
Popular feeling ran so against 
him that he was displaced, and 
Ratcliff, another unfortunate 
choice, superseded him. 
The good qualities of 
Smith shone forth while 
the colonists were 
in the midst of their 




CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 



distress and suffer- /^ 

ings. Nursing the 

sick, comforting 

the dying, encourag 

ing the despondent, 

assisting every one 

setting the example of fortitude 

and patience, he was soon 

looked up to with respect and 

affection. The direction of 

everything fell into his hands, 

and when autumn brought 

health, ripening corn, and 

game and fish in abundance, the first crisis of the colony had 

passed, and Smith had been its savior. 

As soon as corn began to ripen, Smith started down the 
river to obtain a supply. He found the Indians reluctant to 
trade. Seeming to take great delight in tantalizing their 



Captain John Smith. 
Captain John Smith was one of the 
most remarkable men connected with 

the early history of the English colo- 
nies. Born at Willoughby, Lincoln- 
shire, England, he entered early in life 
upon a career of adventure, lie spent 
four years in the military service of 
Holland, and afterwards was engaged 
in the wars against the Turks. His 
adventures and escapes were 
many. At one time he was taken 
prisoner in battle and sold as a 
slave, but succeeded in escap- 
ing after slaying his master. 
Returning to England at 
a time when the coloniza- 
tion of America was 
Vs, occupying attention, 
he beheld in the new 
world opportunities 
to gain further ex- 
pel ience. Smith 
did more to hold 
the Jamestown colony to- 
gether than any other man. 
His adventures and explor- 
ations in eastern Virginia 
would till a volume. His interest in 
America continued long after he re- 
turned to England, and he issued a 
number of publications that did much 
to promote colonization; am ing these 
publications were: ".I Map of Virginia, 

with a Description of the Country " 
"A True Relation of Virginia" "A 
General History of Virginia, New 
England and the Summer Isles" etc. 



VIRGINIA. 



115 



visitors they showed him the abundance they had. During 
the negotiations a quarrel took place, and shortly after the 
colonists were attacked. In the engagement Smith captured 
an Indian idol, and the Indians gladly ransomed it with a 
boatload of corn. 

Upon his return to Jamestown, Smith found that Wingfield, 

Kendall and some others had 
taken advantage of the weak- 
ness of President Ratcliff and 
had seized the pinnace. They 
were about to embark for Eng- 
land when Smith arrived ; but 
he directed the cannon of 
the fort upon them, and 
compelled them to re- 
turn. Better times 
now set in, and 
Smith, leaving 
everything in order, 
set out to explore 
the Chickahominy 
River. Upon this 
expedition he was 
captured by the Indians and 
taken first to Opecancanough, 
then to Powhattan, through 
the intercession of whose daughter, Pocahontas, he was 
finally liberated. Returning to Jamestown, he found the 
colony in a worse state of confusion than ever before. Food 
had become scarce again, and another conspiracy to abandon 
the colony had been formed. About this time Newport 
arrived with supplies from England. 



Pocahontas. 
Pocahontas, daughter of Powhattan, 
proved herself a true friend of the 
struggling colonists, often bringing 
them corn and warning them of Indian 
attacks. According to the account of 
Captain John Smith, she was directly 
instrumental in saving his life when he 
was taken prisoner. Condemned to 
death, he would have been executed 
had she not interceded for him. She 
was at one time sold to Captain 
Argal 1 by a treacherous chief. A 
war was about to ensue between the 
Indians and colonists, when Thomas 
Rolfe, afterwards Secretary and - 
Recorder-general of Vir- ,.-. /■:.-•':. 
ginia, requested her hand 
in marriage, and received 
the assent of old Powhat- 
tan, who was thenceforth- 
to be the firm friend of the 
whites. Pocahontas was H 
baptized under the name 
of Rebecca, and with her 
husband went to England, 

where she received every Pocahontas 

mark of attention and favor. She died 
before her return, leaving a son, from 
whom are descended many eminent 
families of Virginia. 





n6 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



Again leaving the colony in a prosperous condition, Smith, 
with fourteen companions, set out in an open boat, to explore 
the shores of the Chesapeake, which he accomplished suc- 
cessfully. He returned after having sailed more than three 
thousand miles, explored both shores, visited many Indian 
villages, and passed through many dangers. He found the 
affairs of the colonists in the state that always arose when he 
was absent. They would submit to Ratcliff no longer, and 
with one voice called upon Smith to be president, the first 

INSTANCE IN AMERICAN HISTORY WHERE THE PEOPLE MADE 
CHOICE OF THEIR OWN RULER. 

Now came order out of 
chaos. Smith took hold of the 
reins of government with a firm 
hand. Newport had brought 
reinforcements, and during the 
winter of 1608 and 1609, when 
the Indians refused to sell their 
corn, Smith made several dar- 
ing expeditions against them, 
awing them by his boldness, 
and compelling them to trade. His skill and energy were 
everywhere felt. The willing were shown what to do. and 
the idle were compelled to work. Rules were established 
and enforced. Labor was exacted from each man six hours 
a day. Additional cabins were built, and all caught the spirit 
and determination to establish the colony firmly. 

About this time a new charter for Virginia was granted by 
the king, under which Lord Delaware, a nobleman of 
much ability, was appointed governor for life. Nine ships 
set out with five hundred emigrants, under Captain New- 
port, and among them were Sir Thomas Gates and Sir 
George Somers, who were to govern the colonv until Lord 



Before Newport set out upon the re- 
turn voyage, the colonv became excited 
over the discovery of a yellow deposit 
in the neighboring sands; it was 
taken for gold ; and, notwithstanding 
the protests of Smith, valuable time 
was wasted in digging for the worth- 
less stuff and loading Newport's 
vessel with it. It was in the early 
part of the year (160S), and the time 
taken should have been devoted to the 
cultivation of crops. A consequence 
of their neglect was to be seen the 
next year, when, the second supply 
from England giving out, the historic 
"starving time" set in. 



VIRGINIA. 117 

Delaware arrived. A storm dispersed the fleet, and the vessel 
which carried Newport, Gates and Somers was wrecked 
upon one of the Bermuda Islands. 

The rest arrived safe, and for a time the colony, being now 
under a new charter, was without a governor. Smith deter- 
mined to retain control until his successor arrived, in which 
determination he was sustained by a majority; but about the 
time the new order of things had assumed definite shape, 
Smith sustained injuries from an accidental explosion of 
gunpowder, of so serious a nature that he was compelled to 
return to England for medical treatment. His authority was 
delegated to George Percy. He never returned to the 
colony, whose interests he had served so faithfully, though 
several years after, he visited the North Virginia coast and 
gave to that region the name that it now bears — New 
England. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of what is the early history of the Jamestown colony a record? What 
sufferings were encountered by the colonists ? What increased the general 
gloom? In what was Wingfield detected? Of what was he suspected? By 
whom was he displaced? What can you say of the choice of Ratcliff? When 
did the good qualities of Smith shine forth? How? What did he do? 
What came with autumn? Where did Smith go when corn ripened? What 
do you know of his experience with the natives on this trip ? What did 
he capture? How was it ransomed? What did Smith find upon his return 
to Jamestown? How were Wingfield and Kendall thwarted? What did 
Smith do when better times set in? What river did he now explore? What 
happened to Smith upon this expedition ? To whom was he brought when 
captured? Who interceded for him? What did he again find upon his 
return to Jamestown? Who arrived about this time? What excitement 
arose? How did the colonists lose valuable time? In what did this waste 
of time result? Upon what exploring expedition did Smith now set out? 
What was the result of these explorations? What call was made upon him 
when he returned? Why is this call remarkable ? How did Smith admin- 
ister affairs? How did he obtain corn ? What was done with the willing? 
Idle? What rule of labor was enforced? What resulted from Smith's pres- 



Il8 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

idency? What was granted by the king of England about this time? Who 

was appointed governor? How many emigrants now set out from England? 
What was the fate of one of the vessels ? Who were upon this vessel? What 
did Smith determine to do in the absence of a regularly appointed governor? 
By whom was he sustained? What accident befell Smith? What was he 
compelled to do? To what part of America did he subsequently make a 
voyage? What name did he bestow upon North Virginia? 

CHAPTER VI. 
Permanency Assured. 

By Smith's return to England a strong hand was taken 
from the helm of government. His wisdom and admin- 
istrative ability were sadly missed, and colonial affairs, shortly 
after his departure, fell once more into disorder. Bad man- 
agement and wastefulness brought on a period of destitution 
and suffering so dire, that it is always referred to in history as 
the "starving time.' " The provisions brought from England 
had been heedlessly consumed, and a sufficient quantity of 
food had never been raised by the colonists. The Indians 
became hostile, attacked the outer settlements, cut down 
defenseless parties, and conspired to prevent the colonists 
from obtaining food in any direction. In six months the 
colony was reduced from five hundred to sixty. 

Gates, Somers, and Newport arrived from the Bermudas, 
in small boats constructed from the wreck of their vessel, 
and beheld a sad spectacle. Immediate wants were 
relieved, but the food brought would last only fourteen 
days. It was determined to abandon the scene of so much 
suffering. The colony was at last to be given up. With the 
few supplies now on hand they could make their way to the 
fishing settlements in Newfoundland, thence to England. It 
was even proposed to burn the town and leave but smoking 
ruins behind, but to this Gates objected. The colonists all 
embarked and proceeded down the river. When half way to 



VIRGINIA. 



II 9 



the sea, they were met by a small boat coming up stream, con- 
veying the joyful intelligence that Lord Delaware had 
arrived with abundant supplies. They turned back, and it is 
said that when Lord Delaware entered the lately deserted 
town, he fell on his knees and thanked God that he had 
saved Virginia. 

Delaware was a very able governor. Noble, dignified, 
firm, and armed with ample authority, he commanded 
respect, and exacted obedience. All dissensions were now 
passed. The colony was well ordered in every way, and 
system was introduced. Every morning all assembled in the 
neatly-kept, flower-decked church for prayer, then repaired 
to the public storehouse for the day's allowance of food. 
Four hours of labor in the morning and two in the afternoon 
was the day's work allotted each. The colony was soon upon 
the road to prosperity. Ill health, however, compelled the 
governor to return to England, after a short rule (March, 
1611). 

In May ( 161 1 ) Sir Thomas Dale came from England and 
assumed the office of High Marshal of Virginia, Sir Thomas 

Gates, the lieutenant-governor 
under Delaware, being absent. 
Gates arrived shortly after with 
many new emigrants, and a 
number of cattle, which proved 
a valuable addition. In 1614 
Dale became governor, and he 
proved himself a strict and 
soldierly one, administering 
affairs under martial law. 
Although he was at times some- 



Tobacco. 

George Yeardley succeeded Dale 
as governor, and shortly after a demand 
for tobacco sprang up in England. 
The demand could only be supplied by 
America. Much profit was found 
in its cultivation, so lands were laid 
out in tobacco plantations, and it was 
grown even in the streets of James- 
town itself. Such became its value 
that when cured it served every pur- 
pose of barter and sale, coin and other 
money being scarce in those days. 
Large quantities were shipped to 
England, and wealth began to tiow into 
the colony. 



what cruel, yet he was the first to take a decided step toward 
insuring the permanency of the colony, for he caused fifty 



120 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



acres of land to be apportioned to each colonist (1615), 
who was thenceforth to have the incentive of owning his 
home, and of enjoying the full benefits of his personal labor. 



r 




SETTLERS CHOOSING WIVES. 



Twelve years after its founding, Jamestown was a pros- 
perous community, surrounded by outlying well-tilled plant- 
ations. The colonists owned lands and houses, and were 
rapidly acquiring wealth. But they were all men, and thor- 
ough contentment was not to be theirs until woman's pres- 
ence should make homes of their houses, and the smiles and 
love of wife cheer them in the toils and struggles of their 



VIRGINIA. 



121 




INTRODUCTION OF AFRICAN SLAVERY. 



Slavery. 
As reports of Virginia's increased 
prosperity reached England, many felt a 
desire to emigrate, some of whom had 
not sufficient to pay the expense of their 
passage. The custom of indenturing 
servants existed in those days, whereby 
the services of a person were given for a 
certain number of years in return for a 
sum of money. Many found their way 
across the ocean by indenturing them- 
selves to the Virginia planters. In 1619 
a Dutch ship captain landed twenty ne- 
groes from Africa, and offered them for 
sale. Slavery had existed in many parts 
of the world for thousands of years. 
Negro slavery had been introduced 
into the West India Islands by the 
Spaniards, when the natives were 
exterminated; yet this was the first 
introduction of slavery into the United 
States; and we shall see with what 
evil consequences the event was 
fraught. Here were servants inden- 
tured, not for a few years, but for life. 
The first twenty were readily sold. 
They proved so docile and efficient, 
that more were sought, and the intro- 
duction became general. 



lives. Ninety excellent young 
women were sent over from 
England to become wives of 
the colonists. He to whose lot 
fell a wife was required to pay 
her traveling expenses, about 
one hundred and fifty pounds 
of tobacco being the required 
amount. 

It was a great day in James- 
town when the young women 
arrived. The settlers were 
promptly on hand to greet 
them, and make selections; 
but it is said that the choice 
was by no means all on their 
side. The result was so happy 
that the next year sixty more 



122 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

were induced to come over, upon representations of those 
who first came. The allotment of lands, the development 
of the profitable tobacco industry, and the establishment of 
homes, assured the permanency of the colony. 

QUESTIONS. 

How was Smith missed from the Virginia colony? What resulted from bad 
management? What do you know of the " starving time " ? How did the 
Indians manifest hostility? To what number were the colonists reduced? 
Who arrived from the Bermudas? What did they behold? What was 
determined upon? To what settlement did the Virginia colonists hope to 
make their way? To what did Gates object? What caused the colonists to 
return? What do you know of the arrival of Lord Delaware? What kind 
of governor was he? What did he command and exact? What did he 
introduce? What was the daily custom? What constituted a day's work? 
What compelled Delaware to return to England? Who became High 
Marshal of Virginia? When? Who arrived with emigrants and assumed 
the governorship? By whom was Gates succeeded? What kind of a gov- 
ernor was Dale? What step did he take toward insuring colonial per- 
manency? What was assigned to each colonist? Why? Who succeeded 
Dale? What profitable agricultural product now came into general culti- 
vation? How did it bring prosperity to the colony? Who were indentured 
servants? What do you know of the introduction of African slavery ? Where 
did it exist? Who had introduced it into the western continent? Why did 
the Virginia planters purchase these slaves? What was the condition of 
Jamestown twelve years after its founding ? What was needed by the settlers 
to make homes of their houses? Who were sent from England? What 
assured the permanency of the colony? 

CHAPTER VII. 

The First Assembly of American Lawmakers. 
George Yeardley had served but a short time as governor 
when he was superseded by the rapacious and intriguing 
Captain Samuel Argall ( 1617), whose rule was of so des- 
potic and cruel a character, that bitter complaints went to 
England and caused his recall. His mild and honest prede- 
cessor, now become Sir George Yeardley, returned as Gov- 



1 



VIRGINIA. 



123 



ernor-General of Virginia (April, 1619), and was received 
with rejoicings. 

About this time England was entering upon a great politi- 
cal tumult, the outcome of which was to be the establishment 
of the rights of the people above the will of the king in the 
law and government of England. To the London Company, 
by their charter, had been given full power to make such 
laws and ordinances for the good of the Virginia plantations 
as was thought requisite and meet. The idea of popular 
rights had by this time gained such headway that the com- 
pany determined to delegate some of this lawmaking power 
to the colonists, thus limiting the powers of Virginia crov- 
ernors, and preventing a recurrence of the arbitrary doings 
of such men as Argall. 

Sir George Yeardley was therefore authorized to summon 
a General Assembly to make laws for the local government 
of the colony. It consisted, when convened, of two mem- 
bers or burgesses, elected by the freemen of each borough. 
The first meeting of the Colonial Assembly was held July 
30, 1619. The towns, plantations and "hundreds" consti- 
tuting the eleven boroughs represented were: James City, 
Charles City, Henricus, Kiccowtan, Martin - Braudon, 
Smythe's Hundred, Martin's Hundred, Argall's Gift, 
Lawne's Plantation, Ward's Plantation, and Flowerdieu 
Hundred. 

Among its first enactments were laws regulating agricul- 
tural and religious matters, and dealings with the Indians. 
In 162 1 Virginia received its First Constitution, granting 
free government, confirming the institution of the Colonial 
Assembly, or House of Burgesses, and providing for the 
selection of a Council to assist the governor in his adminis- 
tration of affairs. 



124 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



Under this constitution Sir Francis Wyatt ruled as 
governor until 1624, when the London Company was dis- 
solved, and the colony, reverting to the crown, became a 
royal province. 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 

Early Virginia History. 



VIRGINIA COLONY. 



1607 
1610 

1613 
1615 

1619 

1621 
1624 



Founding of Jamestown. 

"Starving Time. " 

Arrival of Lord Delaware. 
Marriage of Pocahontas. 

Tobacco Cultivated. 

Land Tenure established. 

Sir George Yeardley, Governor. 

First Colonial Assembly. 
I Introduction of Slaves. 

Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor. 

First Virginia Constitution. 
Virginia becomes a Royal Province. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who superseded Yeardley? When? What kind of a man was Argall? 
How did he rule? What caused his recall? Who succeeded him? When? 
How was he received by the Virginians? Upon what was England entering 
about this time ? What was to be the outcome? What had been given to 
the London Company? What did the company determine to do? 
What was Yeardley authorized to do? What do you know of the first colo- 
nial assembly? Of what was it composed? When was its first meeting 
held? How many boroughs were represented? What were their names? 
What were among the first enactments of this assembly ? When did Vir- 
ginia receive its first constitution? What did this constitution grant? Con- 
firm? Provide? Who ruled as governor under the constitution? Until 
what year? What became of the Virginia Company? By whom was it dis- 
solved? What did Virginia become in 1624? 



SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

What is " Fool's Gold " ? What price was paid for Pocahontas when she was sold to 
Argall ? What was the fate of Lord Delaware ? Was Opecancanough a Virginia 
Indian ? What is the meaning of the Indian word Pocahontas ? What early Virginia 
poet was called by Dryden the best versifier of his age ? 



VIRGINIA. 125 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

Geography. — Note upon a map of the United States the location of Ne-v 
York City. Upon what island is it huilt? Where is Albany? Note the ter- 
ritory between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers. To what States does 
this territory now belong? Note Delaware Bay. What river flows into it? 
What capes at its entrance? Where is Wilmington? Note the territory 
lying south of the Schuylkill River? To what State does this territory now 
belong? Note the relative positions of Holland and England upon the map 
of Europe. Where is the Isle of Jersey? Where is Southampton? Ply- 
mouth? Note the coast of New England. Where is Cape Cod? Province- 
town? Boston? Plymouth.'' Cape Ann? Salem? Where is Portsmouth? 
Dover? Where is Saco? Where is Providence? Newport? Where is 
Hartford? New Haven? Saybrook? 

Definition of Words. — Know the meaning- of the follotving: Remon- 
strance, privateers, development, engrossed, confiscate, alliance, expand, 
jurisdiction, conform, modify, dictates, persecuted, acquire, posterity, mem- 
orable, dilapidate, exposure, prowess, intercession, mediation, subse- 
quently, hermit, restricted, corporate, autocratic, administered, deviation, 
inspiration, countenanced, dissensions, domicile, rigid, dominations, sects, 
civil, doctrines, heresy, exaltation, banish, conveyance, exemplary, termi- 
nate, rigorous, advocacy, incorporate, constitution, deliberation. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Practice the pronunciation of the following-: 
Minuit, Stuyvesant, YVouter Van Twiller, Keitt, Oxenstern. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Lamb's "History of the City of New York," Robert's "History of New 
York," Young's "Chronicles of Massachusetts," Winthrop's "History of New England," 
Palfrey's "History of New England," Greene's "History of Rhode Island," Hollister's 
"History of Connecticut," Lodge's "History of the English Colonies." 

General. — living's "Knickerbocker History of New York," Moore's "Pilgrims and Puri- 
tans," Drake's "Making of New England," Holmes' "Robinson of Leyden " (poem), Coffin's 
"Old Times in the Colonies," "New England in the Colonial Period" (Harper's Magazine, 
December, 1SS2), "The Planting of New England" (Century Magazine, January, 1SS3), 
Mrs. Hemans' "Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers" (poem), Longfellow's "Courtship of 
Miles Standish." 

ToriCAL. — "Dutch 'West India Company," "New Amsterdam," "New Netherlands," 
"Stuvvesant," "New Sweden," "Patroons," "Puritans," "Pilgrim Fathers," "Massachu- 
setts, Settlement of," " Mayflower Compact," "Miles Standish," "Massasoit," "New Hamp- 
shire, Settlement of," "Roger Williams," "Anne Hutchinson," "John Winthrop," "Con- 
necticut, Settlement of," "Boston, Founding of," 'Puritan Migration." 



126 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



New Netherlands. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

The India Companies. 

The explorations of Hudson conferred but little benefit 
upon the East India Company, in whose service he was, 

but some Amsterdam merchants 
soon sent a vessel for the purpose 
of trading with the Indians (1610). 
In time, a trading post was established 
upon Manhattan Island (1613), and 
the settlement that grew up around it, 
Px received the name, New Amsterdam. 




The es- 
tablish- 
ment of 
this post 
was fol- 
lowed by 
that of 
others . 

Dutch vessels explored the coast of Long Island, Connec- 
ticut and New Jersey (1614), and upon these explorations 
Holland based a claim to the territory between the Connec- 
ticut and Delaware Rivers, bestowing upon it the name, New 
Netherlands. 



SCENES IN NEW AMSTERDAM. 



NEW NETHERLANDS. 



127 



Remonstrances from England, against the establishment of 
rading posts upon what she considered her territory, soon 
nade it plain to the Dutch that occupancy alone could secure 
them the control of these American possessions. About 
his time Holland was at war with Spain, and a private com- 
»any had organized for the purpose of fitting out privateers to 
iepredate upon Spanish commerce. This was the Dutch 
Vest India Company. In applying for a charter much 
ipposition was encountered. The grant was, however, made, 
ipon condition that the company undertake the colonization 
>f New Netherlands. 

Some attempts were made to fulfill the terms of this charter. 
V few additional trading posts were erected. One, called Fort 
Grange, was located near the present city of Albany ( 1623. ) 
\. colony, with Peter Minuit as governor, was shortly after 
:stablished upon Long Island (1624). But little attention 
vas paid at first to the development of the country, for these 
ettlers soon turned their attention to the fur trade, and the 
:ompany itself was too much engrossed with the lucrative 
>ccupation of confiscating Spanish treasure ships, to give 
nuch thought to New Netherlands. 

England's claim to the terri- 
tory deterred many of the 
Dutch from emi<jratin<r to this 
region about the Hudson. But 
an alliance between England 
and Holland against Spain re- 
moved for a time the fear of 
interference on the part of the 
former country, and a tide of 
Dutch immigration soon set 
into the regions. Thrifty set- 
tlements began to appear, and 



The Patroons. 

Land was very scarce in Holland, but 
very plentiful and cheap in New Neth- 
erlands A great impulse was given 
to Dutch immigration, when the West 
India Company decided to confer upon 
any one who should establish a colony 
of not less than fifty adults, the title 
of Patroon, which carried with it the 
privilege of purchasing of the Indians 
a tract of land sixteen miles square. 
Each Patroon was required to furnish 
all necessary farming implements, and 
to support a minister and a schoolmas- 
ter. The labor of his colonists so 
increased the value of his land, that he 
soon rose to wealth and power. 



128 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



quaint villages, with their straw-thatched and gable-roofed 
houses, sprang up on all sides. Among the early arrivals 
were many Protestants or Walloons, as Dutch Protestants 
were in those days called. 

Minuit served as governor until 1632, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Wouter Van Twiller. Van Twiller extended 
the limits of the colony and caused a fort to be established 




PETER STUYVESANT. 



upon the Connecticut River, near what is now Hartford 
(1633). He was succeeded by William Keift, who in 
turn was followed by Peter Stuyvesant. 

After fifty years of existence as a Dutch colony, New 
Netherlands passed into the hands of the English (1664), 
and the name was changed to New York, after the Duke of 






NEW NETHERLANDS. 



I29 



New Sweden. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Swe- 
den, intended to establish Swedish 
colonies in America, but, dying, it fell 
to Oxenstern, his prime minister, to 
carry out his intentions. In 1638a com- 
pany of Swedes and Finns, under the 
leadership of Peter Minuit, who had 
been the first governor of New Nether- 
lands, entered Delaware Bay. A tract 
of land was purchased, extending,from 
what is now Cape Henlopen to a point 
up the Delaware River, near Trenton. 
This territory was 
named Xew Sweden. 
A fort was built, and 
a settlement begun 
near what is now 
Wilmington, and it 
received the name of 
Christiana. More of 
these people came 
over (1643), and Swe- 
dish settlements soon 
extended up as high 
as the Schuylkill 
River within the 
limits of what is now 
Pennsylvania. A s 
the colonies of Hol- 
land expanded, there 
arose a dispute over 
territory. Fort Casimir was built by 
the Dutch (1651) within a few miles of. 
the settlement of Christiana, and the 
Swedes, viewing it as a menace, drove 
their unwelcome visitors away. Their 
triumph was, however, short-lived. 
Peter Stuy vesant was governor of New 
Netherlands at the time, and the plucky 
old soldier went down to New Sweden 
with an army of six hundred men (1655), 
and compelled the inhabitants to 
acknowledge the jurisdiction of New 
Netherlands. 



York, brother of the English 
king, to whom it was granted. 
The Duke in turn assigned a 
part of the grant to Lord Berk- 
ley and Sir George Carte- 
ret. In honor of the latter, 
who had been governor of the 
Isle of Jersey, the granted ter- 
ritory was call- 
ed New Jersey, 
its boundaries 
corresponding 
to those of the 
State now 
known by that 
name. The first 
settlement by 
the English was 
made at Eliza- 




bethtown (1664). 

QUESTIONS. 

What were sent over by Amsterdam 
merchants? When? Why? What 
can you say of the settlement of New 
Amsterdam ? What followed upon 
the establishment of this post? Upon 
what did Holland base her claims to 
New Netherlands ? What other 

country claimed this territory? What 
ompany had been instituted in Holland? For what purpose was the Dutch 
Vest India Company formed ? What condition was made before it could 
btain a charter? What was built in fulfillment of its terms? When and 
mere was Fort Orange established? What do you know of Peter Minuit? 
Vhen did he establish his colony? Where? To what did the settlers turn 
heir attention? Why did not the West India Company take systematic 
teps to develop New Netherlands? What prevented many Dutch colonists 



I3O PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

from coming to New Netherlands? How was the objection removed? Who 
were Walloons? What do you know of the Patroons ? What privilege was 
Conferred upon them? Upon what condition? Who succeeded Minuit? 
When? What fort did Van Twiller establish? By whom was he succeeded? 
What do you know of Peter Stuyvesant? What Swedish king desired 
to establish colonies? By whom were his intentions carried out? 
When was New Sweden settled? What were its territorial limits? 
Who led the colony? Where was a fort built? What name was bestowed 
upon it? How far up the Delaware did Swedish settlements extend? What 
fort was built by the Dutch in the neighborhood of the Swedish settlements? 
When? How did the Swedes regard this fort? What did they do? What 
do you know of Stuyvesant's expedition against the Swedes? How long was 
New Netherlands a Dutch colony? Into whose possession did it then come? 
When? To what was its name changed? After whom.-' To whom did the 
Duke of York assign part of the grant? How did New Jersey receive its 
name ? Where was the first English settlement made in New Jersey ? 
When ? 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 

1609 Explored by Hudson. 

1613 Settlement of New Amsterdam, (N. Y.) 

1623 Settlement of Fort Orange, (/V. Y.) 

1633 Fort Good Hope built, {Conn.) 

1651 Fort Casimlr built (/V. J.) 

1655 Conquest of New Sweden, {Del.) 

1664- {Conquered by the English. 

[Settlement of Elizabethtown, (N. J.) 



NEW 
NETHERLANDS. 



New England. 
chapter IX. 

Pilgrims and Puritans. 

While the colonization of America was occupying the atten- 
tion of England, there was but one method of worshiping 
God established by law throughout the kingdom. There 
were those, however, who did not approve of many of the 
religious ceremonies and services, and believed that of all 
such the church should be purified. In derision, the name 



NEW ENGLAND. 



131 



Puritans was soon applied 'to them, and because they did 
not conform to the tenets of the established church, they 
were also styled Non-Conformists 

A number of these Puritans 
took up their abode at Leyden, 
Holland, and, meeting with 
kind treatment, remained 
eleven or twelve years. But 
they were not thoroughly con- 
tented there. Kindly as they 
had been received they did 
not wish to remain perma- 



Separatists. 

As long as they remained with the 
body of the church and tried to modify 
its form of worship by arguments and 
pleadings, they had but ridicule to 
encounter. But when they began to 
form congregations of their own, in 
order to worship God according to the 
dictates of their conscience, they were 
branded as Separatists, and were 
cruelly persecuted; the king (James I) 
declaring that he would "harry them 
out of England." 



nently, where they were coming in continual contact with 

foreign customs, and their children were rapidly acquiring 

foreign ways. After 

much earnest thought, 

it was decided to cross 

the sea and establish for 

themselves and their 

posterity an abode in 

America. 

The Dutch advised 
them to settle in the re- 
gion about the Hudson. 
Friends of theirs in Eng- 
land prevailed upon the 
king to take no notice of 
their departure, and not 
to molest them should they establish themselves upon English 
territory in America. Only the ablest and strongest were to 
attempt the first voyage, the aged and infirm remaining behind. 
Two vessels, the Speedwell and the Mayflower, were secured. 
The former set sail from Holland and joined the latter at 




THE MAYFLOWER. 



I32 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

Southampton, England. August 5, 1620, they started 
on their voyage to America, but had not sailed far before 
the Speedwell sprung a leak and was declared unseaworthy. 
This necessitated a return to England, and the selection of 
a smaller number of colonists. At length the Mayflower set 
out alone (September 6). On board were one hundred and 
one settlers, under the leadership of William Bradford, 
William Brewster, John Carver and Miles Standish. 
These Puritans had moved so from place to place that they 
had come to call themselves Pilgrims. 

After a long and stormy voyage, Cape Cod was sighted 
(November 9). Rounding the cape, they entered the peace- 
ful harbor, upon which is now built the city of Provincetown. 
Here, in the cabin of the May- 
flower, was drawn up a solemn 
written agreement for the gov- 
ernment of the colony, and 
under this compact John Car- 
ver was chosen the first gover- 
nor. 

Deciding to proceed further, 

the colonists embarked and 
sailed along the coast. Mean- 
while a fierce storm of snow 
and sleet had set in, and their 



Many of the colonists went ashore, 
and Captain Miles Standish, with four- 
teen others, set out to explore the coun- 
try. They were gone several days, dur- 
ing which they encountered a small 
party of Indians, who fled on their ap- 
proach. Further on they came to a 
ruined hut, an old ship kettle, a dilap- 
idated palisaded fort — remains of some 
unknown settlement of the past — and 
mounds of earth, into which they dug. 

One of these contained four or five 
bushels of corn. They took of this corn 
enough to (ill their pockets, and, with 
the kettle, returned to the vessel. Here 
an attack from thirty or forty Indians 
was met and repulsed. 



progress was delayed. No harbor was found until some 
fifty miles had been traversed. This brought them to a small 
island, under the lee of which they anchored in safety (De- 
cember 8). Here some went ashore (December 11), found 
cornfields and running brooks, and brought back such good 
reports that it was decided to land. The region was down 
on the maps as Plymouth, and the name was not changed. 
Upon the beach the rock first trod by Pilgrim foot in land- 



NEW ENGLAND. 



133 




ing, has since become historic as Plymouth Rock; and the 
event is known as the Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. 
Nineteen plats were laid out, corresponding to the number 
of households into which the colonists had divided them- 
selves, and in the midst of the winter's cold they set about 
building habitations. Their discouragements were many, 

and before long exposure, 
hardship and bad food brought 
on disease and death. Half of 
their number were carried off 
before the winter was over. 
History gives us few pictures 
more touching than that of this 
little band upon that bleak 
shore, surrounded by unknown 
dangers, unswerving in their 
determination to remain, and 
enduring the gloom and despair 
of that first winter with a hero- 
ism unparalleled. Spring 
came, and better times dawned 
on the colony. Occasionally, 
Indians hovered about the set- 
tlement, but fled upon being 
approached. One day the 
settlers were surprised to see 
a single Indian enter the town uttering the words: " Welcome 
Englishmen.'''' He proved to be Samoset, and the little 
English he knew had been acquired from fishermen who had 
visited the Maine coast. 

Samoset shortly afterwards appeared with another Indian, 
named Squanto, who had lived some time in England, hav- 
ing been stolen by one of the early expeditions. Through 



Miles Standish. 
Their first experience with the natives 
had led them to expect nothing but 
hostility. Fearful of their surrounding 
foes, their weakness and distress were 
kept hidden. Brave Miles Standish, 
the "Puritan Captain of Plymouth," 
organized a little company for pur- 
poses of defence, and his superior 
courage did much to sustain the droop- 
ing spirits of his companions. Many a 
feat of daring is recorded of him. Small 
in stature, he nevertheless taught such 
of the neighboring Indian chiefs as 
were inclined to be hostile, to fear his 
powers and respect his skill. He was 
the Captain John Smith of the Plym- 
outh colony. 



J 34 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



the mediations of these two Indians peace was made with 
Massasoit, chief of the neighboring Wainponaogs, who soon 
arrived and entered 
into a treaty. Squan- 
to proved of great ser- 
vice subsequently, 
for he took up his 




LANDING OF PILGRIMS. 



abode with the whites, acting as interpreter for them, and 
teaching them how to plant and cultivate corn, catch and 
cure fish, and many other useful things. 

QUESTIONS. 

What was recognized and established by law in England at the time the 
English colonization of America began? Who were the Puritans? How did 
they receive their name? By what other name were they known? What 
persecutions did they encounter ? What did the king declare? Where did a 
number of the Puritans take up their abode? How were they here received? 
How long did they remain ? Why did they not desire to remain longer ? 
What did they determine upon? Where did the Dutch advise them to set- 
tle? What influence was brought to bear upon the English king in their 
behalf? Who were selected for the first voyage? What two vessels were 
secured? When did they leave Southampton? Why did they return? Which 
of the two vessels finally departed for America? What do you know of the 
voyage of the Mayflower? Who were the leaders? Why were these Puritans 
called Pilgrims? What was the nature of the voyage? What cape did they 
reach? What harbor? What historic compact was here drawn up ? Who 
was chosen governor? What exploring expedition was made by Captain 



NEW ENGLAND. I35 

Miles Standish ? What did he find upon this expedition? How long was 
he gone? What was brought back? What was the first experience of the col- 
onists with the natives? How many miles further did the Pilgrims go? 
Where did they land? Why is Plymouth Rock historic ? Into how many 
households were the colonists divided? What did they do upon landing? 
From what did they surfer during the first winter? Who was the John Smith 
of the Plymouth colony? What measures did he take for protection? What 
do you know of Samoset ? What other Indian came shortly after with 
Samoset? Who was chief of Wamponaogs? Of what use was Squanto to 
the colonists? 

CHAPTER X. 

The Tyranny of Intolerance. 

The growth of Plymouth colony was slow. From time to 
time, however, a few scattered settlements sprung up along 
the Massachusetts coast. At length, the country about Cape 
Ann having been brought to the favorable attention of Rev. 
John White, a Puritan minister of Dorchester, England, a 
company styled the Massachusetts Bay Company was 
formed for its systematic colonization. 

A colony under the govern- 
orship of John Endicott was 
planted at Salem (1628). 
Some few settlements had 
already been made in that re- 
gion. William Blackstone, 
a man of much talent, had 
established his abode where 
Boston is now built, and was 
there leading a hermit's life. 
Much as the people of England had been restricted in 
religious affairs, they had long enjoyed a certain amount of 
civil liberty. Their laws were made by a Parliament con- 
sisting in part of representatives chosen from among them- 



The Massachusetts Charter. 
The charter of the Massachusetts 
Bay Company was quite liberal in its 
provisions. The territory granted lay 
between the Charles and Merrimac 
Rivers, and extended from ocean to 
ocean. The members of the company 
had the privilege of choosing annu- 
ally a governor, deputy governor and 
eighteen assistants, and the power of 
making all laws for the government of 
their colonies, provided such laws did 
not conflict with those of England. 
This law-making power afterwards be- 
came an important matter. 



136 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



selves. During the reign of Charles I, who succeeded his 
father, James I, a contest arose between the king and Par- 
liament that resulted in a civil war, called the English Rev- 
olution. The years leading up to this event, were years of 
disquietude and dissension. Many made their way across 
the ocean to avoid the conflict they beheld approaching. A 
Puritan Migration rapidly peopled the east coast of 
Massachusetts. 

In 1630, the first party of immigrants, consisting of about 
one thousand persons, arrived. The site selected for settle- 
ment was unsuitable. The 
scarcity and brackishness of 
the water caused much suffer- 
ing, By the advice of William 
Blackstone, the settlers re- 
moved to Shawmut, as the 
peninsula of Boston was then 
called. Here they found many 
springs of fresh water and fared much better. The settlement 
was called Boston. In ten years there were more than 
twenty thousand inhabitants in the colonies about Massachu- 
setts Bay. 

As president of the Massachusetts Bay Company, John 
WiNTHRor, upon his removal to America, became governor 
of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Only mem- 
bers of the company, which was a corporate 
body, had a voice in the management of 
colonial affairs. The privilege of voting 
and passing upon measures was afterwards 
extended to all freemen that were church 
members. As the settlements increased in 
extent, representatives from each assembled at Boston, in a 
General Court. 



Transfer of Charter. 

The Massachusetts Bay Company 
was composed mostly of Puritans. A 
majority of its members, with its pres- 
ident, John Winthrop, joining in the 

Puritan migration, carried with them 
their charter, by which the right of 
governing and making laws for colo- 
nies across the ocean, became the right 
of governing themselves, when they 
themselves became colonists. 




JOHN WINTHROP. 



NEW ENGLAND. I 37 

From the first the rulers of the colony manifested an auto- 
cratic spirit in matters pertaining to religion. Church and 
colonial governments were mingled and administered as one. 
It would seem that the long period of persecution in England 
should have taught the elders and rulers the benefits of 
peace and tolerance; but it proved otherwise. No deviation 
from established religious opinion was tolerated. It seemed 
to be the policy of the leaders to crush the inspiration, con- 
trol the thought, scrutinize the teachings, and direct the 
social and moral destinies of all under their authority. 
The granting of liberty of conscience was as far from their 
inclinations as it was from the minds of those whose 
forceful processes had caused many Puritans to leave 
England. Under this condition discontent often manifested 
itself, and religious dissensions became frequent. 

Among the first to rebel 
against the tyrannical religious 
domination of the Boston lead- 
ers, was an eloquent young 
Puritan minister of Salem, 
named Roger Williams. He 
boldly proclaimed that all re- 
ligious sects were entitled to 
protection under the law, and 
that civil magistrates had no 



These religious dissensions sent 
many into the wildernesses of Maine, 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island and 
Connecticut, for that peace whose 
domicile was supposed to be Massa- 
chusetts. William Blackstone, the 
man who had invited the settlers of 
Boston to take up their abode in his 
neighborhood, was so fretted at their 
rigid and intolerant enforcements, that 
he sold out and moved into the interior, 
to the banks of the river now bearing 
his name. He liked the church ways 
of Boston as little as he did those of 
England. 



right to restrain the conscience or interfere with modes of 
worship. 

Such doctrines were denounced as heresy. The preacher 
was commanded to appear in Boston, but refused. He was 
then banished from the colonies, and steps were taken to 
send him back to England ; but he escaped into the wilderness 
(1636), bearing with him the sympathies and affection of 
his congregation. 



138 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



QUESTIONS. 

What sprung up from time to time 
along the Massachusetts coast? What 
part of this coast attracted the favor- 
able attention of Rev. John White? 
What company was organized ? Who 
was the governor of the first colony 
sent out? Where was this colony 
planted? When? Who was William 
Blackstone ? What can you say of 
the charter of the Massachusetts Bay 
Company ? The territory granted ? 
The powers and privileges granted its 
members ? What kind of liberty had 
the people of England enjoyed to a 
certain extent? What contest arose 
between the king and the parliament 
of England ? What effect did the ap- 
proach of civil war have upon the 
colonization of Massachusetts? Of 
what was the Massachusetts Bay Company mostly composed? What was 
done with its charter when a majority of its members crossed to America? 
What powers and rights were transferred to America with this charter? 
What can you say of the settlement of Boston? How many inhabitants 
did the Massachusetts colonies number in ten years? Who became governor 
of the colony after the transfer of the charter? What was conferred upon 
freemen? What do you know of the general court at Boston? What 
spirit was manifested from the first on the part of the rulers? Why was it 
reasonable to expect a different spirit? What seemed to be the policy 
of the leaders? What soon became frequent? Where did religious dis- 
sensions send many? What became of William Blackstone? What do 
you know of Roger Williams ? What ideas were boldly proclaimed by 
him? How did he suffer for his boldness? Who was Anne Hutchinson? 
What do you know of the religious meetings instituted by her? When was 
she banished? 



Anne Hutchinson. 
One of the early customs was the 
holding of meetings to repeat and dis- 
cuss the teachings and sermons of the 
pastors. To these meetings no females 
were admitted. A woman of great 
intellect and piety, named Mrs. Anne 
Hutchinson, conceived the idea of 
holding similar meetings for per- 
sons of her sex. At first the dis- 
cussions were confined to the same 
subjects as those of the men. In 
time she began to express opinions of 
her own ; and frequently, in a state of ex- 
altation and mental excitement, would 
utter spiritual truths that greatly im- 
pressed her hearers. The cry of heresy 
was raised against her; and though the 
governor, who was then young, Sir 
Henry Vane, was won to her side, she, 
too, was banished (1637), an d> with a 
few friends, followed the footsteps of 
Roger Williams. 



CHAPTER XI. 

New England Settlements. 
The old Plymouth Company, to which had been granted 
the territory of North Virginia, made no further attempts to col- 
onize after the failure of the Popham colon)'. The company, 
however, made a number of sub-grants of its territory. One 



NEW ENGLAND. 



139 



Early New Hampshire History. 

Many, choosing- not to endure 
the religious tyrannies of Massachu- 
setts, made their way to these parts. 
Flourishing settlements sprang up, 
which, after the death of Gorges and 
Mason, had full control over them- 
selves, regulating local affairs and ad- 
ministering justice in a most exem- 
plary manner. In the course of time 
Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction 
over this territory. This claim was 
resisted by those who had succeeded to 
Mason's grant. Contentions arose that 
did not terminate until 1679, when the 
authorities in England decided against 
Massachusetts. Xew Hampshire was 
thenceforth regarded as an independent 
colony. 



of these was a conveyance to Sir Ferdinand Gorges ( 1622 ) 
of lands lying about the Piscataqua River, called Laconia. 

This nobleman associated with 
himself Captain John Mason 
(1623), and by their joint ef- 
forts settlements were made at 
Portsmouth and Dover, and 
seven years after at Saco. Ma- 
son obtained from the Plym- 
outh Company ( 1629 ) an inde- 
pendent grant to that part of 
the joint territory lying south 
and west of the Piscataqua, 
and its name was then changed 
to New Hampshire. 

The claims of the Dutch to the territory now known as Con- 
•necticut led them as early as 1633 to establish a fort, called 
Fort Good Hope, 
upon the Connecti- 
cut River, near what 
is now Hartford. 
In that year a vessel, 
from Plymouth as- 
cended the river, 
and, undeterred by 
the threats of the 
Dutch, passed Fort 
Good Hope, pro- 
ceeded further up 
river, and at Wind- 
sor an English set- 
tlement was made. 
News of the great fertility of the Connecticut Valley reached 
the inhabitants about Massachusetts Bay, and many, glad to 




140 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION, 




MS AND THE NARRAQANSETTS. 



escape the persecutions and controversies that had driven 

others to Maine and New Hampshire, prepared to move 

westward to this region. 

Among others were Rev. 

T 1 1 omas Hooker and his whole 

congregation of more than one 

hundred persons, who made 

the journey overland, driving 

their cattle before them through 

the woods (1636). 

By 1639 a number of settle- 
ments had been made up and 
down the river. In that year 
all united under a written con- 
stitution, the provisions of 
which were very liberal. New 



Saybrook and New Haven. 
A party of Puritans from England, 

under Rev. John Davenport and 
Theophilus Eaton, arriving in Bos- 
ton (1637), decided not to remain, but 
proceeded by water to the Connecticut 
coast, bought land (it the Indians, and 
upon a beautiful bay established the 
colony of New Haven (163S). Mean- 
while the territory around the Connec- 
ticut River bad been granted to other 
parties by the Plymouth Company of 
England, and the grant being trans- 
ferred to Lord Say-and-Seal and 
Lord Brooke, these noblemen sent 
out a colony under John Winthrop, son 
of the first governor of Massachusetts 

Bay Colony, This colony founded Sav- 
brook (1635), named so in honor of the 
proprietors. 



Haven remained an independent colonv, with laws so rigor- 
ous as to receive the appellation of Blue Laws. 

When Roger Williams was compelled to flee from Massa- 
chusetts, he wandered for some time through the forests, 



NEW ENGLAND. 



I 4 I 

suffering from cold and hardship. Taking up his abode 
among the Indians he soon won their friendship and esteem 
by his kindly ways and unselfish disposition. Joined by four 
or five others, the little party established a settlement, which 
they named Providence (1636). 

The site selected was within the the territory of the Narra- 
gansett Indians, whose chief, Canonicus, became a firm friend 
of Roger Williams. Here the exiled minister was followed 



by his family and several mem- 
bers of his congregation ; and, 
in time, Providence became 
the refuge of many who were 
persecuted for conscience 
sake. Many such came in 
1638; and, through the inter- 
cession of Williams with the 
Indians, obtained permission 
to settle upon the island now called Rhode Island, where 
William Coddington established the settlement of Newport. 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 



Rhode Island Charter. 
The settlements about Narragansett 
Bay were incorporated in 1643 under a 
charter obtained by Roger Williams, 
who visited England as the agent of 
the colonists. This charter denned 
the limits of Rhode Island almost as 
they now exist. The constitution that 
had been drawn up by Williams was of 
a most liberal nature. The principle of 
religious tolerance formed the most 
important feature of this constitution. 



e 

kl 
co 

5 



ki 



Massachusetts. 



New Hampshire. 



Connecticut. 



Rhode Island. 



( Stan dish. 

mnn „, , Carver. 

1620 Plymouth Brewster _ 

[ Bradford. 

1628 Salem, John Endicott. 
J Boston Founded. 
1 Transfer of Charter 

1622 Gorges' Grant. 

1623 Settlement of ■f Dover ' 

1. Portsmouth. 

1629 Mason's Grant. 
J Dutch build Fort Good Hope, 
1 English settle Windsor. 

1635 Settlement of Saybrook\ ' Sa ^ and - Sea '' 

I Brooks. 

1636 Hooker's Colony. 

■ 1638 Founding of New Haven} 

{ Eaton. 

1636 Providence, Roger Williams. 

1638 Newport, William Coddington. 
L 1643 Rhode Island Charter obtained. 



1630 



1633 



142 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



QUESTIONS. 

To whom had the territory of North Virginia been granted? What did the 
company do with this territory after the failure of the Popham colony? 
What lands were granted to Sir Ferdinand Gorges? When? L!y what name 
was New Hampshire known in those days? Whom did Gorges associate 
with himself? What settlements were established? What independent 
grant did Mason obtain? When? Of whom? Who found their way to the 
settlements in Maine and New Hampshire? How did the New Hampshire 
colonists administer local affairs? What claim did Massachusetts set up? 
How was it decided? What fort was established by the Dutch upon the Con- 
necticut River? When? What do you know of the establishment of the 
Windsor colony? Who was Rev. Thomas Hooker? Rev. John Davenport? 
Theophilus Eaton? Where did Davenport and Eaton settle? To whom was 
the country about the Connecticut River granted ? By whom? What do you 
know of the founding of Saybrook? When did the Connecticut River colo- 
nies unite under a written constitution ? What experience had Roger Wil- 
liams with the Indians? What settlement did he establish? Who was the 
chief of the Narragansetts? What did Williams' settlement become? Who 
founded Newport? When? When were the Rhode Island settlements 
incorporated under a charter? By whom was this charter obtained? What 
did it define? What was the character of the constitution drawn up by Wil- 
liams ? What agreement was signed under its provisions ? What was its 
most important feature ? 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

Geography. — Note upon a map: Chesapeake Bay, Potomac River, Annap- 
olis, Baltimore, Delaware River, Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, Albemarle 
Sound, Chowan River, Cape Fear River, Ashley River, Charleston, Savan- 
nah, Port Royal, 15ilo\i, New Orleans, Natchez, Natchitoches, Mobile. 

Definition of Words. — Denominations, restrict, inherit, accord, further- 
ance, institute, confirm, revoke, jurisdiction, political, elements, delibera- 
tion, fundamental, philosopher, nobility, tenants, attain, elaborate, promul- 
gators, exacting, controversy, philanthropy, menace, investigate, physical] 
asylum, motives, emblematic, prohibit, eminent. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Schuylkill, Huguenots, Yeamans, Joli, Ami- 
able, La Belle, Les Vaches, Launcelot, Liotot, Hiens, Duhault, Iberville, 
Sauvolle, Bienville, Manchac, Maurepas, Pontchartrain, Natchitoches, 
Crozat. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Moore's "History of North Carolina," Proud's "History of Pennsyl- 
vania," Ramsey's "History of South Carolina," Steven's "History of Georgia," Martin's 
"History of Louisiana," Gay arre's "History of Louisiana," Thrall's "History of Texas," 
Doyle's "English Colonies in America," Bancroft's "Colonial History." 

General. — Jenney's "Life of William Penn," "Early Quakers i" England and Pennsyl- 
vania" (Harper's Magazine, November, 1882), "Old Time Life in Quakertown" f Harper's 
Magazine, January, 1881), "Maryland and the Far South in Colonial period" (Harper's 
Magazine, February, 1883), "Oglethorpe and Georgia " (Magazine oi American History, 
February, 1883), Thrall's "History of Texas." 

Topical.— "Baltimore, Lord," "Baltimore," "Maryland, Settlement of," "William Clay- 
borne," "William Penn," "The Quakers," "Philadelphia," "Lords Proprietors," "Carolina, 
Settlement of," "Charleston," "Oglethorpe," "Sir John Yeamans," "Savannah," "Ililoxi," 
"New Orleans," "Bienville," "Iberville," "La Salle, death of," 



MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1 43 

Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

CHAPTER XII. 

First for Liberty of Conscience. 

Sir George Calvert, Lord of Baltimore, a Catholic 
nobleman of England, inspired with a desire to establish a 
refuge in America for the persecuted of his sect, visited Vir- 
ginia in 1628. Finding here the colonists firmly attached to 
the established church, and reluctant to admit Catholics, he 
sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and ex- 
plored its shores (1629). The region 
pleased him very much, and, returning 
to England, he obtained from the king, 
Charles I, one of the most liberal char- 
ters ever granted by an English king. 
Baltimore died before he could carry 
out his plans of colonization ; but his sons, 
Cecil and Leonard, put them into 
execution. Two hundred colonists, in the ships Ark and 

Dove, sailed to the Potomac, 
and a short distance above its 
mouth established themselves 
(1634), can i n g the settlement 
St. Mary's, and the territory, 
Maryland, after Henrietta 
Maria, wife of the king. They 
were received kindly by the 
natives. The hospitality of the 
Indian villages was extended 
to the new comers until houses 
of their own were erected. The 




LORD BALTIMORE. 



Clayborne's Rebellion. 

At the time the first colonists of 
Maryland arrived, William Clayborne, 
a Virginia trader, had established him- 
self upon the Isle of Kent, near the 
mouth of the Potomac, and, though 
the island was within the limits of Cal- 
vert's grant, refused to give up posses- 
sion. A controversy arose, some 
blood was shed, and Clayborne was 
driven away (1635). Failing to obtain 
redress at the hands of the. authorities 
in England, he returned and stirred up 
a rebellion (1645). The rebels were 
temporarily successful, and Lord Bal- 
timore was driven from the colony. 
But the rightful authority was soon 
re-established. 



Indian women taught the settlers how to make corn bread, 
and the men, how to hunt, trap and fish. 



i 4 4 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION". 



The Calverts were just and wise men. The provisions 
made by them for the government of the colon}' were emi- 
nently liberal. Full toleration was proclaimed to all de- 
nominations, the 
colonists enjoyed 
many privileges of 
self-government, 
and were restricted j 
only by the few rights 
reserved to the 
proprietors. 
- » i i 




CATHOLICS IN MARYLAND 



Baltimore was founded in 
1729, and it is now one of the 
greatest cities of the United 
States. As the population of 
the colonies increased, and 



The Puritans in Maryland. 
In 1649 " le legislature passed an act 
confirming the toleration that had been 
proclaimed. This liberal policy at 
tracted many settlers, and among those 
who arrived were large numbers o 
Puritans. These Puritans were attract 
i'il I'v the natural advantages of cli 
mate, fertility of soil, and abundance 
fish and game. In time they sough 
to wrest the colony trom its right 
ful proprietor. Contentions and civi 
war between Puritans and Catlio 
lies lasted some years. These ceased by 
1660, and under the governorship o 
PHILIP Calvert, prosperity began 
In ioS,, the capital was removed to tin 
Puritan settlement of Providence, tin 
name of which was changed to Annap 
olis. 



MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1 45 

colonial limits expanded, trouble arose about the boundaries. 
These troubles were adjusted between 1763 and 1767. The 
line that marks the northern boundary has become historic 
as Mason and Dixon's, so named from the surveyors 
who established it. 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 



Clayborne 's Rebellions. 



MARYLAND. 



1631. Kent's Island occupied by Clayborne. 

1634. Settlement of St. Mary's. 

1635. 

1645. 

1649. Toleration Act. 

1689. Annapolis made capital. 

1729. Baltimore founded. 

1763. 

1767. 



Boundaries established. 



QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of Sir George Calvert ? Why did he not settle in Vir- 
ginia? What territory was granted him? What do you know of the settle- 
ment of St. Mary's? Who was William Clayborne? What controversy arose 
between him and the Maryland colonists? What do you know of Clay- 
borne's rebellions ? What liberal provisions were made for the government 
of the Maryland colony? What was the result of this liberal policy? What 
act was passed by the Maryland legislature in 1649 ? What do you know of 
the contentions between the Catholic and Puritan settlers? When was Bal- 
timore founded? When were boundaries fixed? Why is Mason and Dixon's 
line so called? 

CHAPTER XIII. 

The Proprietary of Penn's Woods. 
William Penn, an English Quaker, inheriting a claim 
against the English crown for money loaned, accepted in lieu 
of it a grant of 40,000 square miles of land west of the Dela- 
ware River, from Charles II (1681). Although his princi- 
pal motive was to establish a home for his Quaker brethren, 



146 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 







WILLIAM PENN. 



yet he published an invitation to all willing to assist him in 
building up his estates in the New World. In May, 1681, 

two shiploads of immigrants 
arrived and sailed up the 
Delaware, establishing 
themselves near the mouth 
of the Schuylkill. The next 
year they were followed by 
Penn himself, who was ac- 
companied by more than a 
hundred of his Quaker 
friends and neighbors. 

Dutch, Swedes and Qua- 
kers all accorded him a 
hearty greeting when, Octo- 
ber 27, 1682, he landed from the ship Welcome. His repu- 
tation for benevolence and piety had preceded him. The 
country named by him, Syl- 
vania (woodlands), became 
known as Pennsylvania. In 
1683 a town was laid out, with 
broad streets, at the mouth of 
the Schuylkill, and named 
Philadelphia. 

Penn instituted a form of government very liberal in its 
nature, consisting of a governor, a council of three, and a 
house of delegates, chosen by freemen. Petty contentions 
were everywhere discouraged, and differences were submit- 
ted to official "peacemakers." The Swedes and Dutch 
who occupied the territory previous to the arrival of Penn, 
were not disturbed. They were confirmed in their claims, 
and adopted into the colony. Conditions were in every 
way favorable, and the growth of the Quaker colonies was 
rapid. In three years the population numbered ten thou- 



Swedish Settlements. 
Swedish settlements extended north- 
ward within the present limits of Penn- 
sylvania as early as 1638. They passed 
into the possession of the Dutch with 
the conquest of New Sweden (1655), 
and subsequently (1664) into that of the 
English with the conquest of New 
Netherlands. 



MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA. 



H7 



Penn's Treaty. 
Penn's treatment of the Indians was 
eminently just. He felt that they were 
the rightful owners of the soil, and from 
them he purchased the territory that 
was his already by grant of the English 
king. In furtherance of his wishes to 
live friendly with them, a grand assem- 
bly of Quakers and Indians was held 
near Philadelphia under the spreading 
branches of a gigantic elm, since 
famous as Penn's Elm. In an eloquent 
address Penn told the red men that the 
Quakers had come to live in peace 
with them, and wanted their friendship. 
Many expressions of good will fol- 
lowed on both sides, and a treaty that 
was never broken entered into. As 
much as other colonies suffered from 
Indian depredations, the Pennsylvania 
settlement escaped. It is said that no 
Quaker was ever killed by Indians. 



sand, and Philadelphia contained more than six hundred 

houses. Among the early 
comers was a large colony of 
Germans, who established 
themselves at Germantown. 

Penn returned to England 
in 1684, and having great influ- 
ence with James II, who had 
just ascended the throne, ex- 
erted it in behalf of imprisoned 
and persecuted Quakers, many 
of whom soon found their 
way to peaceful homes in 
Pennsylvania. 

Delaware was included 
among Penn's American pos- 
sessions, he having, before his departure for America, 
purchased it of the Duke of York, into whose hands it had 
fallen after the conquest of New Netherlands. A separate 
legislature was granted to it in 1703 ; but it still remained under 
the jurisdiction of the governor of Pennsylvania. In time, all 
charters granted by English monarchs to American territory 
were revoked, with the exception of that granted to Penn. 
His proprietary rights remained in his family until Pennsyl- 
vania became a State, when the commonwealth purchased 
their claims. 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



1638. Swedish settlements established. 

1655. Dutch conquest. 

1664. English conquest. 

1681. Granted to Wm. Penn. 

1683. Philadelphia founded. 



I48 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

QUESTIONS. 

By whom was New Sweden conquered? When did it pass into the hands 
of the English? What do you know of William Penn ? Why did he accept 
a grant of land? What do you know of his first colony? When did he 
come over? How was he received? How did he treat the Indians? 
When was Philadelphia founded? What form of government did Penn 
institute? What do you know of the rapid growth of the Pennsylvania set- 
tlements? How did Delaware come into the possession of Penn? What 
fact is remarkable concerning the colony of Pennsylvania ? 



Carolina. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

The Lords Proprietors. 

The territory south of Virginia was regarded by the 
Spaniards as part of their Florida possessions, particu- 
larly as their rights had been established by force of arms in 
destroying the early French settlements. Nevertheless it 
was claimed by England, and under this claim was granted 
to proprietors by the English king, as other portions of 
English territory had been. Lying beyond the jurisdiction 
of the royal governors of Virginia, some of whom exercised 
tyrannical authority, the region about the Chowan River 
and Albermarle Sound, in what is now North Carolina, soon 
received a number of colonists who were glad to escape from 
unpleasant surroundings in the older colony of Virginia. 

As early as 1653 Rev. Roger Green led a colony to the 
Chowan country and settled near the present site of Eden- 
ton. Many more followed, and soon a number of scattered 
settlements arose. Ten years after (1663), the reigning 
English king, Charles II, granted the territory of Carolina 
to some noblemen, who organized themselves into a company 
under the name of Lords Proprietors, Province of Car- 
olina. 



CAROLINA. I49 



The Lords Proprietors. 
The members of this company were 
George, Duke of Albermarle; Edward, 
Earl of Clarendon ; William, Earl of 
Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; An- 
thony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Car- 
teret, Sir John Colleton and Sir Wil- 
liam Berkeley. Their grant at first 
included the territory between thirty- 
one and thirty-six degrees north lati- 
tute; but subsequently the strip of 
country lying between northern limit 
of this grant and the southern limit of 
Virginia was added to it. 



To the Lords Proprietors 
was given full political control 
over all colonists ; but so eager 
were they to induce emigration 
to their territory, in order that 
sales and rents might increase 
their revenues, that most lib- 
eral promises were made rel- 
ative to government and toler- 
ance. This rendered Carolina 
for a time a desirable region, in those days of oppression. 
Germans and Swiss from Europe, Dutch from New Nether- 
lands, dissatisfied with the rule of the English, who had just 
taken possession (1664), and, above all, large numbers of 
French Huguenots, with their high culture and independent 
spirit, came over and laid out farms and vineyards, intro- 
duced useful occupations, and by their industry and thrift 
implanted such elements of strength as few other American 
colonies enjoyed. 

The settlements that had been made around the Chowan 
were organized, when the proprietors took possession, as the 
Albermarle Colony, William Drummond being appointed 
governor. At the time of the grant ( 1663 ) a Captain Hilton 
was exploring the region around the Cape Fear River. He 
had been sent thither by an English planter of Barbadoes, 
named John Yeamans, to find a suitable location for settle- 
ment. Yeamans went to England, where he became Sir 
John Yeamans, and obtaining the desired grant of land from 
the Lords Proprietors, returned and planted, near the mouth 
of the Cape Fear River, a colony that afterwards became 
known as the Clarendon Colony (1665). Here he found 
the ruins of an abandoned settlement which had been made 
five years before (1660) by some men from New England. 
Two colonies had thus been planted in what is now North 
Carolina. In 1670 William Sayle arrived with a large 



i5o 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



number of emigrants, and landed within the limits of what is 
now South Carolina. These colonists first stopped at Port 
Royal, but not being satisfied with the place, proceeded to 
the Ashley River, and, upon the west bank, laid the foun- 
dation of a city, which they named Charlestown. Ten years 
after, the colony was removed to a more suitable site, called 
Oyster Point, and the city became known, first, as Oyster 
Point Town, then, New Charlestown, and finally Charleston 
(1782), the name it now bears. This colony received the 
name of the Carteret Colony. 

On the death of Governor William Sayle, the year after 
the colony was founded (1671), Joseph West filled 
the position until Sir John 
Yeamans, appointed by the 
Lords Proprietor, arrived from 
the Clarendon Colony (1672). 
Yeamans was followed by so 
many Cape Fear settlers that 
the Clarendon Colony was 
soon afterwards abandoned. 
Among his possessions were a 
number of negroes, brought 
originally from the Barbadoes. 
Thus was slavery first intro- 
duced into South Carolina. 

As time passed on, the Pro- 
prietors became more exacting, 
and rents, taxes and violation 
of rights became sources of 
much contention. A flourish- 
ing trade with the West Indies 
had brought prosperity to the colonies, yet it was sought 
to place restrictions on this trade. Controversies between 



The Grand Model. 
Prior to the year 1670 the form of 
government was, for the most part, 
satisfactory to the colonists. But 
when the Lords Proprietors saw their 
vast domain filling up with settlers, the 
scheme of establishing a grand Ameri- 
can empire presented itself. Sir Ash- 
ley Cooper, who had become Earl of 
Shaftesbury, and John Locke, one of 
the most renowned of philosophers, 
with much thought and deliberation, 
drew up " fundamental constitutions " 
consisting of one hundred and twenty 
articles. These articles provided for a 
monarchy, with two orders of nobility, 
the landgraves, or earls, and the 
caciques, or barons. The territory was 
to be divided into counties, each con- 
taining 48,000 acres, and the popu- 
lation into freeholders and tenants, the 
latter of whom were to have no politi- 
cal rights, and were never to attain 
higher rank. The proposed form of 
government was deemed a grand 
MODEL by its promulgators. But it did 
not suit the liberty-loving Carolina 
colonists, and after twenty years of 
effort to establish it, the plan had to 
be abandoned. 



CAROLINA. 



151 



the colonists and Proprietors continued until 1729, when 
the latter gladly ceded their claims to the English crown, 
and Carolina was divided into North and South, and became 
two royal provinces. 



BLACKBOARD FORM. 






' Visited by 



Settlements Attempted. 



Colonies Founded. 



Other Principal Events. 



1584. 
1663. 

\ 1562. 
1660. 
1585. 
1587. 



Amidas and Barlow. 
Capt. Hilton. 

By Huguenots at Port Royal. 
By New Englanders at Cape Fear. 

By Raleigh at Roanoke. 



1653. By Roger Green (Albermarle Colony). 
1665. John Yeamans (Clarendon Colony). 
1670. By Wm. Sayle (Carteret Colony). 

1663. Granted to Lords Proprietors. 
1672. Slavery introduced. 
1680. Founding of Charleston. 

!( North 
Separation into < 
r { South 

Becomes Royal Provinces. 



QUESTIONS. 

What two nations claimed the territory south of Virginia? What region 
of North Carolina was peopled by emigrants from Virginia? Who led a 
colony to the Chowan River? When? To whom was Carolina granted ? 
Name the Lords Proprietors. What was the extent of the territory granted? 
How was Carolina made a desirable region for immigrants ? Name some 
of the classes of people among the early settlers. What do you know 
of the organization of the Albermarle colony ? What do you know of Sir 
John Yeamans? What colony was established at the mouth of the Cape 
Fear River? When? Where did William Sayle establish a colony? When? 
What do you know of the founding of Charleston ? What was the Charles- 
ton colony called? Who succeeded Sayle? What became of the Clarendon 
colony? What do you know of the introduction of slavery into South Caro- 
lina? What do you know of the Grand Model? What caused much conten- 
tion as time passed on? When did the Carolinas become royal provinces? 



152 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

Georgia, 
chapter XV. 

Philanthropy and Protection. 
With the settlement of the Carolinas, English occupancy 
rapidly extended down the coast toward the Spanish posses- 
sions. These latter were a constant menace to the settlers 
of South Carolina. Several times was Charleston threatened 
and invasion feared. Evil 
influences were continually 
exerted by the Spaniards upon 
the Indians and slaves, incit- 
ing the former to hostility, and 
the latter to desert their 
owners and take refuge 
in Florida. It was deter- 
mined to occupy the ter- 
ritory between the 
Savannah and 
Altamaha Rivers, 
and here establish 
colonies of a 
somewhat military \ff^- J 
nature, to serve as 
a barrier of protection for the 
older settlements. A grant of 
the region for twenty-one years 
was madc(i732)to James Ogle- 
thorpe, a brilliant young Eng- 
lish officer and member of par- 
liament, who had sought to ob- 




JAMtS OQLETHORPE 



James Oglethorpe. 
Oglethorpe was a warm-hearted phi- 
lanthropist, and felt the deepest sym- 
pathy for the oppressed poor of all 
countries Many prisons in Eng- 
land were filled with persons whose 
only offence was that they were in 
debt and could not pay, it being 
the law in those days to im- 
prison for debt, whether the 
amounts were large or small. 
Oglethorpe had investigated 
the condition of these prison- 
ers and found it attended with 
so much physical suffering and 
misery that lie was 
moved to make his grant 
a refuge for them. Many 
philanthropic individu- 
als, through his influ- 
ence, lent their assist- 
ance, and Parliament 
appropriated a Large 
sum of money to aid him 
in carrying out his be- 
nevolent designs. 
Oppressed Protestants from all coun- 
tries were to find welcome. Gentle 
Moravians that had been driven from 
Austria, and Salzburgers who, for 
their Lutheran beliefs, had been ex- 
iled from their Alpine valleys in the 
same country, were to avail themselves 
of this welcome. The conversion of 
the Indians to Christianity was by no 
means the least of Oglethorpe's good 
motives. 



tain it for a benevolent purpose which he had long entertained. 



GEORGIA. 



153 



One hundred and twenty emigrants arrived at Charleston 
in January, 1733, where a most kindly reception was 
accorded them. Continuing on their course, they landed at 
Port Royal, but Oglethorpe and a few others, pushing south- A 
&ard, found an admirable site for a city upon the bank of 
what is now the Savannah River. Here they were joined by 
the others, and the foundations of the present city of Savan- 
nah were laid (1733). 




OGLETHOrtPE AND TOMO CHICHI 



The neighboring Indians were conciliated, and Tomo 
Chichi, sachem of the Indian confederacy existing in those 
parts, while earnestly expressing a desire for peace, presented 
Oglethorpe with a handsomely ornamented buffalo robe, 
lined with eagle feathers, calling attention to its softness and 
warmth as emblematic of that love and protection which the 
Indians hoped to receive from their white friends. 



i54 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



A subsequent treaty with other Indian chiefs gave the 
English control of the territory as far as the St. John's River, 
and as emigrants arrived, other settlements were made. 
In 1734 a colony of Salzburgers established themselves thirty 
miles in the interior, at a pleasant spot, which they named 
Ebenezer. In 1735 a company of Scotch Highlanders set 
tied at Darien, and in this same year the city of Augusta was 
founded. Another company of immigrants founded the city 
of Frederica in 1738. In eight years the population of the 
Georgia colonies numbered more than twenty-five hundred 

War with Spain being im- 
minent, Oglethorpe repaired to 
England in 1737, and, equip- 
ping a well-disciplined com- 
pany of six hundred men, re- 
turned with the appointment of 
Commander-in-chief of all 
militia of South Carolina and 
Georgia. We shall learn how 
he distinguished himself in the 
war that occurred two years afterward. Georgia became a 
royal province in 1752. 



Continually threatened by the Span- 
iards, there were many military feat- 
ures attached to the Georgia colonies. 
Lots of twenty-five acres were granted 
in return for military service. Strict 
regulations were enforced. Trade with 
the West Indies w.is prohibited, as one 
of the most important articles of import 
was rum. Slavery was not permitted. 
In time, these restrictions caused much 
discontent among the Georgians who 
beheld their Carolina neighbors grow- 
ing rich with their cultivated fields and 
unhampered commerce; the regula- 
tions were therefore altered. 



BLACKBOARD FORM, 





1733. 


Savannah founded. 




1734. 


Salzburgers settle at Ebenezer 


GEORGIA. ■ 


1735. 


( Augusta founded. 
{ Darien founded. 




1738. 


Frederica founded. 




1740. 


Troubles with Spaniards. 




1752. 


Becomes a Royal Province. 



QUESTIONS. 

What menaced the settlements of South Carolina? How did the Span- 
iards of Florida act towards the English north of them ? How was it deter- 



LOUISIANA. 



*55 



mined to protect the Carolina settlements? What do you know of James 
Oglethorpe? What grant did he obtain? When? For how long? For 
whom did Oglethorpe's grant serve as a refuge? What do you know of the 
founding of Savannah? When was it founded? How did Tomo Chichi 
receive Oglethorpe? When was Ebenezer founded? By whom? When 
was Darien settled? Augusta? Frederica? What was the growth of the 
Georgia colony? What was prohibited to the early Georgia colonists? 
Why did these prohibitions cause dissatisfaction? When did Oglethorpe 
repair to England? Why? When did Georgia become a royal province? 

Louisiana. 

CHAPTER XVI. 



French Barriers to Westward Expansion. 



The forts established by La 
Salle and Tonti in the upper 
portion of the Louisiana terri- 
tory subsequently became set- 
tlements. Nothing was done 
to occupy the lower portion 
until 1699, when Lemoine 
d'Iberville, a brave naval 
officer who had distinguished 
himself in the wars of France, 
and had seen much service 
in Canada, Hudson Bay, and 
Newfoundland, set out to redis- 
cover the mouth of the Mis- 
sissippi, and there establish a 
colony. He was accompanied 
by his brothers, Bienville and 
Sauvolle. The first point 
reached was the Florida coast, 
near what is now Pensacola, 



La Salle in Texas. 

After reaching the mouth of the Mis- 
sissippi, La Salle retraced his course, 
and from Canada again went to 
France. Provided with, the ships 
Joli and Amiable, the brig- La Belle 
and the ketch St. Francis, he set out 
with a colony of two hundred and fifty 
persons to occupy the territory he had 
explored for France. This colony in- 
cluded twelve young gentlemen, five 
clergymen, fifty soldiers and twelve 
families of immigrants, all well sup- 
plied with provisions and implements. 

The St. Francis, being a slow sailer, 
was captured by Spanish privateers. 
The remaining vessels safely entered 
the Gulf of Mexico, and steeringnorth- 
west, reached the coast some distance 
to the west of their intended destina- 
tion. The selection of the naval com- 
mander, Beaujeu, had been most 
unfortunate. His stubbornness and 
jealousy did much to defeat the 
ends of the expedition, and La Salle 
was left for the most part to his own 
resources. 

An exploring party, sent on land, 
journeyed along the coast and found 
an inlet, the channel of which was 
staked so that the vessels could en- 
ter in safety. This, the Joli and La 
Belle did ; but the Amiable, ignoring all 



i56 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



precaution, struck a sandbar anil soon 
went to pieces. The bay entered was 
called St. Bernard, and is now known 
as Matagorda. As soon as the colo- 
nists landed, Beaujeu returned to 
France, leaving the La Belle, but the 
wreck of this vessel occurring shortly 
after, the colonists were rendered de- 
pendent upon their own resources in 
an unknown region. They ascended 
a river which they named Les Vaches 
(Lavaca), from the buffaloes they saw 
on the banks and mistook for cattle. 
They landed and built Fort St. Louis 
(1686). 

Two expeditions to the northeast 
were made by La Salle, with the object 
of reaching the French posts or forts in 
Illinois. Upon the second expedition, 
accompanied by his brother, nephew, 
and eighteen others, he penetrated to 
the eastern part of what is now Texas. 
Here, in revenge for some fancied 
injury, Lancelot, one of the men, 
formed a plot against him, and was 
joined by three others, Liotot, Iliens 
and Duhault, La Salle, enticed from 
camp, was waylaid and killed by Du- 
hault. The expedition went to pieces 
after La Salle's death. The malcon- 
tents took up their abode with neigh- 
boring Indians. La Salle's brother 
and six others made their way to the 
land of the Arkansas, where two 
Frenchmen from Canada were found. 
From these it was learned that Tonti 
had journeyed down to the mouth of 
the river to join La Salle and had re- 
turned, little knowing how sad was 
the need of his old commander, then 
wandering in the wilds of Texas, for 

faithful servitors. 

As soon as the Spaniards of Mexico 

became apprised of the St. Louis Set- 
tlement, its location being upon Span- 
ish territory, they determined to destroy 
it. A force under Alonzo de Leon 
was dispatched ("April 17^1) to lav 
siege to it, but the settlement was 
found deserted. The few who had 
escaped death from privation and 
disease had wandered away and were 
captured by the neighboring Indians, 
from whom several were afterwards 
recovered. 



where they found a company 
of Spaniards in possession. 
Sailing further, they anchored 
in what is now Mobile Bay, 
from which point much of the 
coast was explored in smaller 
boats. They entered the Mis- 
sissippi through one of the nu- 
merous lagoons that led from it 
some distance above its mouth, 
and, after proceeding up as far 
as the Red River, returned to 
a bayou, called Manchac. 
Here the brothers separated, 
Bienville continued down the 
river and Iberville returned by 
way of a chain of lakes, two 
of which he named Maurepas 
and Pontchartrain, after 
French noblemen at that time 
prominent. A settlement was 
established at a point on the 
coast, and called Biloxi ( 1699 ) » 
after a near and friendly tribe 
of Indians. Sau voile was ap- 
pointed governor, and as soon 
as the building of a fort was well 
under way, Iberville sailed to 
France, from which he shortly 
returned and founded a set- 
tlement near what is now 
Mobile. 

The growth of these French 
settlements was slow. In a 



LOUISIANA. 



157 



few years Iberville died (1706), and the management of 
affairs fell to Bienville. Much of the neighboring territory 
by this time had been explored, and English traders from the 




DEATH OF LA SALLE 



Carolinas were already making their way towards these 
regions. To keep back the English, Fort Rosalie was built 



i58 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



near the present town of Natchez ( 1716), and not long after, 
Natchitoches, on the Red River, to oppose the claims of 
the Spaniards of Mexico, who were beginning to encroach 
from the southwest. The territory was granted to Anthony 
Crozat (1712), and in consequence of his inordinate pro- 
prietorial privileges and monopolies, but little progress was 
made toward actual settlement. 

In 17 17 control passed to John Law, a Scotchman living 
in France. He organized the celebrated Mississippi Com- 
pany, which, though established upon an unstable basis of 




FOUNDING OF NEW ORLEA IS. 



wild speculation, and destined to a financial collapse, gave 
the first great impulse to Louisiana colonization. The expe- 
rienced Bienville was appointed governor. Eight hundred 
emigrants were sent over, part of whom settled at Biloxi, 
while the rest went on to the Mississippi River. Selecting a 
spot but a few feet above the surrounding swamps, Bienville 
laid the foundations of the city of New Orleans (1718). 
Lands were sold and granted along the river, and planta- 
tions laid out. Slaves were brought from St. Domiago and 
other West India Islands. Posts were established on the river 



LOUISIANA. 159 

above and below. Intercourse was opened with the settle- 
ments in Illinois and Canada. Thus was the French power 
firmly established in the heart of the continent, from the gulf 
of St. Lawrence on the northeast to the gulf of Mexico on 
the southwest; but slowly sweeping back from the Atlantic 
seaboard, a wave of English emigration was approaching, 
whose contact the French were soon destined to feel. 

QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of La Salle's attempt to colonize Louisiana ? Of 
whom did his colony consist? Where did he land? When? What do you 
know of the Texas settlement of St. Louis ? What was the fate of La Salle ? 
What happened after his death? What do you know of Alonzo de Leon? 
What did the forts in the upper Mississippi become? By whom was Biloxi 
founded? What do you know of Bienville? What explorations were made 
by Bienville and Iberville? Why was Fort Rosalie built? When? Natch- 
itoches? What progress was made by Louisiana under Crozat? What do 
you know of John Law? What do you know of the founding of New 
Orleans? How was the French power established in the heart of the conti- 
nent? Between what two gulfs did the American dominions of France 
extend? What was to sweep back from the Atlantic coast and come in con- 
tact with them? 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 



LOUISIANA. 



1642 Visited by De Soto. 

168/ Explored by La Salle. 

f ( Iberville. 

I Explored by 



1699 < I Bienville. 

[Settlement of Biloxi, (Miss.) 
1712 Granted to Crozat. 

1716 Fort Rosalie established.(Miss.) 

1717 Granted to Mississippi Company. 

1718 New Orleans founded. 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 
Who was John Locke, and what was his greatest work ? Who was William Drummond 
and what was his fate? What was the "Mississippi Bubble"? How came Penn by 
his claim against the king :'' What did Penn's land cost him ? What high appoint- 
ment in America did Oglethorpe decline ? Who were the "Casket Girls"? Who was 
Seth Sothel ? Where is the Dismal Swamp and what is the name of the lake in it ? 
What English ship captain entering the Mississippi was turned back by Bienville ? What 
Is the "east shore of Virginia "? After whom was Fort Rosalie named? 



i6o 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

REVIEW OUTLINE. 



SETTLEMENTS BY NATIONS 



SETTLEMENTS. 



1562 SOUTH CAROLINA (Attempted). 

1564 FLORIDA (Attempted). 

1605 NOVA SCOTIA. 

French. \ 1608 CANADA. 

1685 TEXAS (Attempted). 

1699 MISSISSIPPI. 

1718 LOUISIANA. 

„ . . [1565 FLORIDA. 

Spamsh. | /5g2 NEWMEX/C0 

Dutch and (J613 NEW YORK. 

Swedish, \i638 DELAWARE. 



[1585 NORTH CAROLINA (Attempted). 



English. 



1602 


MASSACHUSETTS (Attempted) 


1606 


MAINE (Attempted). 


1607 


VIRGINIA. 


1620 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


1623 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


1630 


MAINE. 


1633 


CONNECTICUT. 


1634 


MARYLAND. 


1636 


RHODE ISLAND. 


1653 


NORTH CAROLINA. 


1664 


NEW JERSEY. 


1670 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 


1681 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


1733 


GEORGIA. 



REVIEW OF SECOND PERIOD. 



161 



REVIEW OUTLINE 



RELATIVE TIME OF SETTLEMENT. 



FIRST 
SETTLEMENTS. 



[ 1562 SOUTH CAROLINA-PORT ROYAL (Attempted). 

1564 FLORIDA FT. CAROLINA (Attempted). 

1565 FLORIDA ST. AUGUSTINE. 

1582 NEW MEXICO SANTA FE. 

1585 NORTH CAROLINA ROANOKE (Attempted). 

1602 MASSACHUSETTS ...ELIZABETH ISLAND (Att'd). 

1605 NOVA SCOTIA PORT ROYAL. 

1606 MAINE KENNEBEC R. (Attempted). 

1607 VIRGINIA JAMESTOWN (Attempted). 

1608 CANADA QUEBEC. 

1613 NEW YORK NEW AMSTERDAM. 

1620 MASSACHUSETTS ...PLYMOUTH. 

1623 NEW HAMPSHIRE... PORTSMOUTH. 

1630 MAINE SACO. 

1633 CONNECTICUT HARTFORD. 

1634 MARYLAND ST. MARY'S. 

1636 RHODE ISLAND PROVIDENCE. 

1638 DELAWARE CHRISTIANA. 

1653 NORTH CAROLINA EDEN TON. 

1664 NEW JERSEY ELIZABETHTOWN. 

1670 SOUTH CAROLINA CHARLESTON. 

1681 PENNSYLVANIA SCHUYLKILL RIVER, 

1685 TEXAS FT. ST. LOUIS (Attempted). 

1699 MISSISSIPPI BILOXI. 

1718 LOUISIANA NEW ORLEANS. 

1733 GEORGIA SAVANNAH. 



l62 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Name three settlements attempted by the French and locate each. Three 
by the English. What was the first permanent French settlement in Amer- 
ica? English? What is the oldest town in the United States? Second 
oldest? Name five sects that sought relief from religious persecution in 
America. What do you know of the " Lost Colony of America? " The first 
English church? The first trial by jury? What part did John Smith take in the 
settlement of Virginia? Name eight governors of colonial Virginia. What 
do you know of the introduction of slavery? The first Colonial Assembly? 
Who were the Huguenots? Patroons? Pilgrims? Waloons? Puritans? 
Quakers? Salzburgers? Non-Conformists? What do you know of the 
London Company? Plymouth Company? East India Company? West 
India Company? Mississippi Company? Name four Dutch governors 
of New York. Name four settlements established by the Dutch. What do 
you know of the Mayflower? The Hind and the Squirrel? The Concord? 
The Mary and John? The Susan Constant? The Speedwell? The Ark and 
Dove? The Welcome? What do you know of the settlement of Plymouth? 
Who named New England? What do you know of the Massachusetts 
Charter? Who was Anne Hutchinson? Name and locate five Connecticut 
settlements. When and by whom was each made? When was Philadelphia 
founded? Charleston? New Orleans? Boston? New York? Baltimore? 
Savannah? What was Mason and Dixon's line? Who were the Lords 
Proprietors? What were the principal features of the Grand Model? 
What do you know of the Carteret Colony? After whom was New York 
named? Carolina? Maryland? Delaware? New Jersey? Pennsylvania? 
Louisiana? New Hampshire? Georgia? Baltimore? Jamestown? Say- 
brook? What do you know of La Salle in Texas? Name five settlements 
in Georgia. When and by whom were each established? Who killed 
La Salle? 

REVIEW EXERCISES. 

(BIOGRAPHICAL.) 
Exercise I — Tell who each of the following was. Exercise II — What did 
he do? Exercise III — Associate the name of a place with each. Exercise 
IV — Associate a date with each name in italics. 

Bienville. Hilton. Green. Clay borne, Iberville. 

Oglethorpe. Crozat. Tomo-Chichi. Drummond. Coddington. 

Canonicus. Yeamans. Law. Sayle. Hooker. 

Winthrop. Vane. Penn. Duhault. Mason. 

Carver. Samoset. Gorges. Davenport. Tonti. 

Wyatt. Keift. Squanto. Blackstone. Calvert. 



REVIEW OF SECOND PERIOD. 



163 



Newport. Yeardlv. Stuyvesant. Standish. Williams. 

Pocahontas. Gates. Argall. Van Twiller. White. 

Weymouth. Pring. Skitwarres. Amadas. Minuit. 

White. Greenville. Dare. Dale. Powhattan. 

Hunt. Smith. Kendall. Gosnold. Ratcliff. 

Gilbert. Lane. Wingina. Raleigh. Wingfield. 

De Gourgues. Ribaut. Laudoniere. Colig/ii. Mclcndez. 

(GEOGRAPHICAL.) 
Exercise V — Locate each of the following. Exercise VI — State some 
historical fact connected with each. Exercise VII — Associate a name and 
date with place printed in italics. 



'Plymouth. 

Saco. 

Baltimore. 
Fredrica. 
Christiana. 
Augusta (Ga.) 
Nczv Orleans. 



Salem . 

Fort Good Hope . 

Hartford. 

Frovincetown. 

Fort Orange. 

Savannah. 

Quebec, 



Boston . 

Say brook. 

Southampton. 

Newport. 

Edenton. 

Charleston. 

Biloxi. 



Leyden. 
Providence. 
St. Mary's. 
NewAmsterdam. 
Philadelphia . 
Roanoke Island. 
Port St. Louis. 



Port Carolina (S. C.) Martha's Vineyard. Ft. Carolina (Fla.) Satquin. 
Jamestown. St. Augustine. Chesapeake. New England. 

To the Teacher — Write the foregoing names upon slips of paper — one to each. Fold and mix 
thoroughly. Test the class by having each pupil draw at random a name to serve as his 
topic of recitation. Have the remainder of the class supply whatever information he may fail 
to give. A fascinating " history match " can be conducted upon the same plan, 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS I, II AND III. 

Geography. — Note the position of Richmond, Va. In what part of Con- 
necticut is the Mystic River? Where is Fairfield? Weatherfield? Hartford? 
Windsor? In what part of Massachusetts is Swanzey? Deerfield? Hadlev? 
In what part of North Carolina is New Berne? In what part of Mississippi 
is Natchez? 

Definition of Words. — Surplus, supremacy, domain, adapt, extermination, 
depredations, dissuade, succor, calamitous. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Opecancanough, Graffenreid, Neuse, Tuscaro- 
ras, Pocotaligo, Coosawhatchie, De Chopart, Perier. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference.— Howison's " Historv of Virginia," Hollister's " History of Connecticut," 
Du Pratz' " History of Louisiana," Moore's "Historv of North Carolina." 

General.— Cooke's "Virginia," Campbell's " History of Virginia," Church's "Historv 
of the Great Indian War of 1675," Drake's " Making of New England," Gayarre's " Historv 
of Louisiana," Doyle's "English Colonies in America" (vol. t), Johnston's "Historv of 
Connecticut." 

Topical.— "Virginia Massacre," "Opecancanough," " Pequod War," " Sassacus," 
" King Phillip's War," " Baron Graffenreid," "Tuscarora War," " Yamassee War," "Nat- 
chez War." 



THIRD PERIOD. 



COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 




The Growing Colonies 

CHAPTER I. 



The Beginning of Indian Extinction. 



THE establishment of coloni 
welfare of a nation. The) 
population, create new markets 
and demands for its products 
and manufactures, and add to 
its glories that of increased 
dominion. Hence it was that 
the three great nations of 
Europe — England, France, 
and Spain — encouraged emi- 
gration to the New World. 

Man, in his savage state, re- 
quires a larger area of territory, 
for his subsistence, than when 
civilized. Depending for food 



es is often conducive to the 
r serve as outlets for its surplus 



Conflicting Claims. 
The Spanish power was established, 
as we have seen, in the southern part 
of North America, the territorial claims 
of Spain extending northward indefi- 
nitely. The claims of France embraced 
Canada and the Mississippi Valley 
from the Alleghanies westward. Eng- 
land claimed all that region of the con- 
tinent bordering upon the Atlantic, 
and lying between the French posses- 
sions on the north and those of the 
Spanish on the south, and extending 
from ocean to ocean. Boundaries thus 
far were undetermined and claims con- 
flicted. A struggle for supremacy was 
inevitable. The title of the Indian, by 
original possession, to the territory 
claimed, was taken into no con- 
sideration. 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 



165 



upon the products of the chase, he finds it necessary to 
change his place of abode from time to time. The narrowing 
of his hunting grounds is followed by a scarcity of game. 
Hence the Indians beheld with alarm great numbers of 
whites coming to their shores, intruding upon their domain, 
and appropriating their territory. It was not long before 

they manifested their hostility. 
The marriage of Pocahon- 
tas, daughter of Powhattan, to 
the English John Rolfe, estab- 
lished a certain degree of 
friendliness between the whites 
and Indians of Virginia. But 
Opitchapan, the successor 
of the old chief, possessed 
little strength of character, and 
the control of affairs soon fell 
to Opecancanough, an in- 
veterate foe to the English. 
This chief lost no time in in- 
citing his warriors to hostility, 
and secretly set about the de- 
struction of the settlers. 

A friendly intercourse was 
maintained up to the last mo- 
ment, and, all unsuspected, 
the blow fell (1622). Planta- 
tions were surprised and three hundred and forty-nine set- 
tlers were put to death. Jamestown, however, escaped, 
timely warning having been given to it by an Indian convert. 
A terrible war followed this massacre. The number of 
the colonists was reduced from four thousand to twenty-five 
hundred, and the settlements and plantations, from eighty to 



Indian Hostility. 
The English colonies suffered most 
severely from Indian hostility. Their 
early history is filled with revengeful 
deeds, conflicts and bloody massacres. 
There was a marked contrast between 
the treatment of the Indian by the 
French and by the English. The for- 
mer adapted themselves to his manneis 
and customs, and so entered Into the 
spirit of his everyday life that they won 
their way to his heart, and secured his 
friendship. Their objects were trade 
and dominion, and their occupancy in- 
terfered but little with hisnatural rights. 
The English, on the other hand, cov- 
eted his land, and wished to be 
rid of his presence. The few that 
came first inspired no alarm. Pow- 
hattan in Virginia, sought to restrain 
his subjects by saying, "1-et them 
alone; they harm you not; they but 
take a little land." Massasoit, in Mas- 
sachusetts, offered no objection against 
the landing of the Pilgrims, and even 
entered into an alliance with them. 
Little did either chieftain know that 
these few were to be followed by num- 
bers, and that against the white tide, 
soon to sweep upon them, all savage 
valor, treachery, and treaty were to 
avail little ; and that in its onsweep was 
to be their race's doom. 



1 66 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

six. The Indians, however, were driven back into the wil- 
derness; their power was broken; and a larger area of ter- 
ritory was opened to English occupancy. Twenty-two years 
of peace followed, during which all traces of the war disap- 
peared, and prosperity again smiled. 

But Opecancanough brooded long over plans for 
revenge. At length, drawing to his side several tribes, 
he again fell upon the outer settlements (1644) and massa- 
cred five hundred colonists on the first day. A force from 
Jamestown soon reached the scene, and a war of extermina- 
tion began. The Indians were hunted down and many were 
slain. Opecancanough himself, now one hundred years old, 
was captured and brought to Jamestown, where he was shot. 
After his death another season of peace was enjoyed . 

QUESTIONS. 

How do colonies sometimes promote the welfare of a nation? What three 
European nations established colonics in America? What were the territo- 
rial claims of each? What title had the Indians to the territory claimed by 
these European nations? What does man in his savage state require for sub- 
sistence? Why? How did the French differ from the English in their treatment 
of the Indians? How did Powhattan receive the first settlers? Massasolt? 
What followed the death of Powhattan? What do you know of the Indian 
war of 1622? 1644? 

CHAPTER II. 

Indian Conflicts — Northern Colonies. 

When Roger Williams established his colony in Rhode 
Island he was kindly received by Canonicus, the Narragan- 
sett chief. Far different was the reception of the Connect- 
icut settlers by Sassacus, chief of the Pequods, for hardly 
had they established themselves in their new homes when 
Indian depredations began (1634). 

Determined to break the power of the hostile tribe, the 
towns of Hartford, Weathersrield, and Windsor at length 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 



167 



The Pequods. 

The Pequod being the most powerful 
of the Connecticut tribes, Sassacus 
succeeded in organizing a league 
against the whites. The Narragan- 
setts were dissuaded from joining by 
Roger Williams. Several murders 
were committed. The hostiles lurked 
about the Connecticut forts, way- 
laid settlers and destroyed every- 
thing they could reach. For three 
years the colonists lived in a state of 
uncertainty and terror, and finally the 
situation could be borne no lonarer. 



organized a force of ninety men, under Captain John 
Mason. Accompanied by seventy Indian allies, under 
Uncas, the friendly chief of the Mohegans, Mason proceeded 

against the Pequod strongholds 
on the Mystic river, and arrived 
two hours before dawn. 
Through the stillness and 
dark, just as the attack began, 
came the alarm of a Pequod 
sentinel, " Owanuxt Owa- 
nuxf" "Englishmen! Eng- 
lishmen ! " The interior of the 
palisaded fort was soon gained, 
and for some time a one-sided contest was waged. At length 
the village was fired and its fleeing occupants put to death. 
Five hundred men, women, and children perished. 

The Pequod war was fol- 
lowed by forty years of com- 
parative peace, during which 
the New England colonists in- 
creased in number to more 
than sixty thousand. While 
Massasoit lived, the Wampa- 
noags remained peaceful ; but 
his sons, Philip and Alex- 
ander, did not inherit the 
friendly spirit of the old chief; 
and when Philip became 
sachem, he organized a con- 
federacy of Indian tribes, for the purpose of destroying the 
rapidly increasing power of the whites. 

King Philip's War began with an attack upon Swan- 
zey, Mass. (1675), in which several persons were killed. The 



Fate of Sassacus. 
From a neighboring fort, Sassacus 
hurried to the rescue witli three hundred 
of his best warriors, but arrived too 
late to stay the destruction. His 
attacks upon the returning colo- 
nists were ineffectual. Disheartened 
by disaster, he made his way towards 
the Hudson, with about eighty of his 
warriors. He was followed and over- 
taken in a swamp, near what is now 
Fairfield, Conn., from which he es- 
caped after a severe action. The war 
was prosecuted with such persistence 
that the Pequod tribe was destroyed. 
Some of the captives were sent as 
slaves to the West Indies. A few 
survivors joined the Mohegans and 
Narragansetts. 



1 68 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



whole country taking alarm, troops were sent from Boston 
and Plymouth against the savages. Philip was besieged at 
Pocasset for thirteen days, but managed to escape. Other 
tribes were drawn into the conflict. The town of Deerfield 
was attacked and burned (September n ) ; but in their at- 
tempts against Hadley and Hatfield, the savages were repulsed. 

The Indian uprising soon extended to the tribes of Maine 
and New Hampshire. The Narragansetts did not openly join 
in the hostilities, but it was believed that they were encouraging 
and succoring Philip. A force sent against them destroyed 
one of their towns in which many of them had taken refuge. 
More than a thousand of them being killed, the remnant 
joined Philip. Towns were now subjected to the fury of 
Indian attack, but the aroused colonists maintained the conflict 
with energy. 

The war in Massachusetts, 
which ended with KingPhilip's 
death, was the most calamitous 
with which the early colonies 
were afflicted. More than six 






hundred settlers fell during the 



Death of King Philip. 
One of the most celebrated of the 
Indian fighters at this time was Cap- 
tain Church. When it was learned 
that Philip had returned to his resi- 
dence at Mount Hope, or Pokaimket, 
after having failed to induce the Mo- 
hawks to join him. Church hastened 
with a company to surprise him. His 
place of refuge in the swamp was sur- 
rounded, and in endeavoring to make 
his escape, Philip was shot (Aug. 12, 
1676) by ALDERMAN, an Indian deser- 
ter, who had guided the English to the 
place. 



course of the conflict, and as 
many dwellings were destroy- 
ed. It resulted in the almost 
total extinction of the Indians participating, and, like many 
other Indian wars, threw open a large area of territory to 
settlement. 

QUESTIONS. 

How did the Pequods receive the Connecticut settlers? When did Indian 
depredations begin? How did the Pequod war begin? End? Who suc- 
ceeded Massasoit? How did King Philip's war begin? End? What do 
you know of the expedition against the Narragansetts? What do you know 
of King Philip's death? What were the results of King Philip's war? 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 169 

CHAPTER III. 

Indian Conflicts — Southern Colonies. 

The territory adjacent to the Carolina settlements was 
occupied by the crafty and cruel Tuscarora Indians — a tribe 
allied to the Iroquois of New York. For some time these 
Indians beheld the encroachment of the whites with increas- 
ing jealousy, and, when the Albermarle colonists were 
occupied among themselves with discord and strife over 
the governorship, they seized the opportunity of instituting 
a general Indian uprising. 

The Tuscaroras were joined by the Corees, Meherrins and 
Mattamuskeets, and the attack began (September 11, 1711). 
For three days the savages butchered the whites. One of 
the first settlements to suffer was New Berne. Assistance 

however, scDn came. Gover- 
nor Spottswood, of Virginia, 
closed up the war-trail leading 
through his dominion, between 
the Iroquois and Tuscarora 
countries, and kept the former 
neutral in the contest. Cap- 
tain John Barnwell came 
up from South Carolina with a force of militia and Yamassee 
Indians, and defeated the Tuscaroras with great slaughter 
near New Berne (171 2). 

The next year (1713) the Tuscarora chief , Handcock, was 
attacked in his palisaded fort of Nahucke, near what is now 
the village of Snow Hill, by Colonel James Moore, with 
such success that the fort, with eight hundred prisoners, was 
taken. This ended the war, for it so disheartened the Tus- 
caroras that they abandoned Carolina and made their way to 
New York, where they joined the Iroquois Confederacy. A 
treaty was then made with the Coree and other Indians. 



Graffenreid's Colony. 
The fertile lands of Carolina attract- 
ed a very desirable class of immigrants. 
Among the hard - working people 
who made their way to this region 
from different European countries 
was a colony of six hundred Ger- 
mans and Swiss under Baron de 
Graffenreid. These established 
themselves on the Neuse River (1710), 
calling their settlement New Berne. 



170 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



The peace that followed the Tuscarora War was of short 
duration. The Yamassees, who had so bravely assisted the 
whites against the Tuscaroras, were the first to break it. 
These Indians were in- J cited by the Spaniards of Florida, 
whose enmity had been ft awakened by the rapid expansion 

of the Carolina colonies 
towards their domain. 
The Yamassees 
were joined by 
warriors from 
the Muscogees, 
Ap alachees, 
Congarees and 
other t r i be s , 
and more than 
ten thousand 
engaged in the 
bloo dy work. 
The massacre 
began at Poco- 
TALIGO ( April 

i5' I 7 I 5)> and 
in a few hours 

the victims in 
mjf£ thai locality 

PfflP^ 1 alone numbered more 

than one hundred. While 
marching to the scene with a com- 
pany of cavalry, Governor Craven of South Carolina was 
fiercely attacked bv more than live hundred Yamassee war- 
riors, but repulsed them. Shortly after. Colonel Mackev, 




INDIAN WARRIORS. 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 



171 



The Natchez War. 
When the French established Fort 
Rosalie, in the lower Louisiana terri- 
tory, they were brought in contact 
with the Natchez. At first these 
Indians were disposed to be 
friendly. As time passed on the im- 
prudent De Chopart was placed in 
command. This commandant deter- 
mining to establish an additional settle- 
ment, selected a site upon which the 
Natchez village of the White Apple 
was located, and haughtily demanded 
its abandonment by the Indians. Their 
hostility was aroused. They pleaded 
for time to gather their crops, and in 
the meanwhile planned a conspiracy, 
which was successfully executed (1729). 
Fort Rosalie was captured by strata- 
gem. Not a single building was left 
standing. Of the seven hundred that 
garrisoned it, few escaped to tell the 
tale. The success of the Natchez 
was of short duration. A force of 
French and Choctaws, under Com- 
mandant - General Perier, arriving 
from the lower settlements, compelled 
them to take refuge in the swamps 
beyond the Mississippi, whither they 
were pursued. Many of them were 
captured, and the remainder took 
refuge with the Chickasaws. 



with a force from Charles- 
town, destroyed the Yamassee 

town of COOSAWHATCHIE, 

driving the Indians toward the 
south. The war ended after 
long and persistent fighting, in 
which more than four hundred 
of the whites lost their lives. 
The Indians were driven be- 
yond the Savannah River, 
many of them taking refuge in 
Florida. For a long period 
afterwards the Carolina settle- 
ments extended themselves 
westward uninterruptedly. 



QUESTIONS. 
What do you know of the Tuscarora 
Indians? How did the Tuscarora war 
hegin ? What part did Governor 
Spottswood of Virginia take ? Cap- 
tain John Barnwell ? Colonel James 
Moore ? The Yamassees ? What do 
you know of the settlement of New 
Berne ? What became of the Tuscaroras ? How did the Yamassee war 
begin? How many Indians were concerned in this war ? What part did 
Governor Craven of South Carolina take ? Colonel Mackey ? How 
did the war end ? What do you know of the Natchez war? 



BLACKBOARD FORM 

COLONIAL WARS— INDIAN. 





' 1622, 




1636, 




1644, 


INDIAN 


1675. 


' 


1711, 


WARS. 


1715, 




1729, 




1757, 




{ 1763, 



First Indian War, (Virginia). 

Pequod War, (Connecticut). 

Second Indian War, (Virginia). 

King Philip's War, (Massachusetts). 

Tuscarora War, (North Carolina). 

Yamassee War, (South Carolina). 

Natchez War, (Louisiana). 

Cherokee War, (South Carolina). (Seepage 196 > 

Pontiac's War. (Seepage 198) 



172 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS IV AND V. 

Definition of Words. — Depose, extortionate, reinstate, loyalty, affable, 
despot, franchise, prorogue, lucrative, desist, concession, grievance, sway, 
prejudice, intolerance, fanaticism, delusion, exemplary, perpetrated. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference.— Campbell's "History of Virginia," Bancroft's "History of the United 
States. " 

GENERAL.— Cooke's "Virginia," Longfellow's " Giles Corv, " Coffin's "Old Times in 
the Colonies. " 

Topical. — " Bacon's Rebellion," "Berkley, Sir William," "Salem Witchcraft," 
" Cotton Mather. " 

CHAPTER IV. 

An Early American Rebellion. 

The governors of the Virginia colony who followed Sir 
Francis Wyatt, ruled uninterruptedly, with the exception of 
Sir John Harvey and Sir William Berkley. The for- 
mer was deposed by the Assembly (1635) for his extortion- 
ate and unjust measures, but was reinstated by the king. 
The latter was the first representative of English monarchy 
in America to encounter armed resistance when his authority 
was exercised to oppress the people. 

Berkley served as governor 
for almost thirty years. A 
courtly gentleman, with a smile 
for every one, he delighted the 
Virginians during the first 
years of his rule. Time, how- 
ever, changed the affable gov- 
ernor into the merciless despot. 
England made poor returns 
for colonial loyalty, and was 
pursuing an extortionate and 



Growth of Liberty. 
Virginia had been, from the first, the 
most intensely loyal of all the colonies. 
The established church of England 
was its church. The monarch of Eng- 
land was its respected sovereign. But 
a love of liberty was growing up side 
by side with this spirit of loyalty, and 
the jealousy with which the colonists 
guarded their rights, was as strong as 
the pride they took in being English- 
men. Years of oppression were to 
make clear to their minds the political 
truth that loyalty to unjust and tyran- 
nical government ceases to be a virtue, 
and becomes almost a crime. 



oppressive policy towards Virginia. This, with Berkley's 
tyrannies, kindled fires of discontent and rage that smoul- 
dered for years. 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 73 

Unjust measures were enforced by which England monop- 
olized the trade of the colony. Heavy taxes were laid on 
imports and exports, so that the planters were brought to the 
verge of bankruptcy. The right of franchise, at one time 
exercised by every freeman in the colony, was restricted to 
freeholders or "housekeepers." The Assembly that was to 
come from the people to make laws in accordance with their 
wishes, was rendered powerless by being prorogued from 
time to time. 

Amidst the general discontent an Indian attack was made 
upon the frontier (1675), and Berkley took no step to pro- 
tect the outlying settlements, although a large force volun- 
teered to be led against the depredators. It was suspected 
that his disinclination for the war was caused by his unwill- 
ingness to injure a lucrative trade with the Indians that he 
monopolized. 

Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., an eloquent and popular young 
lawyer, applied for a commission to pursue the Indians, -but 
was refused. When again they ravaged the frontier (1676), 
killing Bacon's plantation overseer and one of his servants, 
he placed himself at the head of a party of colonists, set out 
to chastise the savages, and though he was proclaimed a 
rebel and ordered to desist, marched on and administered 
a crushing defeat to the Indians at Bloody Run, near the 

present city of Richmond. 

The people were now ripe 
for righting wrongs. The 
public revenues and exorbitant 
taxes were to be accounted 
for, grievances redressed, the 
Indians punished. The ex- 



Bacon was generally sustained, and 
when Berkley sought his arrest a civil 
war became imminent. The governor 
now found himself compelled to make 
certain concessions to the people, one 
of which was the dissolving of the re- 
peatedly prorogued Assembly and the 
issuance of writs of election for a new 
one. Of this new Assembly, Bacon was 
triumphantly elected a member. 



ploits of the young lawyer were recounted all over Virginia, 
and the cry went up for Bacon ! Bacon ! With a large force 



i74 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



he marched to Jamestown and compelled the governor to 
issue a commission to him as "General of Indian Wars"; 
then repairing to the head- 
waters of the Pamun 
key River, he d 
the Indians froi 
the country. 
lie was again / 
proclaimed m 

; "' L ' be l\\\J 





f« 









\ 



'/' ' 



but he was now master of the situation. Civil war ensued, 
and Berkley having been driven from Jamestown, that town 
was burned to the ground, to prevent its ever again falling 
into his hands. The ruins of its church may yet be seen, 

The death of Bacon in the midst of his success brought 
the rebellion to a speedy end; and Berkley, with assist- 
ance derived from England, resumed his sway. To satisfy 
his cruel and revengeful spirit, twenty-three of the rebels 
were executed. This tyrannical conduct disgusted the king, 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 75 

and Berkley was recalled. He died shortly after reaching 
England, and within one year of Bacon's death. 

QUESTIONS. 

Name two governors of Virginia that followed Wjatt. What do you 
know of Sir John Harvey? Sir William Berkley? What can you say of the 
loyalty of the Virginia colonists? How long was Berkley governor? How 
did he change? What policy did England pursue toward Virginia ? Name 
some causes that the colonists had for discontent? Of what was Berkley 
suspected? What do you know of Nathaniel Bacon ? Where did he defeat 
the Indians? What was he proclaimed? By whom was he sustained? What 
concessions was the governor compelled to make? Why did the people rise 
in rebellion ? Who led them? What happened to Jamestown? How did 
Bacon's rebellion end? When did Berkley's death occur? 

CHAPTER V. 
A Vestige of Superstition. 
No greater foe to human progress exists than ignorance. 
It has crushed genius, opposed advancement, kindled perse- 
cution, caused bloodshed, and in every way added to the 
sum of human misery. It is the parent of prejudice, intoler- 
ance, and fanaticism. Its lowest form is superstition. 

In the early history of Massachusetts we find an instance 
in which a peculiar superstition held terrible sway, destroy- 
ing for a time the peace of a whole community, and threat- 
ening the existence of the community itself. This instance 
is known as the Witchcraft Delusion. The scene of its 

terrors was Salem. 

Public attention in Massa- 
chusetts was first directed to 
the prosecution of witches 
when the thirteen -year -old 
child of John Goodwin of Bos- 
ton, to avenge a rebuke justly 



Witchcraft. 
A belief in witches existed through- 
out the ignorant ages of the world. The 
practice of witchcraft was recognized 
as a crime in the laws of many coun- 
tries, and its punishment was provided 
for in the statutes of even enlightened 
England.' Prosecutions of so-called 
witches had been, however, rare up to 
the time of the Massachusetts troubles. 



administered to her, pretended to be bewitched, and accused 



176 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



a friendless and aged immigrant of being the offender. 
Cotton Mather, a minister, took part in the prosecution, 
and so imflamed the public mind that the unfortunate immir 
grant was brought to trial, found guilty, and executed ( 1688). 

Although the people had been greatly excited over the 
subject, and accusations had begun to multiply, the next 
prosecution did not take place until four years after, when 
Samuel Parris, a fanatic and narrow-minded minister of 
Salem, accused his Indian servant, Tituba, of bewitching his 
daughter and niece. Tituba was whipped until a false con- 
fession was wrung from her. Then Mr. Parris turned his 
attention to others, and there being no public prosecutor in 
those days, he took upon himself the duties of the office. In 
the exercise of its functions he was moved by personal mal- 
ice, and the opportunity was seized of venting his hatred 
upon many inoffensive persons who had from time to time 
incurred his displeasure. 

Sarah Good, Martha Cory, Rebecca Morse, Sarah Cloyce 
and others, all exemplary women, were accused and com- 
mitted to prison. At the trials 
Parris questioned the witnesses 
in such a way as to elicit the 
answers he desired. All evi- 
dence in favor of the accused 
was suppressed. Those found 
guilty were hanged. 

Prosecution was next direct- 
ed to those who doubted the 
existence of witches. Edward 
Bishop, a farmer, and George 
Burroughs, a graduate 01 Har- 
vard College and a rival of Par- 
ris in the ministry, were both committed for being skeptical 



Wardwell, Cory and Willard. 
None so far committed confessed 
themselves guilty ; but one, Deliverance 
Hobbs, when arrested, acknowledged 
everything asked her, and was released. 
Thus was escape from prosecution, 
shown to lie in owning to witchcraft, 
when accused. As arrests were made, 
confessions became numerous. One, 
Samuel Wardwell, confessed and 
was safe, but, ashamed of himself for 
doing so, he retracted his confession 
and spoke out boldly against the sup- 
erstition. He was hanged. Stubborn 
old GILES Com." refused to speak at all 
when accused, and he was horribly 
pressed to death. John WlLLARD, an 
officer, for refusing to become an in- 
strument of error, when directed to 
arrest accused persons, was himself 
convicted and executed. 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 77 

The delusion soon became a frenzy, and raged in Salem 
for six months. At the end of this period twenty persons had 
been hanged, fifty-five tortured into confession, one hundred 
and fifty thrown into jail, and more than two hundred and 
fifty accused were awaiting trial. At last the Colonial Assem- 
bly of Massachusetts met and deprived of their power, the 
magistrates before whom the witchcraft cases had been tried. 
The delusion then subsided as suddenly as it had arisen. The 
people awoke to a realization of the horrors perpetrated. 
Parris was driven from Salem, and remorse tortured many 
who had taken an active part in the prosecutions. 

QUESTIONS. 

How has ignorance proved itself one of the greatest foes to human pro- 
gress ? What is the lowest form in which it manifests itself? In what col- 
ony was this form manifested at one time? Where and when had a belief 
in witchcraft existed? What first drew the attention of the people of Mas- 
sachusetts to witch prosecution? What minister influenced public senti- 
ment in the matter? When was the first victim executed? What do you 
know of Parris ? Giles Cory? Samuel Wardwell? John Willard? Deliv- 
erance Hobbs? How long did the delusion continue? How many fell vic- 
tims to it? How did it come to an end? 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS VI AND VII. 

Geography. — Note the position of Dover, N. H., Salmon Falls, Me., 
Schenectady, N. Y., Haverhill, Mass. Note the relative position of Charles- 
ton, S. C, St. Augustine, Fla., Savannah, Ga., Frederica, Ga., St. Simon's 
Island. 

Definition of Words. — Unrelenting, mandates, prefer, incursions, maraud- 
ers, treaty, redound, harboring, semblance. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Leisler, Ryswick, De Rouville, Utrecht, Aix la 
Chapelle, Le Feboure, Montiano. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference— Steven's " History of Georgia," Graneau's " L'Histoire die Canada" (Hell's 
translation), Coffin's "Old Times in the Colonies." Palfrey's " History of New England." 
General.— Ramsay's " History of South Carolina," Fairbank's " History of Florida." 
Topical. — "Oglethorpe," "Georgia, Spanish Invasion of," "King William's War" 
"Queen Anne's War," "King George's War," " Louisburg, Capture of," "Schenectady, 
Massacre of." 



178 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

CHAPTER VI. 

Colonial Quarrels — English and French. 

The Duke of York, to whom New Netherlands had been 
granted, succeeded to the throne of England under the title 
of James II. In him the rights and liberties of the English 
people had a most unrelenting foe. The colonies came in 
for a large share of his attention. Most of them were com- 
pelled to surrender their char- 
ters, and tyrannical governors 
were sent to rule them and to 
execute the oppressive man- 
dates of the king. 

But the people of England 
soon rose in their might. In 
the famous Revolution of 
1688 James was deposed, and 
his daughter, Mary, and her 
husband, William, Prince of 
Orange, were placed upon the 
throne. 

The cause of James was es- 
poused by the French King, 
Louis XIV, and war between 
France and England ensued. 
The American colonies of these 
nations had long been dis- 
trustful of each other, and 
occasion was now seized to engage in open hostilities. 
The war in America is known as King William's War, 
and lasted eight years (1689-07). 

A number of incursions were made by the French of 
Canada and their Indian allies during the the progress of 




The Charter Oak. 
In Connecticut the people declined 
to surrender their charter. A meeting 
was held, attended by the king's offi- 
Cers, sent to demand the return of the 
Connecticut charter, and as the writ- 
ten instrument lay upon the table, 
around which all were gathered, the 
lights in the room were suddenly 
extinguished. When the candles were 
again lighted, the charterwas no where 
to be seen. WILLIAM WADSWOKTH 
had carried it off and hid it in the hol- 
low of an old oak. 



Colonial Revolts. 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 79 

this war. Dover, N. H. ( 1689), Salmon Falls, Me. ( 1690), 
and Schenectady, N. Y. (1690), were subjected to all the 

horrors of Indian surprise and 
massacre. The last named 
town was fired, and but two 
houses left standing. The 
marauders were, however, 
overtaken by a band of Mo- 
hawks and almost destroved. 



With the deposition of James in 
England came the displacement of his 
representatives in America. Sir Ed- 
mund Andros, the "tyrant of New 
England, " was seized by the people of 
Boston and imprisoned (16S9). Nich- 
olson, the acting governor of New 
York, was compelled to leave, and 
Jacob Leisler assumed charge. 
Although this revolt was made in the 
direct interest of William and Mary, 
yet Leisler did not promptly surrender 
the government to the authorities 
sent to take possession. His delay gave 
his enemies an excuse to prefer charges 
of treason against him, and he was 
found guilty and executed. 



The English colonies were 



soon aroused to action. A 
Congress, composed of rep- 
resentatives from Massachu- 
setts Bay, Plymouth, Connec- 
ticut and New York, met in New York to devise measures 
of retaliation (1690). Two invasions of Canada were 
attempted — one by sea, under Sir William Phips, the other 
by land, under General Winthrop. Neither accomplished 
anything. In the last year of the war Haverhill, Mass., 
suffered from Indian attack and massacre. Hostilities 
ceased with the peace treaty of Rysw t ick (1697). 

Five years after there arose in Europe the War of the 
Spanish Succession (1702-1713), and in it France and 
England were arrayed upon opposite sides. Again their 
colonies entered upon hostilities. Anne, daughter of James II, 
had succeeded William and Mary on the throne of England, 
so in America this war is known as Queen Anne's War. 
Deerfield, a frontier settlement of Massachusetts, was the 
town to suffer this time. A force under De Rouville 
descended upon it from Montreal ( 1704), massacred fifty of 
its inhabitants, took more than one hundred captives, pil- 
laged the village and fired the houses. A successful expe- 
dition against Acadie was made from Boston (1710). Port 



l8o PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

Royal was captured, and its name changed to Annapolis, 
after the queen. Thenceforth the territory was to be a part 
of the English possessions in America. 

Sir Hovenden Walker and General Hill planned the 
capture of Quebec by sea; but on entering the mouth of the 
St. Lawrence, the English fleet was wrecked by a storm. A 
force of New York, Connecticut and New Jersey militia, 
under General Nicholson, set out by land to capture Mon- 
treal, but met with no success (1711). Two years after- 
wards ( 17 13 ) the peace treaty of Utrecht went into effect. 

A third inter-colonial war, known as King George's 
War, began (1744). Like the others, it had its origin in a 
European war — the War of the Austrian Succession — but 
its direct cause was the jealousy which had long existed 
between the colonies of rival nations. It lasted but four 
years, and is marked by but one important event — the cap- 
ture of Louisburg, one of the strongest fortresses in Amer- 
ica (1745). The attacking forces were led by Generals 
Pepperel and Warren, and consisted for the most part of 
Massachusetts colonists. The result redounded greatly to 
their gloiy. At the close of the war, which ended with the 
treaty of Aix la Chapelle (1748), Louisburg was given 
back to the French. 

QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of James II ? What was the result of the Revolution of 
16S8? Who was Sir Edmund Andros? Nicholson? Who was Jacob Leis- 
ler? What was his fate? When did King William's War begin? End? 
What were its principal events ? What congress assembled in New York? 
What invasions of Canada were planned? By what name was Queen Anne's 
War known in Europe? When did it begin? End? What were its principal 
events? What two expeditions against Canada were planned? What were 
the results? When did King George's War begin? End? By what name 
was it known in Europe? What were its principal events? What territory 
was added to American possessions of England by this war? What peace 
treaty ended Kintj William's War? Queen Anne's? King George's? 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 



1S1 



REVIEW OUTLINE 



o 



1689-1697, 
King William's. 

War of the English 



1702-1713, 
Queen Anne's. 



1744-1748. 
King George's. 



, Dover (N. H.) Massacre. 

Schenectady {N. Y.) Massacre. 

Salmon Falls {Me.) Massacre, 

1090 i Colonial Congress at New York. 

„ ., .. . f Phips. 

Canadian expedition ■{ 

1 W'nslow. 

(Haverhill (Mass.) Massacre. 
[Peace Treaty of RjS^ick. 

1704, Deerfield (Mass.) Massacre. 
1710, Port Royal (N. S.) taken. 



I 



1697, 



l 7lii I Quebec expedition, 

{Montreal expedition, {Nicholson), 
1713, Peace Treaty of Utrecht. 

1745, Capture of Louisburg, { Pe PP ere/ - 
r J \ Warren. 

1748, Peace Treaty of Aix-la-Chapellc 



SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

Who was Hannah Dustin ? What is the difference between a rebellion and a revolu- 
tion ? From what country was William, Prince of Orange ? What college was endowed 
in America by English monarchs ? What great architect drew the plan of the build- 
ing ? Wh.it colonial governor signed a death warrant while intoxicated ? Whom did the 
Iroquois c ill Qukler ? 

CHAPTER VII. 
Colonial Quarrels — English and Spanish. 

The Spaniards of'Florida proved very troublesome neigh- 
bors to the early settlers of South Carolina, and subsequently 
to those of Georgia. In the War of the Spanish Succession 
Spain and France were arrayed on the same side, and while 
the English colonists of the north were engaged in hostilities 
with the French of Canada, those of the south directed their 
attention towards the Spaniards of Florida. 

In the first year of the war (1702) Governor Moore of 
Carolina, with twelve hundred colonists and Indian allies, 
proceeded against the Spanish fort of St. Augustine ; but 



I«2 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 






finding it too strong, he was compelled to abandon the enter- 
prise. A subsequent expedition against the Appalachian 
Indians, who were allies of the Spaniards, was completely 
successful. 

The war between the parent nations continuing, a French 
and Spanish fleet, under Le Feboure, with more than a thou- 
sand men, attempted the capture of Charleston ( 1706). Nine 
hundred soldiers under Colonel William Rhett were mus- 
tered in its defence. The Spaniards demanded the surren- 
der of the town, but Governor Johnson replied, "I hold this 
country for the Queen of England. My men will shed the 
last drop of their blood to defend it from the invader." The 
enemy landed troops at the three neighboring points of James 
Island, Wan do Neck and Seawee Bay. The first force was 
driven off by Captain Drake; the second, numbering two 
hundred men, was captured by Captain Cantey; and 
the third surrendered to Captain Fenwick. Meanwhile 
Colonel Rhett, with a little fleet, drove off the ships of the 
enemies. 

After the close of the war the ill feeling of the Spaniards 
manifested itself in harboring runaway slaves from South 
Carolina and inciting the Indians to hostility* At length the 
colony of Georgia was planted 
(1733), and it soon became 
evident that hostilities would 
break out anew. In 1739 war 
between England and Spain 
was declared. 

A formidable Spanish arm- 
ament, consisting of fifty-six 



Invasion of Florida. 
Oglethorpe returned from Eng- 
land with his well-disciplined com- 
pany of 600 men (see page 154), and as 
commander-in-chief of the Carolina 
and (Jeorgia forces, was ordered to in- 
vade Florida. With 900 men, most of 
whom were friendly Indians, he ap- 
peared before St. Augustine (1710), 
but finding the fort more strongly for- 
tified and garrisoned than he had an- 
ticipated, was compelled to return. 



vessels and about seven thousand men, under Montiano, 
governor of St. Augustine, appeared off St. Simon's Bar 
(1742) with the intention of attacking Frederica. 

*See Yamasee War, page 170 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 



183 



General Oglethorpe, gov- 
ernor of Georgia, had few 
forces under his command. 
His fort on St. Simon's Island 
made a gallant defense, but 
the enemy forced their way 
up the Altamaha River and 
landed five thousand men. 
These marched back to attack the 
'fort, but Oglethorpe abandoned it 
before they arrived. 

The Spaniards then advanced upon 
Frederica. A part of their force was 
routed and driven back some distance. 
Oglethorpe then hastened to Frederica 
for reinforcements. In his absence the 
men whom he had left upon the scene 
were driven back by the enemy under 
Don Antonio Barba; but a platoon and company of 
rangers, under Lieutenants McKay and Sutherland, 
wheeled aside in the retreat, and, concealing themselves in 
a grove of palmettoes, ambushed the pursuing Spaniards, 
whose victory was now turned to crushing defeat. This 
brilliant episode is called the Battle of Bloody Marsh. 

Oglethorpe now prepared to make a night attack upon 
the main body of the enemy. In this he was thwarted by 
the desertion of one of his men to the Spaniards. Know- 
ing that the weakness of his little army would be revealed to 
his enemies, Oglethorpe devised an expedient which success- 
fully deceived the Spanish commander. A Spanish prisoner 
was liberated and given a sum of money to carry a letter to the 
deserter. This letter pretended to convey instructions to him, 
thus making it appear that his desertion was feigned for the 




184 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

purpose of misleading the Spaniards. He was instructed to 
make the Spaniards believe that the English were weak, to 
induce them to make an attack upon what was represented 
to be the impregnable position of the English. Failing in 
this he was to endeavor to detain them in those parts for three 
days longer, when a powerful fleet and force from Charles- 
ton would arrive. 

As intended, this letter fell into the hands of Montiano, 
and puzzled that commander greatly. The deserter was 
looked upon as a spy. A council of war advised immediate 
retreat, and three vessels, coming in sight off the bar, gave 
such a semblance of truth to the statement concerning rein- 
forcements that the Spaniards hastily embarked, and in the 
panic to escape, abandoned a great quantity of their military 
stores. 

The success of Oglethorpe in this campaign was indeed 
remarkable. With his handful of men, numbering but little 
more than six hundred, he had defeated and baffled a well- 
equipped army of five thousand, destroyed some of their best 
troops, captured provisions, ammunition and military stores, 
and saved Georgia and Carolina from formidable invasion. 

QUESTIONS. 
What troublesome neighbors had the southern English colonies? What 
do you know of Moore's invasion of Florida? What expedition was more 
successful? Who attempted the capture of Charleston? Who defended the 
city? What reply did Governor Johnson make to the demand for surrender! 
What four successes had the English ? How did the Spaniards show their 
ill feeling after the war? When did the next war between English and Span- 
ish colonies occur? What do you know of Oglethorpe's invasion of Florida? 
What do you know of the Spanish invasion of Georgia? Who won the vic- 
tory of Bloody Marsh? What can you say of Oglethorpe's strategy in 
deceiving the Spaniards ? What were the results of Oglethorpe's campaign? 



THE GROWING COLONIES. 



185 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS VIII, IX, X, XI AXD XII. 

Geography. — In what part of Virginia is 
Williamsburg? Note the position of Fort 
Cumberland. Fort Pitt. Trace upon a map 
a journey from Fort • Cumberland to Fort 
Le Bceuf, on French Creek. Note the 
physical features of this region such as 
mountains, rivers, etc. In what part of New 
York is the Niagara River? Crown Point? 
Ticonderoga? Oswego? Where is Louis- 
burg? Quebec? Montreal? Kingston (Fort 
Frontenac) ? 

Definition of Words. — Subsequent, des- 
tined, ratification, centralization, rallied, 
neutrality, usages, 
alignment, concen- 
trate, impregnable, 
supersede, facili- 
tate, reconoiter, dis- 
claim, carnage, syn- 
onym, conspiracy. 





Pronunciation of Names. — Du Quesne, Jumon- 
ville, Le Bceuf, Contrecceur, Beujeu, Boishebert, 
Dieskau, Montcalm, De Vitre, Prideaux, 

Ouconostota, Attakullakulla. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Irving's " Life of Washington," Parkman's 
" Wolfe and Montcalm," Parkman's "Conspiracy of Pontiac," 
Mante's "History of the Late War in North America," 
Hannay's " History of Acadia," Trumbell's "History of the 
United States." 

General. — Longfellow's "Evangeline" (poem), "Over- 
throw of the French Power" (Harper's Magazine, June, 
1SS2), "The Acadian Tragedy" (Id., Nov., 1SS2), 
" Braddock's Defeat" (Magazine of American History, Nov. 
1SS6), "Fall of Fort Du Quesne" (Id., 
April, iSSy) Spark's " Life of Washing- 
ton," Frost's "Life of Washington," E. 
E. Hale's " Life of Washington." 

Topical. — " George Washington, Life 
of," " Fort Du Quesne," " Braddock," 
" Louisburg, capture of," " Quebec," 
"Acadians, The," "Wolfe," " Mont- 
calm," "Amherst," "Treaty of Paris" 
(first), "Cherokee War," " Pontiac's 
War." 



ty 



/ 




l86 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

The Struggle for Supremacy. 

CHAPTER VIII. 
A Youth and His Mission. 

The inter-colonial wars were but forerunners of a stru<r<ile 
that was inevitable. When the claims of France, Spain, and 
England to territory in the New World were established, a 
general ignorance prevailed concerning the interior and 
extent of the American continent. Subsequent explorations 
brought a more extended knowledge. It was soon evident 
that these claims conflicted. Colonial jealousy and territo- 
rial disputes were thus engendered. 

The claims of France to the valleys of the Ohio and Mis- 
sissippi Rivers conflicted with several grants made by Eng- 
land to her colonies, of territory extending from ocean to 
ocean. As the eastern portion of Virginia became popu- 
lated, the settlement of her territory west of the Alleghanies 
came to be considered. The period following King George's 
War was one of great activity. The Ohio Company, consist- 
ing of Virginia and Maryland gentlemen, was organized 
( 1748), and to this company was granted a large tract of land 
in the region known as the Great Woods, lying between the 
Kanawha and Monongahela Rivers. The company immedi- 
ately proceeded to develop it, and sent out surveyors prepar- 
atory to making settlements. The French, however, had 
already begun to occupy the region with troops. They mani- 
fested their hostility by seizing and imprisoning, in their fort 
at Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, three English traders. 

Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, determined to send a 
formal protest against French intrusion upon Virginia terri- 
tory, and he selected for the mission Major George Wash- 
ington, a young man, destined to leave an indelible impress 
on his country's history. Though Washington was then but 



THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 



187 



twenty-one years of age, he had already become distin- 
guished for those qualities of courage, ability, and judgment 
that were afterwards to render him famous. 

Washington set out from Williamsburg, and joined by 

a backwoodsman, named Gist, 

proceeded through the unbroken 

wilderness to the French fort, 

Le Bosuf, on 

tSSI^lZIL French Creek, 



fifteen miles 
south of Lake 
Erie. Here he 
was politely re- 
ceived by the 
French com- 
mandant. Din- 
widdle's mes- 




|jj|jfc l sage was deliv- 
ered, but the 
French firmly 



WASHINGTON AND THE FRENCH COMMANDANT 

declined to withdraw. 

The report that Washington 
broughtback, aroused the Vir- 
ginians to activity. The As- 
sembly immediately provided 
for the raising of an army, and 
Washington, now colonel, set 
off with two companies (April, 
1754). Upon his journey to 
the French he had noted a 
desirable location for a fort at the junction of the Alleghany 
and Monongahela Rivers, and to build one he dispatched a 
detachment in advance. This detachment was driven off 



Washington's Return. 
Washington returned by way of 
Venango, the French fort at the 
mouth of French Creek. His journey 
was made in the dead of winter, and 
was marked by many dangerous inci- 
dents. While crossing a river on a rude 
raft, he was precipitated into its icy 
flood, and narrowly escaped drowning, 
lie was shot at by an ambushed sav- 
age, but again escaped. His horse hav- 
ing given out, he was compelled to per- 
form much of the return journey on 
foot. He arrived at Williamsburg after 
having been gone eleven weeks. 



1 88 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 






by the French, who completed the fort and called it Du 
Quesne. 

Washington, informed of 
the proximity of the French 
by Half-King, a friendly In- 
dian, threw up entrenchments, 
and advancing, surprised a 
force under Jumonville, 
killed their leader, and took 
nearly all prisoners. Learn- 
ing that reinforcements were 
approaching from Fort Du 
Quesne, he fell back to his 
entrenchments, which he 
strengthened and called Fort 
Necessity. 

The French soon appeared 
with a superior force before 
Fort Necessity, and, his am- 
munition having given out, 
Washington decided to accept 
the honorable terms of sur- 
render offered him. The Virginians were permitted to 
withdraw with all their effects, and, unmolested, they 
marched back to Virginia. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of what were the intercolonial wars forerunners? What do you know of 
the conflicting claims of the French and English ? What was the Ohio Com- 
pany? What grant was made to it? Why did Dinwiddie dispatch a mes- 
senger to the French? Who was this messenger? Who accompanied him? 
How was he received? What was the result of his mission? What do you 
know of his return journey? What effect had the report brought back by 
Washington upon the Virginians? Name four French forts in the disputed 
territory. Who was sent out against the French? Tell what you know of 
Washington's campaign? What do you know of Franklin's plan of union? 
To whom was it unsatisfactory? Why? 



Franklin's Plan of Union. 
The British government s;i\v the 
necessity of concerted action on the 
part of the English colonies in the 
approaching struggle, and recom- 
mended a union for common defence. 
Delegates met at Albany, N. V. 
(1754), entered into a league with the 
Iroquois Indians, and considered a 
plan of union, drawn up by Benjamin 
Franklin, one of America's greatest 
thinkers. The plan was favored by all 
the delegates except those from Con- 
necticut; but, when Submitted to the 
king and to the various colonial 
assemblies for ratification, it was re- 
jected by both ; and, curiously enough, 
for the same reason. The plan pro- 
vided for the organization of a general 
government over all the colonies, 
consisting of a PRESIDENT-GENERAL, 
appointed by the crown, and a Grand 
Council, chosen by the Colonial 
Assemblies. King and colonists each 
thought the other would have too 
much power should the centralization 
of authority as proposed go into effect. 
Thus early did England behold a 
danger in the united action of her 
dependencies, and the colonists evince 
a reluctance to delegate governmental 
power to authorities without the bor- 
ders of each respective colony. 



THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 1 89 

CHAPTER IX. 

The Old French War. 

Thus far, the contest had been between Virginia and the 
invaders of the Ohio territory but it was soon seen that general 
war was about to ensue. The mother countries rallied to the 
support of their respective colonies. Sir Edward Brad- 
dock, with two regiments, was 
sent to Virginia (January, 
1755) to take charge of mili- 
tary operations as comman- 
der-in-chief, and the war, 
known as the French and 
Indian War, formally opened. 
The governors of five colonies 
met in council, and three dis- 
tinct campaigns were planned. 
One of these was against Fort 
Niagara, another against 
Crown Point and the third 
against Fort Du Quesne. 

The expedition against Fort 
Du Quesne ended in disas- 
trous failure. The one against 
the French fort at the mouth 
of the Niagara River was 
abandoned as soon as Gene- 
ral Shirley, the leader of the 
expedition, heard of the Du 
Quesne failure. The expedi- 
tion against Crown Point met 
with better success. 

When the French learned 
of the contemplated advance 



Expulsion of Acadians. 

When Acadie was added to the Eng- 
lish possessions in America, the Aca- 
dians were permitted to remain. They 
were a quiet, frugal, industrious peo- 
ple, and their settlements had greatly 
increased. They had persistently 
declined to take the oath of allegiance 
to England, and in the war now pend- 
ing claimed neutrality. Their sym- 
pathies, however, were with their 
countrymen, and when this sym- 
pathy took the form of occasional 
aid and encouragement it became a 
matter of offence to the English. 
Colonel Monckton with three thou- 
sand troops from Boston took pos- 
session of the Acadian forts about 
the Bay of Fundy, and upon preteme 
that the neutrality of the Acadians 
was false, that some of them had acted 
treacherously, and that to drive them 
into Canada would only strengthen the 
enemy, it was determined to remove 
them from the territory and distribute 
them among the English colonies. 
The removal of a part of them was 
accomplished in a manner unduly 
harsh, families being separated, and 
villages and farm buildings burned. 
More than three thousand were torn 
from their homes, forced on board 
British vessels, and carried away. 
Many escaped to the wilderness and 
were sheltered by the Indians. At 
one point, under Boishebert, a gal- 
lant and effective resistance was 
made. Of those carried off many 
reached the French settlements on 
the lower Mississippi and remained 
permanently. Some few in time made 
their way back to their old homes. 



190 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



: 



upon this point, Baron Dies- 
kau, a brave German officer 
in the service of France, has- 
tened to its defense. The 
English forces consisted of ill- 
equipped and inexperienced 
men from New York and New 
England. They were led by 
Sir William Johnson, a man 
whose <rreat influence with 
Indians caused a number of 
Mohawks, under their chief, 
Hendrick, to 
join the expe- 
dition. 

The oppos- 
ing forces 
met at the 
head of Lake 
George. An 
advance party 
of the English, 
under Col- 
onel Will- 
iams, was defeated, and, fol- 
lowing up his advantage, the 
victorious Dieskau attacked 
the main body. Early in the 
engagement that ensued John- 
son was wounded and the com- 
mand fell to General Lyman. 
The French were defeated, and 
Dieskau, severely wounded, 




BRADDOCK AND CAPTAIN JACK 



Braddock's Defeat. 
The expedition against Fort Du 
Qucsne was undertaken by the com- 
mander-in-chief in person. The se- 
lection of Braddock was a most unfor- 
tunate one, possessed as he was of 
inordinate vanity, stubbornness and 
over-confidence in his own prowess 
and that of his British troops. His cam- 
paign preparations were very elabo- 
rate, and were based upon the most 
approved of European military usages. 
No arguments could convince him of 
the futility of regular military tactics 
against a foe that lurked in ambush 
and fought scattered behind trees and 
rocks. The advance into the enemy's 
country was made from Fort Cumber- 
land, Maryland, with drums beating, 
flags flying, perfect 
alignments and 
beautiful display. 
Progress was slow, 
for the roads had to 
be built so that the 
imposing array 

could pass on un- 
broken. 

Washington, with 
about one thousand 
colonial troops 
from V irgin ia, 
Maryland and New 
York, had joined 
the expedition, 
lie was serving as 
aide - de - camp to 
the general. Little 
heeded were the 
cautions that past 
experience caused him to tender. A 
celebrated woodsman, named Captain 
Jack, offering to lead the advance with 
his rangers, so as to guard against sur- 
prise, met with a haughty refusal 
from the English general. Precau- 
tions were for inexperienced colonial 
troops, but British regulars were in- 
vincible. 

The result was as might have been 
anticipated. The movements of the 
English were watched all along 
by Indian scouts, and their progress 
reported to De Contreco21'K, the 



THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 



I 9 I 



commandant at Fort Du Quesne. 
Upon their approach, a young and 
gallant French officer, named De 
Beujeu, sallied out with a force, ar- 
ranged his men advantageously in 
ambush, and when the English came 
up poured into them a deadly fire that 
threw them into confusion. Little 
then did scientific tactics avail. Brad- 
dock was mortally wounded, his army 
routed and the total destruction of the 
whole expedition was prevented only by 
Washington, who, with his Virginians, 
covered the rear of the retreating and 
demoralized army, and fought the 
enemy according to his own method. 
Thus ended in failure the Fort Du 
Quesne campaign. 



fell into the hands of the Eng- 
lish. After building Fort 
William Henry, near the 
scene of battle, the victorious 
army returned. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who was appointed commander- 
in-chief of the English forces in 
America? When did he arrive ? 
What three campaigns were planned? 
What do you know of Braddock's 
expedition against Fort Du Quesne ? 
What part did Washington take in 
Braddock's expedition ? What do you know of the expedition against Fort 
Niagara? What do you know of the expedition against Crown Point? What 
were the residts of the battles of Lake George? Why were the Acadians 
removed? What do you know of the expulsion of the Acadians? Who 
was De Contrecceur? De Beujeu? Dieskau? Shirley? Sir William 
Johnson? Colonel Monckton? Boishebert? 

CHAPTER X. 

England Victorious. 

After the capture of Dieskau the command of the French 
fell to Marquis de Montcalm, one of the ablest and 
bravest officers that ever served in the armies 
of France. The fort built near Oswego by 

Shirley, upon ij 

his return from 

the Niagara 

expedition, 

was captured 

and destroyed mo^ca^m 

(1756), and Fort William 

Henry, with a garrison of two 

thousand men, under Colonel 



Fort William Henry Massacre. 

Permission to retire in safety had 
been granted the English garrison as 
one of the terms of surrender. Scarcely 
had they left the fort, in order to make 
their way to Fort Edwards, further 
south, when they were fallen upon in 
their defenseless condition by the In- 
dians of Montcalm's army. A horrible 
massacre ensued. Montcalm and his 
officers did all in their power to stop 
the slaughter, but their efforts could 
not prevail against savage fury. 




Moore, was forced to surrender ( 1757 ) ■ 



192 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



About this time a change in the English ministry brought 
to the head of British affairs a man of unusual ability in the 
person of William Pitt. Thenceforth the war was vigor- 
ously prosecuted. Arms and ammunition were dispatched 
to America, and skilled officers sent to train the colonial 
armies to expertness in the arts of war. 

Lord Loudon had succeeded Braddock, and after an 
ineffectual attempt against Louisburg (1757). was super- 
seded by General Abercrombie. Expeditions were now- 
planned against Louisburg, Ticonderoga, and Fort Du 
Quesne, and troops concentrated for these expeditions at 
Halifax, Albany, and Philadelphia respectively. 

The expedition against Ticonderoga was led by Aber- 
crombie. The fort had been rendered almost impregnable 
by Montcalm. An ill-timed assault was made upon it, in 
which the English suffered a 
terrible defeat, losing almost 
two thousand men. This was, 
however, the last important 
French victory of the war. 

The operations against 
Louisburg were eminently suc- 
cessful. Invested for two 
months by a land and naval 
force under Sir Jeffrey Amherst, the fortress finally 
surrendered, and six thousand prisoners were 
taken (July, 1758). Amherst next took com- 
mand in New York, and Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, after having been abandoned 
by the French, fell into his hands (1759). 

The success of Amherst was followed by 

that of General Prideaux at Fort Niagara 

amherst. (1759), the commander, however, losing his 



Capture of Fort Frontenac. 
An expedition subordinate to Aber- 
crombie's main enterprise was more 
successful. Colonel Bradstrbet 
marched to Oswego and embarked for 
Fort Frontenac, which he succeeded 
in capturing after a two days' siege. 
Large quantities of stores and ammu- 
nition, designed for Fort l>u Quesne, 
fell into the hands of the English. 
The subsequent capture of this fort 

was thus facilitated. 




SIR JEFFREY 



THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY 



J 93 



life in the siege. The French were now greatly weakened. 
Little assistance was being received from the mother country. 

Driven at all points from the 
disputed territory, they took 
refuge in Canada. The Eng- 
lish now determined to con- 
quer this province. 

The fate of Canada depend- 
ed on Quebec, the strongest 
fortress in America. Eicht 
thousand men concentrated at 
Louisburg, and under Gen- 
eral Wolfe, a gallant young 
officer, who had distinguished 
himself under Amherst at the 
siege of Louisburg, embarked 
for the St. Lawrence, bent 
upon its capture. Fortifica- 
tions were erected upon the 
island of Orleans, just below 
the city, and the English bat- 
teries soon opened fire. 

Far up the rugged heights 
that rose almost perpendicularly from the water's edge stood 
the principal fort, little affected by the bom- 
bardment. The skillful Montcalm was in 
charge of the French defenses, and the siege 
bid fair to be interminable. An English as- 
sault was repulsed. At last the young com- | 
mander found it necessary to resort to des- 
perate measures. In one of his reconnoiter- 
ings he had noticed a rough, partly hidden 



Capture of Fort Du Quesne. 
Meanwhile General Forbes, a 
gallant Scotch officer, had captured 
Fort Du Quesne. The French had 
gathered a large number of Ottawas, 
Jibewas, Wyandots and other Indians, 
and awaited his coming with boasts 
that they would serve him as they had 
served Braddock. Forbes was joined 
at different points by bodies of colonial 
troops, among whom were Colonel 
Washington and other Virginians. 
The progress of the English army was 
slow, but even this slowness proved 
advantageous, for many of the Indian 
allies of the French, weary of waiting, 
scattered to their homes and left the 
French greatly reduced in numbers. 
A reconnoitering party, sent forward 
under Major Grant, rashly attempt- 
ed to surprise and capture the fort, but 
were driven back with great loss. Fol- 
lowing up this victory a strong force 
under De Vitre appeared before the 
principal encampment of the English 
and gave battle, but were repulsed. 
Forbes now advanced upon the fort, 
but on drawi ig near found only 
smoking ruins. The French had 
abandoned the field From the ashes 
of Fort Du Quesne sprang the present 
city of Pittsburg, so named in honor 
of the great English premier. 




GENERAL WOLFE. 



194 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 




WOLFE'S ARMY ASCENDING THE HEIGHTS. 



path leading to the top of the heights, where the Plains of 
Abraham, above the city, spread out. 

In the darkness of the night he embarked his men, and 
dropped silently down the river to the foot of the path. By 
great good fortune the difficult ascent was made, and in the 
morning the English were in battle array upon the plains. 

There remained to the French nothing but to come out 
and give battle. The opposing forces were about equal in 
number, and the contest was fiercely waged. Both com- 
manders displayed the highest valor, and both fell mortally 
wounded. The English were successful, the French taking 
refuge in the city, which soon after surrendered (1759). 

The power of France in the New World was now 
extinct. The surrender of Montreal soon followed that of 
Quebec. The treaty that terminated hostilities was signed 
at Paris (1763). By this treaty France ceded all her terri- 
tory in America to Spain and England, except two small 
islands south of Newfoundland. 



THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY 



195 



Spain received all that portion lying west of the Missis- 
sippi, and that part of the present State of Louisiana, lying 
on the east bank, south of Lake Pontchartrain. England 
received Canada and all the French territory east of the 
Mississippi. By a special grant from Spain, Florida was also 

ceded to England. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who succeeded Dieskau as commander of the French? What successes 
had he? What do you know of the massacre of Fort William Henry? Who 
was William Pitt? Who had succeeded Braddock? By whom was Loudon 
succeeded? What three expeditions were planned? What do you know of 
Abercrombie's defeat ? What do you know of the fall of Fort Frontenac? 
What victories were gained by Amherst ? When ? What do you know of 
the capture of Fort Du Quesne ? Who took Niagara? When? What was 
now the condition of the French? Who was sent against Quebec? Why? 
What do you know of the siege of Quebec ? Of the battle of Abraham 
Heights? What city fell after the capture of Quebec? What treaty termi- 
nated hostilities? When was this treaty made? What territory did Spain 
receive by this treaty? England ? 



ct 
^ 



CO c 

m 

-J B 



REVIEW_OUTLINE. 

ENGLISH SUCCESSES IN ITALICS. 



Preliminary 



1753, WASHINGTON'S JOURNEY. 

rFORT DU QUESNE BUILT. 

I754 J BATTLE OF GREAT MEADOWS. 

I FORT NECESSITY SURRENDERED. 



Objective Points 
of the War. 



Fort Du Quesne. 



Fort Niagara. 



Ticonc 

and 
Crown Point. 



Louisburg. 



1755, BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. 

f FORBES. 
•758, TAKEN BY{ msHINGT0Ni 

1755, SHIRLEY'S FAILURE. 

1756, OSWEGO TAKEN. 

.1759, TAKEN BY PRIDE AUX. 

f FIRST BATTLE OF LAKE 
1755. < GEORGE. 

I SECOND BA TTLE OF LAKE GEORGE. 

1757, FT. WILLIAM HENRY TAKEN, 
f ABERCOMBIE DEFEATED. 

l758 'yF0RT FRONTENAC TAKEN. 
.1759, TAKEN BY AMHERST. 
1755, ACADIANS EXPELLED. 
1757, LOUDON'S FAILURE. 



1 1758, TAKEN BY 



AMHERST. 



WOLFE. 

BATTLE OF ABRAHAM HEIGHTS. 
TAKEN BY WOLFE. 



I96 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 
What was the name of the French commandant to whom Washington delivered his 
message ? What fort was captured through a game of ball ? What were Wolfe 's last 
words? Montcalm's? What was Wolfe's favorite poem ? What islands near New- 
foundland now belong to France ? What was the fate of Pontiac ? Where is the 
" Gibralta of America, " and why so called? Who fired the first gun in the French 
and Indian war ? What three regicide judges took refuge in America ? Who was 
Simon Girty ? 

CHAPTER XI. 
Ouconostota and Pontiac. 

As the French War drew to a close there arose in the 
South one of the most fiercely contested Indian wars that 
ever laid waste any portion of the United States. The Cher- 
okeeshad long been friends of the English, and assisted them 
in the war against the French. A party of young warriors, 
returning from the capture of Fort Du Quesne through the 
backwoods of Virginia, having lost their own horses, appro- 
priated some that were roaming at large, apparently owner- 
less. These Indians were followed and treated as marauders. 
Fourteen were shot, and many others were made pris- 
oners. 

This affair was reported to the Cherokee nation, and 
contrary to the advice of the older men, a band of young 
braves took the war path, and committed such depredations 
upon the Carolina frontier that Governor Littleton sum- 
moned a force and proceeded against them. Thirty-two 
chiefs and headmen of the tribe waited upon the governor 
and disclaimed the acts of the depredators. Wise manage- 
ment upon his part would now have averted the terrible war 
that followed. The chiefs were haughtily received, were 
forced to accompanv the expedition, and when Fort Prince 
George, upon the Savannah, three hundred miles from 
Charleston, was reached, were thrown into prison. 



THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 1 97 

Here Attakullakulla, the wisest man of the Cherokee 
nation and life-long friend of the English, appeared, and by 
his eloquence, effected a treaty and the liberation of a number 
of the chiefs. The remainder were detained as hostages until 
a like number of the young depredators should be given up. 

One of the liberated chiefs was Ouconostota, a man 
who wielded great influence over the tribe. Smarting under 
the indignities imposed upon him while under arrest, he 
sought personal vengeance, and, drawing forth Captain 
Cotymore from the fort by stratagem, killed him. For this 
the hostages, twenty-two in number, were mercilessly put to 
death. 

The whole nation now rose, and a terrible period of carnage 
ensued. Colonel Montgomery and twelve hundred men 
were sent from Amherst's army at the north (1760) to assist 
the Carolinians. Montgomery captured several villages, but 
was so persistently harassed that he gladly abandoned the 
enemy's country. 

Amherst, again appealed to, sent Colonel James Grant, 
who took the field with twenty-six hundred men. As he 
advanced the Cherokees made the most ferocious assaults 
upon his troops, all of which he repulsed. Grant taught the 
Indians a terrible lesson. He burned fourteen of their towns, 
destroyed their fields and laid waste their territory. For 
many a day his name remained with them a synonym of 
destruction. Many joined Attakullakulla in suing for peace, 
and a treaty was made. 

In the settlement of the territorial dispute between France 
and England the rights of the Indians were entirely ig- 
nored. One by one the French forts were relinquished; 
but no sooner had the English entered upon their hard-earned 
possessions than they found confronting them a question of 
ownership other than what had been decided with France. 



I98 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



Pontiac, the powerful chief of the Ottawas, beheld with 
resentment the transfer of his domain to the English. Pos- 
sessed of ability rarely met with in an Indian, he planned and 
organized one of the greatest Indian conspiracies ever formed 
against the whites. Eight of the twelve forts acquired 
from the French fell into his hands. Detroit escaped sur- 
prise by the merest accident, and made an effectual resist- 
ance. Several of the forts were captured by stratagem. 

The war fomented by Pon- 
tiac continued for three years, 
and the power of the confed- 
eracy was broken only by 
most vigorous measures upon 
the part of the English. The 
treaty that ended the war was 
signed at Oswego ( 1766) by a 



: 



Battle of Bushy Run. 
The same barbarities that charac- 
terize every Indian war were practiced 
in this. The settlements of northwest 
Virginia and western Pennsylvania 
suffered most severely. In the early 
part of the contest Fort Pitt was be- 
sieged, but Colonel Henry Boglet 
marching from Philadelphia to its re- 
lief, defeated the Indians at the battle 
of Bushy Run (1703). 



number of chiefs, assembled for the purpose, and by Sir 
William Johnson on the part of the English. 

QUESTIONS. 

What was the cause of the war with the Cherokees ? How did Governor 
Littleton deal with the Indians? What do you know of Attakullakulla ? 
What revengeful act did Ouconostota commit? What resulted from it? 
Whom did Amherst send to assist the Carolinians? What do you know of 
Montgomery's campaign ? Whom did Amherst next send? What do you 
know of Grant's campaign ? \\ 'hat Indian chief resented the transfer of ter- 
ritory to the English? What do you know of Pontiac's conspiracy? How 
many forts fell into his hands? What do you know of the battle of Bushy 
Run ? Where, when, and by whom was the treaty of peace signed ? 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

Definition of Words. — Relinquishment, transmit, devising, staple, re- 
sources, lucrative, restrict, sectional, assigned, industrial, antagonism, exert, 
culminating, wreak, disposition, regicide, tendency, institute, hospitality, 
impart, acquisition, mature, indelible. 



THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. I99 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Coffin's "Old Times in the Colonies," Cook's "Virginia," Eggleston's 
" Household History of the United States," Oilman's " History of the American People." 

General. — Thackeray's "Virginians" (fiction), " Second Generation of Englishmen in 
America" (Harper's Magazine, July, 1883), Bliss' "Colonial Times on Buzzard's Bay," 
"The Fairfaxes of Yorkshire and Virginia" (Magazine of American History, March, 1SS5). 

Topical. — " Colonial Life," " First College," " First Printing Press," " Plantation Life," 
"Farm Life," "New England Fisheries," "Ship Building," "Colonial Money," "Colo- 
nial Governments," " Pirates," " 'West Indie Trade." 



The Thirteen English Colonies. 

CHAPTER XII. 

Colonial Progress. 

The French and Indian War rendered the English power 
in America supreme. Its bearing upon the development 
of the English colonies was of the highest importance. 
Drawing the colonies together in a common cause, it had 
taught them the benefits of united action, and had brought 
them into closer acquaintanceship with each other. The 
men of the colonial armies had learned from the experienced 
officers sent from England many a valuable lesson in the art 
of war that was shortly to serve them to good purpose, and 
repeated success had inspired them with confidence in 
themselves. 

The cession of Canada to the English insured security to 
the northern frontier. The relinquishment of French forts 
and posts in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys removed the 
barriers that at one time opposed the expansion of the colo- 
nies westward. The conquest of the Indians of the South 
and West cleared the way for the pioneer who was soon to 
make his way across the Alleghanies. 

Greatly had the colonies increased in population since the 
time when a few struggled for existence upon the banks of 
the James. They now numbered almost three millions. 



200 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



Colonial Governments. 
One by one the colonies of England 
had been planted along the Atlantic 
coast, and had finally grouped them- 
selves into thirteen colonial organiza- 
tions, each separate and distinct from 
the others in its relation to the mother 
country. Under the different grants, re- 
linquishments and purchases there had 
come to exist three forms of colonial 
governments. Virginia, New York, 
New Jersey, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, New Hampshire, and Geor- 
gia were Royal Provinces, whose 
governors were appointed by the king. 
Laws were made by a legislative body 
Consisting of two houses, the upper 
one of which was appointed by the 
king; the lower, elected by the people. 
Maryland, Pennsylvania and Dela- 
ware were Proprietary colonies, the 
proprietors exercising appointive pow- 
ers similar to that of the king. Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode 
Island were Charter colonies, and 
under their charters enjoyed many of 
the privileges of self-government, 
such as the choosing of their own 
governors. 



This population had all the 
elements of strength. It had 
been drawn from the liberty- 
loving of all Europe. Land in 
America was easily to be had. 
In Europe it was owned and 
controlled for the most part by 
the higher and titled classes. 
The inducements offered to the 
enterprising and industrious in 
the way of lands and homes 
and undisturbed possession of 
the fruits of their own labor 
were many. The tide of immi- 
gration that set in from Europe 
has not ceased to this day. 

Life in a new region is 
always one of privation and 
hardships. Many a lesson of courage, perseverance, and 
endurance is to be learned of those who first came and wrested 
from the American wilderness permanent abiding places for 
themselves and their posterity. In the generations that fol- 
lowed them we see their traits of character transmitted 
and exhibiting themselves, when called into activity by love 
of liberty, right and country. 

First to confront the early colonists were the problems of 
food and shelter. At first their dwellings were rude affairs. 
Sometimes they were patterned after the barked hut of the 
savage ; sometimes constructed of logs taken from the trees 
felled in clearing the land for cultivation. The furnishings 
were few, and the conveniences for housekeeping fewer still. 
Rude platters and bowls of wood often took the place of 



THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 201 

dishes, and the few utensils brought from the mother country 
served more purposes than one. 

But time brought many improvements. The sawmill was 
introduced at an early day, and neater structures replaced 
the cabins of the first settlers. Cattle, hogs, and horses 
were brought from Europe, and American farm-life be- 
came comfortable and prosperous. The natural resources 
of the country were developed in the several lines of 
agriculture, commerce and manufactures. Those colonies 
whose staple products became profitable articles of export, 
accumulated wealth very rapidly, and the luxuries of life soon 
made their appearance. 

In those days of slow sailing, voyages to and from Europe 
consumed much time. The colonists to a greater or lesser 
extent were thrown upon their own resources for many 
articles of convenience. The necessity of making, originat- 
ing, devising, and substituting frequently arose, and the 
spirit of invention, since become so distinctively American, 
was thus incited to activity. 

QUESTIONS. 

What bearing had the French and Indian war upon the development of the 
English colonies? What taught the colonists the benefits of united action? 
What valuable lessons were learned by the men of the colonial armies? 
What effect had the cession of Canada on the prosperity of the col- 
onies ? The relinquishment of the western posts ? The conquest of the 
western and southern tribes? To what extent had population increased? 
What inducements did America offer to the liberty-loving of Europe? 
What is the condition of life in a new region? What traits of character 
were transmitted to the descendants of the first settlers ? What problems 
were first encountered? What was the nature of the first dwellings? Fur- 
nishings? Conveniences? What improvements were made? What 
advanced American farm life ? What branches of industry were developed? 
How was the spirit of American invention incited to activity ? What do you 
know of colonial governments? How many kinds were there? Describe 
each? 



202 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

The Beginning of American Industries. 

Among the first industries developed in the New World 
were those pertaining to agriculture. Many were the attempts 
of the early colonists to cultivate successfully products for 
export sufficiently staple to command at all times that reve- 
nue without which no colony could hope to attain material 
prosperity. Silk raising, wine making, hemp growing and 
several other agricultural enterprises were attempted, but. in 
none of them was any degree of success attained. 

Virginia was the first to solve the problem with the tobacco 
plant. The first to experiment successfully with it was John 
Rolfe, the husband of Pocahontas. The Virginia colonists 
soon found that with methods of cultivation superior to those 
employed by the Indians, the quality and yield was greatly 
improved. Little by little, the best method of curing the leaf 
became perfected, and at an early day a rigid system of 
inspection was instituted, that permitted only the best quality 
to be exported. Virginia tobacco came into great demand in 
the markets of the world, and as early as 1736 more than 
twenty-five thousand tons of shipping were required to trans- 
port the crop. The industry spread to North Carolina and 
Maryland, where it w r as carried on with like success. 

The early Carolina colonists found sources of great wealth 
in the immense pine forests that covered that part of the 
country. Tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, and lumber were pro- 
duced in abundance, and a lucrative trade sprung up with 
the West Indies. The introduction of rice culture into South 
Carolina marked an era in the development of that colony. 
in 1696 Thomas Smith obtained some seed rice from the 
island of Madagascar, planted it, and made the discovery 
that it did best upon marshy ground. 



THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 



203 




EARLY AMERICAN COINS. 



Plantations were laid out along the rivers and the rice 
industry assumed immense proportions. In the years follow- 
ing the French and Indian War the exportation reached 
nearly seventy million pounds. Charleston soon became a 
center of wealth and refinement, and, with a population of 
fifteen thousand, stood fifth in size of the American cities. 
Indigo was also cultivated with great success. 

A limited quantity of cotton was raised in the Southern 
States ; but the difficulty of separating the lint from the seed 
restricted its cultivation. Inventive talent had not yet devised 
the ingenious contrivance that was afterwards to make this 

o 

the great staple of the South. 



204 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



Colonial Money. 
In the early days trade was a matter 
of exchange and baiter. In Virginia 
tobacco took the place of money; in 
South Carolina rice served the same 
purpose. In the Indian trade leaden 
bullets and peculiar species of shells 
strung together, called by the Indians 
wampum, were used. With the sys- 
tematic storing of carefully inspected 
tobacco in Virginia warehouses came 
the employment of certificates of own- 
ership of stated quantities, which was 
a great advance upon the system of 
having the tobacco change hands. The 
necessity of a medium of exchange 
caused the colonists to use many for- 
eign coins, particularly those of Spain. 
which came by way of the West 
Indies. An attempt was made by 
Virginia in 1645 to establish a mint. 
Massachusetts in 1651 was more suc- 
cessful, and among its earliest coins 
were shillings and sixpences, stamped 
with the device of a pine tree. Lord 
Baltimore established a mint in Lon- 
don for his Maryland colony about the 
year 1659. Paper money was issued 
by Massachusetts as early as 1690, and 
her example was soon followed by 
other colonies. 



The agricultural resources of the Middle colonies were 
developed with great success. Here were numerous well- 
tilled small farms, whose thrifty owners would send their sur- 
plus products to markets and seaport towns. The admirable 
situation of Philadelphia drew to it the produce trade of all 
the surrounding country, and it soon became the largest city 
in America. For the same reason New York became an 
important center and ranked next in size. 

In the development of their resources the people of the 
Northern colonies had much to contend with. Soil and cli- 
mate to a great extent were found unsuited to the produc- 
tion with profit of any great agricultural staple, and little 
more was raised than was 
consumed at home. Hence, 
other pursuits soon claimed 
their attention. All along the 
coast were excellent fishing 
grounds, and much profit was 
found in the catching, curing 
and exporting of fish. The 
New England fisheries were 
rapidly built up and soon 
became famous. With the 
growth of the fisheries came 
the building of fishing vessels, 
which led to development of 
ship building interests. New 
England-built vessels were 
sent to many parts of the world 
and sold with their cargo. 

Much profit was found in 
trade with the Indians and in 
the coasting trade with other colonies. Many articles of con- 



THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES, 



205 



venience were made for the purpose of exchange, and manu- 
factures would have rapidly developed but for the restrict- 
ive policy which England was 



Pirates. 

The commerce of the colonies suf- 
fered greatly from the depredations of 
pirates. Vigorous and systematic 
measures to exterminate them had tobe 
resorted to. After a desperate battle, 
Teach, or Blackbeakd, as he was 
called, was captured at Ocracoke 
inlet in 171S, by Lieutenant May- 
hard, who was sent for the pur- 
pose by Governor Spottswood of Vir- 
ginia. Another, named Steed Bur- 
nett, was captured with all his men 
by Colonel William Khett of 
Charleston, and being found guilty, 
were all hanged. Captain Kid, 
another famous American pirate, was 
captured, taken to London and exe- 
cuted. 



pursuing at the time toward her 
American subjects. A regu- 
lar exchange of commodities 
arose with the West Indies. 
The products of the sugar cane 
raised on those islands became 
most important imports. 



QUESTIONS. 
What colonial industry was first de- 
veloped? What agricultural experi- 
ments failed ? What can you say of 
the development of the tobacco indus- 
try ? Why did Virginia tobacco come into great demand? What source of 
wealth had the Carolina colonists? What can you say of the introduction 
of rice into South Carolina? Why did not cotton become a staple product 
in colonial days? How were the agricultural resources of the Middle col- 
onies developed ? What can you say of Philadelphia? New York? With 
what had the Northern colonists to contend? What industries were devel- 
oped in New England? What can you say of New England fisheries? 
Shipbuilding? Indian trade? Coasting trade? Trade with the West Indies? 
What do you know of colonial money ? Pirates ? 



CHAPTER XIV. 

The Development of Sectional Differences. 
The first grant of American territory that led to perman- 
ent English colonization was a sectional one. By its terms 
the territory granted was divided into South Virginia and 
North Virginia, and assigned to the London Company and 
Plymouth Colony respectively. In the southern portion was 
planted first in point of time the colony of Virginia; in the 
northern, that of Massachusetts. Each of these colonies nat- 



2o6 



PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



Industrial Differences. 
North and South were attaining pros- 
perity along different lines. The in- 
terests of the former lay in com- 
merce, and, in time, in manufacture. 
Those of the latter, in agriculture. 
Pursuits and occupations' re-act upon 
the life and character of a people. 
Hence, as the difference between the 
North and South became more marked 
in their industrial pursuits, so did this 
difference in the character of the peo- 
ple become. Had the interests of the 
two sections been alike, no antagonism 
could ever have arisen. But let an 
effort be made, either through the ma- 
chinery of government or otherwise, to 
promote seemingly the interests of the 
one at the expense of the other, we see 
a natural and logical sequence from 
sectional difference thorough sectional 
antagonism to sectional conflict. 



urally exerted an influence 
upon those that followed, and 
in time each represented, to a 
fair extent, the thought, de- 
velopment and progress of the 
respective sections. 

Both received their first set- 
tlers from England, but the 
elements of population from 
which their immigrants were 
drawn were very unlike. The 
one was loyal to church and 
state, and came to Virginia as 
to another portion of their 
native country, carrying with them a pride in still being 
English subjects. The other was thoroughly dissatisfied with 
the condition of church and state in England, and came to 
Massachusetts as to another country, desiring to place 
themselves far enough beyond English jurisdiction to enable 
them to follow out their stern convictions without interfer- 
ence. 

The two elements in England were opposed to each other, 
the opposition culminating in the Cavalier and Puritan con- 
flict, known as the English Revolution (i642-'48). When 
King Charles I was driven from the throne and put to death, 
Cavalier Virginia sympathized with his followers and offered 
to many a refuge. When the son of the executed monarch 
ascended the throne and proceeded to wreak vengeance upon 
those concerned in the deposition and death of his father, 
Puritan Massachusetts held forth a place of safety, even, as it 
has been stated, affording a place of concealment to three of 
the regicide judges. 









THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 207 

But antagonisms were not carried to the New World ; 
for in time the colonists of both came to have many interests 
in common, to cooperate with and assist each other, to 
meet upon a common ground and regard each other as 
Americans. But for many years vast wildernesses separated 
them, and, thrown upon its own resources, each developed 
its own characteristics. As industrial pursuits developed, 
these characteristics became sectional and manifested them- 
selves particularly in the life and character of the people. 

In the North, the tendency of life was to compact- 
ness. Small farms were grouped together into rural villages 
and cities, and towns sprung into existence up and down 
the coast. In the South, life assumed an entirely different 
character. The introduction of slavery rendered possible the 
cultivation of large tracts of land. The white population was 
thus scattered, and an absence of town life became notice- 
able. Many of the county seats of Virginia and North Car- 
olina consisted but of a courthouse, a jail, an inn, and a store. 
At the close of the French War, Virginia contained the great- 
est number of inhabitants of all the colonies, and yet Nor- 
folk, its largest town, had a population of only seven thou- 
sand, and in Williamsburg, its capital, there were but two 
hundred houses. 

The necessity of education was early recognized in all the 
colonies. The compact settlements of the North made it pos- 
sible to institute common or public schools. The first college 
in America was established at Cambridge, Mass. (1638), 
and the Rev. John Harvard having bequeathed to it his 
books and half of his estate, the college took his name. The 
second was established at Williamsburg, Va. (1693), by 
Rev. James Blair, and, being endowed by the reigning sov- 
ereigns of England, it was named in their honor — William 
and Mary's College. The founding of Harvard College 



2o8 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

was immediately followed by the introduction of the printing 
press, the first of which was set up at Cambridge ( 1639). 

The wealth of Virginia increased very rapidly. The 
grand old manor houses became homes of culture and refine- 
ment, where hospitality was dispensed in a manner so lavish 
that traditions of it are handed down to this day. Earliest of 
all the colonies to become a royal province, it had received a 
number of governors from England, who brought with them, 
and imparted to the colonists, much of the polish, grace and 
courtliness that added so many charms to society in colonial 
Virginia . 

Some few schools were established previous to the found- 
ing of William and Mary's College, but under the conditions 
that then existed, they were not numerous. Opportunities 
for the acquisition of knowledge were not lacking, how- 
ever, for the intellectual development of this colony was 
marked. Among the Virginians who gathered at stated inter- 
vals at the county seat or the capital in the later colonial 
days, were some of the "brightest minds that have adorned 
America. The development of legal talent in Virginia was 
remarkable, and when the learning and skill of the lawyer 
matured into the wisdom of the statesman, the world beheld 
with admiration a senate of peerless men that included Patrick 
Henry, Jefferson, Madison, Lee, Randolph, Pendleton and 
others, whose connection with the history of their country 
has immortalized their names. 

QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of the establishment of the Virginia and Massachu- 
setts colonies? How did the colonists of eacli differ from the other? From 
what opposing elements of English population were they drawn? What do 
you know of the English Revolution? How were the antagonisms lost sight 
of in the New World? What separated the colonies from one another? 
What effect had this limited intercourse on each? What was the differ- 
ence between life in the Northern and in the Southern colonies ? What 



REVIEW OF THIRD PERIOD. 200, 

necessity was early recognized? What do you know of the founding of the 
first American college? The second? The establishment of the first print- 
ing press? What can you say of colonial life in Virginia particularly? What 
opportunities were not lacking? How do we know? What group of great 
statesmen arose in colonial Virginia? 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Name the Indian wars? What can you say of the relations between the 
French and the Indians? The English and the Indians? What do you 
know of King Philip's war? When and where was Graffenreid's colony 
established? Who was Handcock? What do you know of the Tuscaroras? 
The Natchez? What do you know of Bacon's Rebellion? Of the growth of 
liberty in Virginia? Salem Witchcraft? Name the three inter-colonial 
wars. Give cause of each. Principal events of each. What do you know 
of the Spanish troubles in the South? What events immediately preceded 
the French and Indian War? What do you know of the Ohio Company? 
Braddock's defeat? What engagements occurred in the French anc Indian 
war in connection with Fort Du Quesne? Louisburg? Quebec? Fort 
Niagara? Ticonderoga and Crown Point? Name five English generals in this 
war and tell what each did. Four French. What part did young George 
Washington take in this war? Name four peace treaties between France 
and England. What war did each terminate? When was each signed? 
What do you know of the Cherokee war? Of Pontiac? Name and describe 
three forms of colonial governments. What do you know of the progress of 
the English colonies? Of the beginning of American industries? Of the 
differences existing between the sections in colonial times? Of colonial 
money? Pirates? First college? Second college? First printing press? 
What was the largest American city? Second in size? What development 
was remarkable in Virginia? 

REVIEW EXERCISE. 

(BIOGRAPHICAL.) 
For method of using, see page 162. 

Pepperel. Le Feboure. Barba. Braddock. 

Andros. Berkley. Burroughs. Tituba. 

Graffenreid. Barnwell. • Alderman. Spottswood. 

Opitchipan. Rolfe. Sassacus. Opecancanough. 

King Philip. Mason. Uncas. Massasoit. 

Moore. Craven. De Chopart. Perier. 



2IO 



PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 



Harvey. 

Partis. 

Leisler. 

Sutherland. 

Jumonville. 

Lyman. 

Abercrombie. 

Wolfe. 

Ouconostota. 

Burnett. 

Harvard. 



Bacon. 

Cory. 

Phips. 

Dinwiddie. 

Boisehebert. 

Johnson. 

Prideaux. 

Littleton. 

Grant. 

Kid. 

Blair. 



Goodwin. 

Wardwell. 

Warren. 

Half-King. 

Amherst. 

Montcalm. 

Forbes. 

Pontiac. 

Boquet. 

Mavnard. 

Cantey. 



Mather. 

Willard. 

Rhett. 

Franklin. 

Monckton. 

Loudon. 

De Vitre. 

Montgomery. 

Thos. Smith. 

Teach. 

McKay. 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS I, II AND III. 

Definition of Words. — Restricted, subserving, evasion, engender, assail, 
inspire, discrimination, fundamentally, announce, impose, litigants, trans- 
cendant, inherit, reaffirm, dissolve, interpose, conservatively, memorial, 
protest, repeal, instigate, obnoxious, despotic, persistancy, pending, signifi- 
cance, empressment, alleged, violation, extortions, rebate, relinquishment, 
consignee, compliance, annul, concerted, unanimity, remote, impending, 
deliberation, repeal, grievances. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

REFERENCE. — Tyler's "Patrick Henry," Ilildreth's "History of the United States," 
Howitt's "History of the United States," Grahame's "Colonial History of the United 
State ," Higginson's " History of the United States," Hosmer's "Samuel Adams." 

GENERAL.— The "BritLh Yoke" (Harper's Magazine, August, 1SS3), Lodge's " English 
Colonics, ' Greene's " Historical View of the Revolution," Fiske's " Beginnings of the Amer- 
ican Revolution " (Atlantic Monthly, March, 1888), Fiske's " First Years of the Continental 
Congress" (Id., September, inks;), "First Crisis in the American Revolution " (Id., April, 
iSSS), Arnold's " March to Canada" (Magazine of American History, February, 1SS5). 

Topical.—" Navigation Act," " Stamp Act," " Patrick Henry," "James Oiis," "Christo- 
pher Gadsden," "American Revolution, Causes of," "Writs of Assistance," "Congress, 
Second Colonial," "George III, Character of," " Gaspee, Pinning of," " Roston Tea 
Party," "Alamance, Rattle of," "Boston Port Bill," "Committees of Correspondence," 
" Sons of Liberty." 




CRITORUL POSSESSIONS 
1 755, 

SOLE OF MILES 

' ■■"> 40Q~56o 




ENQ-A'ED FOR HAMSELL'S HIGHER HISXQRY QF T.HE.I.LS. 



FOURTH PERIOD. 



REVOLUTION 




The Struggle 

For English Liberty 

in America. 

CHAPTER I 

Commercial Slavery. 

THE improper and oppressive exercise of governmental 
power is tyranny. The setting aside of governmental 
authority is revolution. The one has often resulted from 
the other. We are now to consider an instance known in 
the world's history as The American Revolution. 

The policy of England toward her American colonies had 
long been a source of great dissatisfaction to the colonists. 
The governors sent to rule them were often tyrannical and, as 
often, dishonest. The laws made for their government took 
little consideration of their welfare, restricted their material 
advancement, and tended more and more to reduce them to 
a state of subserviency to the mother country. 

Navigation Acts (1651) compelled the colonists to send 



Ill 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



their products to England, and not to those markets of the 
world where better prices could be obtained. Importation 
Acts (1733) placed heavy restrictions upon their commerce 
with the West Indies. American shipbuilding was discour- 
aged, lest it should interfere with the interests of English ship- 
owners. American manufactures were prohibited ( 1751 ), in 
order that the American market for English goods might not 
be affected. Even trade between colonies was limited as 
much as possible, so that each might deal directly with the 
mother country to the profit of English merchants. 

The colonists did not yield 
perfect submission to these 
measures of oppression. The 
passage of an unjust law would 
be followed by evasions. Its 
enforcement would engender 
much ill feeling. As long as 
the French foe assailed them 
from the north, the colonists 
felt a certain dependence upon 
Great Britain. But that danger 
being removed, they could now 
consider more closely their 
relations to the mother country. 

Moreover, a consciousness 



Two Centers of Political Thought. 
Two centers of political thought 
were slowly crystallizing — the one in 
Virginia and the other in Massachu- 
setts. An enunciation of political 
principles was to emanate from 
each, the successful maintenance of 
which was to mark an era in the pro- 
gress of the human race. From these 
centers was to blaze forth the genius of 
such men as Patrick Henry and James 
Otis, of Thomas Jefferson and the 
Adamses, of Pendleton, Carr, Ran- 
dolph, Lee, Hancock and Mason. 
These were to lead. Long-standing 
dissatisfaction was to culminate in a 
crisis. A step in all solemnity was to 
be taken by the American people, from 
the condition of being governed to that 
nf governing. A transfer of sm ereignty 
was soon to be made ; and the principles 
of self-government were to be given 
to the world. 



of power was rapidly developing with the in- 
crease of population. Success in the Indian 
and Inter-Colonial Wars had inspired self- 
confidence. The conditions of colonial life 
%s had from the first fostered a love of liberty. 
The spirit of American independence was of 
slow and natural growth, and the time was 
near at hand when oppression could no longer be submitted 




JAMES OTIS. 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 21^ 



to; when a discrimination 
between the Englishmen of 
America and the Englishmen 
of England could no longer 
go unquestioned; when the 
principles that underlie Eng- 
lish civil liberty would have to 
be combated for upon Amer- 
ican soil. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is tyranny ? Revolution ? 
What grievances had the American 
colonies against England ? What 
were Navigation Acts ? Importation 
Acts? What restrictions and prohi- 
bitions were placed on the colonies? 
What rendered the colonies less de- 
pendent upon England? What was 
rapidly developing ? What effect had 
success in war on the colonists? The condition of colonial life? What 
time was near at hand ? What do you know of the two colonial centers of 
political thought? What were writs of assistance? By whom were they 
opposed? What question shaped itself in the public mind? 

CHAPTER II. 

Unjust Taxation. 

The lower house of Parliament is known as the House of 
Commons, and constitutes that portion of England's law- 
making body more directly representative of the people. The 
principle had already been established fundamentally in 
their government, that the people of England could not be 
taxed without their own consent; this consent is expressed 
by their representatives in the House of Commons. 

Being Englishmen and free, the colonists had come to 
firmly believe that they, too, could not be taxed without 



James Otis and Writs of Assistance. 
To better enforce the provisions of 
the Navigation and the Importation 
Acts authority was granted to colonial 
courts to issue Writs of Assistance 
(17111 ). These writs were official search 
warrants, empowering officers of the 
king to search private dwellings. Their 
issuance was eloquently opposed by 
James Otis in Massachusetts, and their 
execution was resisted at Boston and 
Salem. The public mind was greatly 
aroused. The eloquence of Otis made 
a deep impression. The question soon 
began to shape itself : "Ought Amer- 
icans SUBMIT TO LAWS IX THE 
MAKING OF WHICH THEY HAVE NO 
SHAKE?" 

The people of England were repre- 
sented in the law-making body known 
as t'.-.e House of Parliament. The 
people of America were represented in 
law-making bodies of their own — the 
Colonial Assemblies. Those who took 
an advanced position upon political 
subjects maintained that the laws of 
each were only operative upon those 
who were represented in it. 



214 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



their own consent, and that this consent could only be 
expressed by the only law-making body in which they were 
represented — the Colonial Assembly. When, therefore, it 
was announced (1764) by Granville, Prime Minister of 
England, that a tax would be imposed upon the colonies, 
and that the imposition would come by act of Parliament 
and not by act of Colonial Assembly, a storm of indignation 
arose throughout the colonies. 

The measure proposed was passed in 1765, and from the 
peculiar way in which the tax was to be collected it is known 
as the Stamp Act. It was received with a burst of indigna- 
tion throughout the colonies. Bells were tolled in Boston 
as for a dire calamity. In New 
York the act was printed and 
circulated under the heading. 
"The Folly of England and 
the Ricin of America." 

Every colony evaded and 
resisted the measure. News- 
papers were printed, and the 
picture of a death's head took 
the place of the required stamp. 
Lawyers agreed to disregard 
the absence of stamps. No 
one would use them. Stamp 
officers were compelled to 
resign. In North Carolina 
Colonel John Ashe, speaker of the Colonial Assembly, 
declared that the people of that colony would resist the 
execution of the law to the death. 

The first formal defiance came from Virginia. There had 
been elected to the Assembly from Louisa county a young 
lawyer named Patrick Henry. When the Assembly con- 
vened, this young orator introduced a series of resolutions 



The Stamp Act. 

Under provisions of the Stamp Act 
every legal document had to be exe- 
cuted upon stamped paper furnished 
by the British government. Kvery 
pamphlet, newspaper and almanac 
published in the colonies had to bear a 
Stamp. The value of the stamps, all 
of which were to come from England, 
ranged from a half penny to six 
pounds. 

It was claimed that the colonies 
should bear a portion of the expense 
incurred by England in the French 
and Indian War, and the imposition of 
this lax was ostensibly to thai end. 
But the colonists had already borne 
more than their proportion, having 
raised, ted and clothed more than 
twenty-five thousand men. The in- 
justice of the measure fell, therefore, 
with all the more force. 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 



215 



Patrick Henry. 
Patrick Henry was born at Studley, 
Hanover county, Virginia, May 29, 
1736. He was chiefly instructed by his 
father, and after engaging in several 
occupations took up the practice of 
law, fitting himself for his professional 
duties in an unusually short space of 
time. His progress was at first slow; 
but a celebrated case, known as 
the Parson's Case, gave him his 
first claim to fame. In thi- case 
the litigants were the people 
and the clergy of Virginia, 
and Henry won a complete 
victory for the former by his 
transcendent eloquence 
against what appeared at 
the time to be hopeless 
odds. Henry was ever 
the friend of popular 
freedom, and did much 
to shape public senti- 
ment and inspire the 
colonists in their resist- 
ance to English oppres- 
sion. He it was who 
boldly uttered : " If we 

vjish to be free zve must 

fight There is no retreat 

but in submission and slavery Our 
chains ar e fo rge d. Th ewar is in e vit- 

able and let it come Is life so dear 

and peace so sweet as to be pur- 
chased at the price of chains and 
slavery t Forbid it, Almighty God! 
I know not what course others may 
take, but as fur me give me liberty or 
giz-e vie death." Henry became the first 
governor of the Commonwealth of 
Virginia. He died in 1799. 



that have since become historical. The tenor of these reso- 
lutions was that Virginians had inherited all the rights of 

English subjects ; that two 

charters had reaffirmed these 

rights ; that the taxation of the 

people by themselves was a 

distinguishing characteristic 

of British freedom ; and that 

the General Assembly of 

the colony had the 

sole right and power 

to levy taxes and 

impositions on 

> the colonists. 

The boldness of 
these resolutions 
awakened a 
fierce debate. 
They were de- 
fended by Henry 
an eloquence almost 
unparalleled in the history of 
American oratory, and were 
adopted. Governor Fanquier, 
exercising the power vested 
in royal governors, dissolved 
the Assembly; but the work 




PATRICK HENRY. 



with 



was done. Virginia had given the signal to the continent, 
and the colonies quickly responded. A congress was pro- 
posed by Massachusetts. South Carolina promptly sec- 
onded the proposition, and sent her liberty-loving patriot son, 
Christopher Gadsden, to take part in the proceedings. 



2l6 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



The Stamp Act Congress. 
The congress assembled in New 
York city October 7, 1765. All the col- 
onies were represented except New 
Hampshire, Virginia and North Car- 
olina, whose governors had interposed 
obstacles in the way of electing dele- 
gates. Resolutions of the same nature 
as those of Henry, but more conserva- 
tively worded, were adopted, and re- 
spectful memorials and protests to king 
and Parliament were drawn up. This 
congress is known as the Second 
Colonial Congress, or the Stamp Act 
Congress. 



One year after its passage 
the Stamp Act was repealed 
(March 18, 1766), to the great 
joy of America. But with 
the repeal was passed a De- 
claratory Act, asserting that 
Parliament had a right to 
make laws for the colonists in 
every case whatsoever, and the 
next year (1767), instigated 
by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, a 
Revenue Act was passed, imposing a duty upon wine, oil 
and fruit, and upon tea, glass, lead, paper and paint. 

The same principle for which the colonists were contend- 
ing was involved — no taxation without representation. 
The same strong opposition was awakened. Samuel 
Adams drew up the protests of Massachusetts. The Virginia 
Assembly denounced the Act. Again dis- 
solved by the governor, it repaired to the 
Raleigh Tavern, near by, and continued to 
hold meetings. 

The colonists agreed to import nothing 
from England until obnoxious measures were 
repealed. The carrying out of this non- 
importation policy greatly affected the trade 
of the London merchants, and influence was brought to bear 
upon Parliament. The act was repealed, with the exception 
of the tax on tea. It was thought that surely the colonies 
would thus be placated, and the claimed right of Parliament 
be maintained. The tax was insignificant, but the conten- 
tion was for a principle, not for a tax reduction, and a 
direct issue was made. 




SAMUEL ADAMS. 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 21 7 

QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of the House of Commons.-' What principle had been 
established in the English government? How are the people of England 
represented? How were the colonists? What measure caused great indig- 
nation? Why? When was it passed? What do you know of the Stamp Act? 
How was it received in America? How was it evaded? From what colony 
came the first formal defiance? What do you know of Patrick Henry? What 
resolutions were drawn up by him? What did Governor Fanquier do upon 
the adoption of these resolutions? What was proposed by Massachusetts? 
What do you know of the Stamp Act Congress ? When was the Stamp Act 
repealed? What was the Declaratory Act? Revenue Act? What principle 
was involved? What opposition to these acts was encountered? What 
policy was pursued by the colonists? How did parliament seek to placate 
the colonies without receding from its claimed right of taxing ? 

CHAPTER III. 

Agitation. 
By the time George III assumed the crown of England 
(1760), the British people had come to be the freest in 

Europe. As the privileges 
enjoyed by subjects increased 
in number, despotic power on 
the part of kings diminished. 
It was the great ambition of this 
king to increase his power — 
to be a king in fact as well as 
in name. With this ambition 
went a dense ignorance of the 
character of his American sub- 
jects, and a stubborn persis- 
tency in adhering to a policy 
once formed. Thus it was 
that he instigated and author- 



significance of the Pending Contest. 
The contest in which the colonists 
were now engaged was of deeper sig- 
nificance than many suppose. It was 
a contest upon American soil for 
English liberty. A great writer has 
said that it is impossible for a free 
people to govern despotically a de- 
pendent people without endangering 
their own freedom. The setting aside 
of the lights of the English in America 
would have prepared the way for the 
revoking oj dearly-bought civil privi- 
leges of the English in England. 
Many wise statesmen recognized this, 
and there arose friends of America, 
such as Pitt, Burke, Barre and oth- 
ers in Parliament, who opposed all op- 
pressive measures. But the measures 
of the king, shaped by his ministry, 
generally prevailed. 



ized many measures that a wiser monarch would have avoided. 

The spirit of resistance throughout the colonies steadily 

grew in strength. The impressment of several citizens of 



2l8 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 






Boston as seamen by the British ship of war Romney; the 
seizure by a crew from the same vessel of the sloop Liberty, 
belonging to John Hancock of Boston, for alleged violation 
of the revenue laws; the quartering of two regiments of 
soldiers (1768) in Boston to intimidate the people; the 
street conflict between these soldiers and citizens, known as 
the Boston massacre (1770), which resulted in the killing of 
four and wounding of seven of the latter; the capture and 
burning, by the colonists of Rhode Island, of the eight-gun 
schooner Gaspee (1772), that was engaged in oppressively 
enforcing the revenue act — all marked the progress of events 
to a crisis. 

The removal of all duties 
except that on tea did not mend 
matters. The colonists refused 
to import tea from England 
and smuggled it from Holland. 



The trade of English tea mer- 



Battle of Alamance. 
Resistance in North Carolina at one 
time reached open rebellion. The 
hardy farmers living in the hack coun- 
ties, goaded to desperation by the ex- 
tortions and oppressions of officials, 
rose in revolt. An organization ex- 
isted among these farmers, called the 
Regulators, who, to the number of 
about twelve hundred, engaged the 
royal Governor, Tkyon, in a bloody 
conflict at Alamance ( 1 771 ) , in what is 
now Orange County. They were, 
however, repulsed with severe loss, 
and Tryon followed up the victory 
with many acts of cruelty. 



chants was suffering greatly. 

The shrewd plan was devised 

of granting shippers a rebate 

upon tea sent to America. 

This rebate enabled the tea, despite the importation tax, to 

be sold there cheaper than in either England or Holland. 

Thus was the endeavor made to buy from the colonists the 

relinquishment of the one principle for which they were 

contending; but it availed little. 

Ships loaded with tea set sail for the four ports — Bos- 
ton, Philadelphia, New York and Charleston. Before their 
arrival a general plan of action was agreed upon. The con- 
signees of Philadelphia, New York and Charleston resigned 
their commissions in compliance with the popular demand. 
The consignees at Boston refused to do so. The Massa- 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 



219 



chusetts colonists, headed by Samuel Adams, demanded that 
the tea-laden vessels in the port of Boston return to Eng- 
land. The demand not being complied with, a party of men, 
about fifty in number, disguised themselves as Mohawk 
Indians, took forcible possession of the vessels one night, 
and, tearing open the hatches, emptied the contents of three 
hundred and forty-two chests into the sea. 

This act of the Boston Tea Party, as it was called, was 
liberally applauded throughout America. In England it 
was looked upon as riot and lawlessness, and awakened 
much anger. The Prime Minister, now Lord North, 
determined to humble the Massachusetts colony, and show 
its people how all-powerful a government can be. The 
Boston Port Bill (1774), closing up the port of Boston; 

the Regulating Act, annull- 
ing the charter of Massachu- 
setts and destroying its free 
government; and acts provid- 
ing for the quartering of sol- 
diers in Boston, and prohibit- 
ing the trial in Massachusetts 
of any revenue officer, soldier 
or magistrate, for murder, 
were passed (1774). Thus 
was it that the northern colony 
was singled out to bear the 
brunt of English anger. 

But sympathy for suffering 
Boston poured in from all sides. Marblehead offered 
her wharves free of charge to the Boston merchants. 
Provisions and supplies in great abundance were sent over- 
land from all colonies, even so remote a colony as South 



Committees of Correspondence. 
The necessity of concerted action on 
the part of the colonies was for some 
time realized. The first step to this end 
was taken when young Dabney Carr, 
a member of the Virginia Assembly, 
proposed in that body the organization 
of a committee to correspond with like 
committees of other colonies upon 
matters pertaining to the general 
welfare (March, 1773). The measure 
was supported by Patrick Henry and 
Richard Henry Lee, and speedily 
met with favor in the othercolonies. A 
system of inter-colonial committees 
of correspondence was therefore 
instituted, and the colonies were 
brought into close communication with 
each other. Thenceforth they were to 
act with unanimity. Massachusetts had 
already a similar plan in operation 
among her cities and towns. 



220 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



Carolina making contribu- 
tions. Warm words of en- 
couragement went up from 
Virginia. Washington offered 
to equip, at his own expense, 
one thousand men and march 
to the relief of Boston if neces- 
sary. "An attack upon 
Massachusetts," said Henry, 
"is an attack upon Virginia." 
A day was set apart for fasting 
and prayer, to invoke the Al- 
mighty to avert the impending 
calamity to civil liberty. 



The First Continental Congress. 
An impulse was felt to come together 
for solemn consultation. Virginia 
directed her Committee of Correspond- 
ence to propose a general Congress of 
the colonies (May 27, 1774). This First 
Continental Congress assembled 
at Philadelphia, in Carpenter's Hall 
(Septembers, 1774). It was composed 
of the most eminent men the colonies 
produced, and, in average of ability 
and intelligence, had never yel been 
equaled by any representative gather- 
ing of which anything is known. PEY- 
TON Randolph of Virginia was chosen 
president. The deliberations of this 
body resulted in an agreement to have 
no intercourse with England until all 
offensive acts were repealed; in the 
issuance of addresses to the king, to 
the British people, and to the colonics, 
setting forth formally colonial griev- 
ances; and in the recommendation that 
another congress assemble in May 
following. 



QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of the character 
of George III ? To whom was the pending contest important besides to 
Americans? What steps marked the progress of events to a crisis ? What 
do you know of the battle of Alamance? How did the colonists meet the 
removal of all duties except that on tea? What shrewd plan was devised? 
Why? To what ports was tea shipped? What do you know of the Boston 
Tea Party? I low was it regarded in America? In England? What acts 
were passed to humble Massachusetts? What do you know of the 
organization of committees of correspondence? What effect had these 
committees upon the colonies? How did the other colonies show sym- 
pathy for Massachusetts? What do you know of the First Continental 
Congress ? 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS IV AND V. 
Geography. — Upon a map of Massachusetts note the position of I Boston. 
Concord. Lexington. What direction from Boston is Lexington ? What 
States border Massachusetts ? Where are the Green Mountains ? What 
direction from Boston is Ticonderoga, N. V.? Note the nearness of Cam- 
bridge to Boston. Note upon a map of Maine the Kennebec River. 
Chaudiere. Where is Halifax ? Note upon a map of South Carolina the 
position of Charleston. How would a vessel sail from Boston to 
Charleston ? 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 221 

Definition of Words. — Ensue, memorable, munitions, apprised, collision, 
disperse, concentrate, preside, assume, jurisdiction, unanimous, unerring, 
undisciplined, efficiency, allegiance, intercept, abet, inalienable, absolve, 
immunities, virtual, pronounced, concur, spurn, redress, precipitate, sove- 
reignty, drafted, abolish. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Irving's " Life of Washington," Winsor's " Hand book of the Revolution," 
Lossing's "Field Book of the Revolution," Ramsey's " History of the American Revolu- 
tion," Jefferson's " Declaration of Independence," Wilcox's " Mecklenburg Declaration of 
Independence" (Magazine of American History, January, 1SS9). 

General. — Cooper's " Lionel Lincoln" (fiction), Longfellow's "Paul Revere" (poem), 
Coffin's "Boys of '76," Holmes' "Lexington" (poem), "Echoes of Bunker Hill" (Harper's 
Magazine, July, 1S75), Hale's "Life of Washington," Cutter's "Life of Israel Putnam," 
Lawrence's " America in 1776" (Harper's First Century of the Republic), Lanier's " Battle 
of Lexington " (poem). 

Topical. — "Minute Men," "Paul Revere," "General Gage," "Lexington, Battle of," 
" Boston, Siege of," " Israel Putnam," " Ethan Allen," " Bunker Hill, Battle of," " Richard 
Montgomery," "Boston, Evacuation of," "Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence," 
"John Rutledge," "Virginia Bill of Rights," "Richard Henry Lee," " Thomas Jefferson," 
"Declaration of Independence." 

CHAPTER IV. 

Armed Resistance. 

The people of Massachusetts resisted by force the opera- 
tion of the Regulating Act. It was clearly foreseen that an 
armed conflict was about to ensue. Preparations went rap- 
idly forward. Henry's memorable utterance, '''•Liberty or 
Death,'''' became the watchword. Men armed and organized 
themselves in bodies, and took oath to be ready at a minute's 
warnino-. Stores and munitions of war were collected at 
various points. Apprised of these preparations, General 
Gage, the military governor of Massachusetts, hastened to 
fortify the peninsula-neck of Boston. 

A collision with the English troops soon took place. 
Determined to destroy some stores that were collected at 
Concord, near Boston, General Gage dispatched an expedi- 
tion. The road to Concord lay through the little town of 
Lexington. At five o'clock in the morning the British forces 



222 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 




THE CALL TO LEXINGTON. 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 



223 



Paul Revere. 
Gage endeavored to keep his Con- 
cord expedition a secret from the colo- 
nists, but the movements of the British 
were closely watched. The expedition 
set out in the night, but signal lights, 
hung in the tower of Christ Church, 
warned of their departure, and Pali- 
Revere, waiting upon the other side, 
with his horse all bridled and saddled, 
set out immediately upon beholding 
the lights and gave timely warning of 
British approach. 



entered this town and found opposed to them a company of 

one hundred and thirty "min- 
ute men' ' under Captain Par- 
ker. They were ordered to 
diperse by Major Pitcairn of 
the British, and, not comply- 
ing, lire was opened that com- 
pelled them to retreat (April 
19, 1775). Sixteen of the 
minute men were killed. 
The British went on to 

Concord, but much of the 

stores had been removed 

or successfully concealed, 

and little of the purpose 

of the expedition was ac- 
complished. Meanwhile 

the country was aroused, 

and men from surround- 
ing towns poured in with 

astonishing rapidity. The 

British, while searching 

the town, were attacked 

and compelled to retreat. 

The march back was one 

long struggle. The Americans, posting themselves along 

the road, poured volley after volley into the passing British. 

Thoroughly exhausted, and barely escaping capture, the 

expedition finally reached Boston after losing two hundred 

and seventy-three men. 

Now, indeed, was the country aroused. Men from all the 

New England colonies concentrated rapidly about Boston. 

John Stark came from New Hampshire, Nathaniel 




PAUL REVERE WATCHING FOR THE SIGNAL. 



224 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION'. 




THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 



Green from Rhode Island, and Benedict Arnold from 

Connecticut, all leading to the scene of conflict companies 

of recruits and militia. The 

number around Boston soon 

reached sixteen hundred. Gage 

found himself besieged, and war 

had come. 

The need of cannon and muni- 
tions of war suggested to Arnold 
the capture of the well-supplied 
old forts of Ticonderoga and 



Israel Putnam. 
The eagerness of the New England! 
ers to reach the scene and to take part 
in the events that were to follow is in 
stanced in the case of Israi i Pi tnash 
a noted Patriot of Connecticut, who, 
hearing the news <>! Lexington whin 
plowing, dropped the plow handles 

mounted the horse, and in eighteen 
hours traveled the hundred miles inter- 
vening hetween his 1 arm and the Pa- 
triot camp. 



Crown Point. Armed with a colonel's commission, and 






STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 



225 



authority to raise a force of four hundred men among the 
Berkshire Hills of western Massachusetts, he undertook 
their capture. 

A second expedition, composed of Green Mountain 
Boys, under the command of Ethan Allen, had already 
been planned for the same purpose. Arnold overtook this 
expedition, and his commission from Massachusetts not being 
recognized, he joined as a private. Ticonderoga was sur- 
prised and captured (May 10, 
1775), and about the same 
time another party of Green 
Mountain boys, under Seth 
Warner, fared as well with 
Crown Point. A party of his 
Berkshire men arriving, 
Arnold captured the post of 
St. John's, on Lake Champ- 
lain, with its garrison, and 
returned to Boston. 



Commander- 



The Appointment of 
in-Chief. 

On the (lav that Ticonderoga fell, the 
Second Continental Congress assem- 
bled at Philadelphia. Over this body 
John Hancock of Massachusetts was 
called upon to preside, and such men 
as Washington, Franklin, Lee, Henry, 
John and Samuel Adams, Livingston, 
Benjamin Harrison and others took 
part in the deliberations. The Con- 
gress was without the authority of a 
recognized government, and onlv pa- 
triotism compelled obedience t > its 
measures and instructions. It assumed 
jurisdiction over the armed Patriots 
assembled around Boston, who were 
thenceforth to be known as the Conti- 
nental Army. The most important step 
yet taken was the selection of a com- 
mander-in-chief for this army. John 
Hancock aspired to the position; but 
there was one whose fitness, experience 
and ability were so marked that the 
unanimous choice fell upon him, and 
Colonel George Washington, of Vir- 
ginia, became commander-in-chief of 
the American army (June 15, 1775). 
The appointment was accepted in all 
modesty. "Since Congress desire it," 
spoke Washington, "I will enter upon 
the duty and exert every power I pos- 
sess in their service, and for the glo- 
rious cause. But I beg it may be 
remembered by every gentleman in the 
room, that I this day declare, with the 
utmost sincerity, I do not think myself 
equal to the command I am honored 
with." 



QUESTIONS. 

What was now about to ensue? 
What became the watchword? What 
preparations for war were made ? 
What did Gage do? What expedition 
did he send? What do you know of 
the battle of Lexington? What was 
the fate of the Concord expedition? 
What effect had the battle of Lexing- 
ton upon the country? Who collected 
about Boston? What do you know 
of Israel Putnam? From what need 
did the colonists suffer? What do 
you know of the capture of Ticonde- 
roga and Crown Point? Where did 
the Second Continental Congress 



226 



PERIOD OK REVOLUTION. 



assemble? Who presided? Who were among its members? What juris- 
diction did it assume? What important step was taken? How did Wash- 
ington receive his appointment as commander-in-chief of the American 
army ? 

CHAPTER V. 
Independence Declared. 

The forces about Boston were under the temporary com- 
mand of General Artemus Ward, whose headquarters 
were at Cambridge. The set purpose of these forces was to 
compel the British to leave Boston. With this object in view it 
was determined to fortify a position 
overlooking the town, and Bunker 
Hill was selected for the purpose. 
At midnight a 
force of twelve 
hundred men, 
u n d e r Col- 
o N E L P R E s - 
cott, proceed- 
ed to the point 
in question, 
but concluded 
to occupy 
Breed's Hill, 
a little further 



M<. 




FORT'FYIMG BREED'S HILL. 



on. By morning the fortifications were almost finished. 
The British in Boston now numbered some eleven thou- 
sand, Generals Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne having 
arrived from England to cooperate with Gage. The Ameri- 
cans could not be permitted to retain this threatening posi- 
tion, so preparation was made to carry Breed's Hill by storm 
before the fortifications could be further strengthened. 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 



227 



Battle of Breed's Hill. 

By some chance this battle, fought 
on Breed's Hill, has come to be called 
the Battle of Bunker Hill. It was 
a dearly-bought British victory, their 
loss amounting to one thousand and 
fifty-four, while that of the Americans 
was four hundred and forty-nine. Its 
moral effect upon the Americans was 
very beneficial, for it demonstrated 
that provincial and undisciplined 
troops could give battle to British reg- 
ulars, and sustain the conflict with 
coolness and courage. 



Three thousand veterans, 
led by Generals Howe and 
Piggott, crossed the river in 
boats and advanced steadily up 
the hill. The Americans were 
commanded by Prescott, 
Stark and Putnam. Many of 
them were unerring marks- 
men. The British were per- 
mitted to approach very close, when a well aimed volley 

threw them into confusion. A second time they advanced, 

but no troops could stand the galling 

fire that was poured down upon them. 

After some delay the British advanced 

to the third attack. The ammunition 

of the Americans had now given out. 

The support that should have been 

given them from headquarters was 

withheld, and, after a desperate hand- 
to-hand contest, they were compelled 

to fall back (June 17, 1775). 

Washington arrived from Phila- 
delphia and took command of the 

army at Cambridge (July 3). 

The task before him was no small 

one. Out of the raw material 

there assembled he was to 

create an army. Many of the 

men desired to return to their 

homes, for the first burst of ,£m 

enthusiasm inspired by the * * 

battle of Lexington had cooled 

down. Reinforcements from QEORQE WASH,NQTON 0F VIRQIN,A ' commander-n-ch.e, 

OF THE AMERICAN ARMY. 




LaP 1 ' 



228 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



Pennsylvania, Maryland and 
Virginia, under the brave Dan- 
iel Morgan, however arrived, 
and the army was kept to- 
gether. 

Discipline was soon im- 
proved and efficiency in- 
creased. At last Washington 
was ready to begin active 
operations against the British. 
Dorchester Heights, over- 
looking Boston, were fortified. 
The British hardly dared to 
attempt another Breed's Hill 
experience, for they were now 
opposed by an able commander 
and by an army of some organ- 
ization. The abandonment 
of the city was determined 
upon, and the entire British 
force embarked, the greater part of them sailing for Hali- 
fax, N. S. (March, 1776). Washington entered the city 
in triumph, and took possession of much valuable stores 
which the British had found 
impossible to carry away with 
them. 

Sir Henry Clinton had left 
Boston in the January before 
the evacuation with two thou- 
sand men to operate against 
the Southern colonies. He was 
joined off the coast of the 
Carolinas by Sir Peter 
Parker with additional forces 
and ten ships of war. 



Quebec Expedition of Montgomery, 
Arnold and Morgan. 
Morgan and Arnold, with a force, 
were detached from Washington's 
army to cooperate with GENERAL 
Richard Montgomery, who was 
leading an expedition against Can- 
ada from northern New York. 
They proceeded by way of the Ken- 
nebec and Chaudiere Rivers, and 
the journey was made through the 
wilds of Maine in the dead of win- 
ter. The march occupied thirty-three 
days, and such were its fatigue and hard- 
ship that more than two hundred per- 
ished, and many others returned. 'With 
seven hundred gaunt and suffering men 
the indomitable leaders reached Que- 
bec, and were joined by General Mont 
gomery,who had succeeded in captur- 
ing Montreal (November, 1775). Que- 
bec was defended by Sir Guy Carle- 
ton. The ci y was stormed from dit- 
ferent points (December 31) with great 
gallantry, and narrowly escaped cap- 
ture. Montgomery was killed, Arnold 
wounded and Morgan was captured, 
but was afterwards exchanged. The 
expedition proved fruitless. 



Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, N. C. 
In the interior of the country there- 
were many sturdy Scotch settlers, who, 
not having yet imbibed the spirit of 
American resistance, could not re- 
nounce their allegiance to George 111, 
and who proposed to show their loyalty. 
A force of sixteen hundred of them pro- 
ceeded to the coast to welcome Clinton, 
but they were intercepted at Moore's 
Creek Bridge (February 27, 1776) 
by Colonel Richard Caswell with 
one thousand militia. The Scots were 
routed after a fierce engagement, the 
Patriots taking nine hundred prisoners 
and capturing two thousand stands of 
arms. 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 



229 



Sergeant Jasper. 
During the bombardment Sergeant 
Jasper performed a brave deed that 
has come to be 
handed down 
as a matter of 
history. A ball 
from the enemy 
had torn the 
flag of the fort 
from its fasten- 
ing, and it lay 
without the 
fortificati ons. 
Undaunted by 
the hot fire 
from the fleet 
the brave ser- 
geant leaped 
over the para- 
pet, seized the 
flag, and affix- 
ing it to a 
sponge staff, 
set it up in full 
view, so that 
enemy and 
friend alike 
could see that it 
had not gone 
down in defeat. 
For this deed 
he was offered 
a lieutenant's 
commission by 
Governor 
rutledge, 
but modestly 
declined it. 



When Clinton and Parker 
approached Charleston they 




SERGEANT JASPER REPLACING THE FLAG. 



found the city defended by a fort upon Sullivan's Island. 
This fort was built of palmetto logs, and, in honor of its 
commander, was called Fort Moultrie. A fierce bombard- 
ment was opened upon it (June 28), but Colonel Moultrie 
promptly responded with such good effect that the enemy 
was compelled to withdraw, and Charleston was saved. 

The question of a total separation from England had not 
yet fully entered into the contest. But the idea of American 
independence boldly advocated in public speech by 



23° 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 




COLONEL MOULTRIE. 



Christopher Gadsden at Charleston as early as 1766, was 
gaining ground rapidly. The news of Lexington had 
scarcely reached North Carolina when 
Patriots of Mecklenburg county assem- 
bled in convention at Charlotte, and 
passed formal resolutions ( May 20, 1775) 
that were a virtual declaration of inde- 
pendence. In March of the succeeding 
year South Carolina organized an inde- £jf$* 
pendent State Government, with John 4$ 
Rutledge as President, and Henry ' 
Laurens as Vice-President. 

In April, 1776, North Carolina took the first pronounced 
step toward the independence of all the colonies, by empower- 
ing her delegates in Congress to concur with the delegates from 
the other colonies in declaring independence. Virginia fol- 
lowed closely by passing resolutions, drawn up by Pendleton 
and introduced by Thomas Nelson, instructing her delegates 
to propose to Congress that it declare the colonies free and in- 
dependent States (May 25, 1776), and shortly after adopted a 
Bill of Rights (June 15), and a Constitution (June 29). 
under which the Commonwealth was 
organized, with Patrick Henry as the 
first governor. 

In accordance with the instructions 
of Virginia, Richard Henry Lee moved 
in the Continental Congress (June 7, 
1776), assembled at Philadelphia : 
'■'■That these United Colonics are and 
ought to be free and independent States, 
and that all political connection between 
them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be dis- 
solved" The motion was seconded by John Adams of Mas- 




JOHN RUTLEDGE. 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 23I 



Mecklenburg Resolutions. 

First. Resolved, that whoever direct- 
ly or indirectly abetted, or in any way, 
form or manner, countenanced the un- 
chartered and dangerous invasion of 
our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, 
is an enemy to this country, to America, 
and to the inherent and inalienable 
rights of man. 

Second. Resolved, that we, the citi- 
zens of Mecklenburg county, do here- 
by dissolve the political bands which 
have connected us to the mother coun- 
try, and hereby absolve ourselves from 
all allegiance to the British crown, 
and abjure all political connection 
with that nation, who have wantonly 
trampled on our rights and Liberties, 
and inhumanly shed the innocent blood 
of American Patriots at Lexington. 

Third. Resolved, that we do hereby 
declare ourselves a free and independ- 
ent people, and of right ought to be a 
sovereign and self-sustaining associa- 
tion, under the control of no power 
other than that of our God and the 
general government of Congress; and 
to the maintenance of which indepen- 
dence we solemnly pledge to each other 
our mutual cooperation, our lives, our 
fortunes and our most sacred honor. 

Fourth. Resolved, that as we now 
acknowledge the existence and control 
of no law or legal officer, civil or mili- 
tary, within this county, we do hereby 
ordain and adopt as a rule of life all 
such and every of our former laws, 
wherein, nevertheless, the crown of 
Great Britain never can be considered 
as holding rights, privileges, immuni- 
ties or authority therein. 

Fifth. Resolved, that it is further 
decreed that all, each and every mili- 
tary officer in this county is hereby 
reinstated in his former command and 
authority, he acting conformably to 
these regulations, and that every one 
present of this delegation shall here- 
after be a civil officer, viz. : a justice of 
the peace, in the character of a "com- 
mittee man," to issue process, hear 
and determine all matters of con- 
troversy according to said adopted 
laws, and to preserve peace, union and 
harmony in said country ; and to use 
every exertion to spread the love of 
country and fire of freedom throughout 
America, until a more general and 
organized government be established 
in this province. 



sachusetts, who, in the many 
days' debate that ensued, sus- 
tained the measure with an elo- 
quence that led to its adoption. 
The subject was one upon 
which the people of the colo- 
nies were not unanimous. 
Although eagerly contending 
for their rights, many were 
bound to the mother country 
by ties of interest and affection. 
But the king had spurned every 
petition for a redress of griev- 
ances, and an armed conflict 
had been precipitated upon 
America. This conflict was re- 
bellion as lon<£ as the sover- 
ignty of the king was in the 
least considered. A formal 
declaration of independence 
would transfer this sovereignty 
to themselves, to maintain 
which the contest could the 
better be continued. The 
choice was a return to oppres- 
sion with added humiliation, 
or freedom and independence. 
The measure was adopted 
(July 2), and a Declaration of 
Independence, drafted by 
Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, 



1%1 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

signed by representatives of all the colonies, and proclaimed 
to the country (July 4, 1776). 

The hall in which Congress was holding its memorable meet- 
ings was thenceforth known as Independence Hall. The 
bell that proclaimed the glad tidings of the declaration is to 
this day treasured as the Old Liberty Bell, although its 
sides are cracked and its voice hushed. Thenceforth the 
fight was to be not for English right, but for American free- 
dom. With the Declaration were given to the world the great 
principles that were to be maintained by American arms: 
"All men are created equal. Life, liberty, and the -pursuit 
of happiness are inalienable rights. Government derives 
its just power from the consent of the governed. The rigid 
of the people it is to abolish or alter any form of government 
destructive of their rights, safety, and happiness. " 

QUESTIONS. 

Who held temporary command until Washington arrived? What opera- 
tions were begun? What British reinforcements arrived? What do you 
know of the battle of Bunker Hill? Who led the British? Americans? What 
was the loss of each? To what was British success due? What effect had 
the battle upon the Americans ? What difficulties presented themselves to 
Washington? When did he take command? What reinforcements did he 
receive? What do you know of the Quebec expedition? What were its 
results? What operations did Washington begin against Boston? What 
resulted? When did the British leave Boston? Where had Sir Henry 
Clinton gone? What do you know of the siege of Fort Moultrie ? Sergeant 
Jasper? Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge? What idea was gaining ground 
in America? What was the Mecklenburg Declaration? What was the first 
State government organized? What did North Carolina empower her dele- 
gates to do? Virginia? When? What resolutions were introduced in 
Congress by Lee? Why? What do you know of the adoption of the Ameri- 
can Declaration of Independence? Who drafted the Declaration? What 
great principles did it enunciate? 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 
What became of James Otis / Who were the "Sons of Liberty " ? What is a 
" Liberty Tree " ? Why did Sergeant Jasper decline promotion ? Who said: " If tin's 
be treason, make the most of it"? What eminent American fell at the Battle of Bunker 



STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 



233 



Hill ? Upon what island was Fort Moultrie built ? Whom did the Continental Congress 
appoint Major Generals under Washington ? Where is the "Old South Church," and 
why famous ? Raleigh Tavern ? Who draw up the Mecklenburg Resolutions ? When 
was the Bunker Hill monument built ? 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 



TO CHAPTERS VI AND VII. 



Geography. — Upon the accompanying map note the position of Boston. 
The following chapters will tell of a battle fought at the point named 
Long Island. From 
here Washington 
will cross to New 
York, retreat up the 
east bank of the 
Hudson, cross this 
river and enter New 
Jersey. What river 
separates New Jersey 
from Pennsylvania? 
Note the 
of Fort W 
ton, Tre 
Princeton 
Morristow 
Note the 
nearness 




Trace the route of an army going from Oswego to Bemis Heights, as far as 
Fort Schuyler and Oriskany. Note the position of Bennington. Saratoga. 
Definition of Words. — Dispel, cabal, conspiracy, precipitous, matured, 
indecisive, impulse, alliance, anticipate, insurmountable, rallying. 



234 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

The War for American Independence. 

CHAPTER VI. 

The War in the North. 

British reinforcements arrived in America, and Wash- 
ington soon became apprised of a designed attack upon 
New York. Hastening from Boston to the defense of that 
city, he posted about four thousand men under Gen- 
erals Sullivan, Stirling, and Putnam on Long Island. 
near Brooklyn. General Howe soon arrived from Hali- 
fax, and General Clinton, from Charleston, 
where he had been repulsed. Ten thousand 
Hessians and English, under Grant and 
Von Heister, were landed. A battle ensued, 
in which the Americans suffered terrible 
defeat. By the greatest good fortune Wash- 
ington was enabled to withdraw his forces 
de kalb. secretly across the river, hidden by a fog, 

before the British followed up the victory with capture of 
the whole American army. 

Washington was now forced to evacuate New York. He 
was followed by the British, and in a skirmish at Harlem 
Heights gained the advantage over them. Both armies now 
maneuvered for positions, and at White Plains (September 
28) the Americans were again defeated. Crossing the Hud- 
son, Washington posted himself at Fort Lee. Directly oppo- 
site stood Fort Washington, to defend which Colonel Ma- 
caw had been left with three thousand men. This fort, with 
its whole garrison, fell into the enemy's hands (November 16), 
and the victory was followed by the capture of Fort Lee. 

Washington retreated into New Jersey closely pursued by 
Cornwallis and Kxvimi auskn. Reverses had discouraged 




THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 



235 



many, and his forces were reduced to three thousand. 

Across the State he hastened, and, reaching the Delaware, 

crossed to the other side (Decem- 
ber 8), taking the precaution of 
placing all the boats for miles up 
and down the stream beyond the 



The Hessians. 



Both the people of America and the 
sopleoi England were divided among 
lemselves on the question of the war 
aw pending between the two coun- 
ies. In America those who favored 
dependence were 
illed Patriots. 
hose who, from 
irious motives, 
It no desire to 
row. off allegi- 
lce to the British 
rown, were called 
ories. On the 
her hand the war 
as very unpopu- 
r with the people 
England. The 
ng found it so 
fficult to recruit 
is armies for 
merican service 
at he was com- 
•lled to hire sol- 
iers of other 
>wers. Russia, 
iplied to, indig- 
antly declined. 
lie rulers of sev- 
al petty German 
tates, among 
Inch were Hesse - 
assel, Hesse- 
anau, were, how- 
er, willing to hire 
eir men, and fur- 
shed twenty thou 
.nd, under four 
:perienced gene- 
ils, Riedesel, 

NYPHAUSEN, 

ON Heister and 

ONOP. 




reach of the pursuing British. 
Concluding to wait until the 
river should freeze sufficiently to 



THE ADVANCE ON TRENTON. 



236 



PRRIOD OF RK VOLUTION. 




COUNT PULASKI. 



enable his army to cross, Cornwallis quartered his men in 
the several villages and towns near by. 

Hearing that the enemy's forces were thus divided, Wash- 
ington determined to strike a quick, bold blow upon one of 
the divisions. Crossing the river at night, amid the drifting 
ice he marched with two thousand four hundred men upon 
Trenton, where Colonel Raul and some two 
thousand Hessians 'were encamped. The 
advance was made through a blinding snow- 
storm, and the surprise was complete (De- 
cember 26). Rahl was mortally wounded, 
and more than one thousand captured. By 
morning the Americans were safe on the 
other side of the river with their prisoners. 
The victory at Trenton gave new life to the American 
cause, for it dispelled much of that gloom that had settled 
upon the country. Many enlisted, and with increased force 
Washington was enabled to enter New Jersey and take the 
offensive. Cornwallis fell back to Princeton, and, receiving 
heavy reinforcements, advanced upon the American position 
near Trenton. A preliminary skirmish took place (January 
2, 1777) with the advantage in favor of the Patriots. Accord- 
ing to the plans of Cornwallis the main engagement was to 
take place the next day. 

Again did Washington distinguish himself by a feat of 
good generalship. A part of the British forces had remained 
at Princeton and were to arrive to take part in the battle. 
Washington determined to attack this force, but the enemy 
in his front must know nothing of his movement. Quietly 
was the baggage of the Americans removed to a safe place, 
and, leaving the camp fires burning, the Patriots quietly 
withdrew, and by morning were at Princeton. The British 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 



237 



Foreigners in the American Army. 

The gallant struggles of the Ameri- 
cans were winning the admiration of 
Europe. Frederick the Great of Prus- 
sia saw much to applaud in the 
achievements of Washington, Arnold 
and other generals. A number of 
foreigners joined the American army 
and did valiant service in the cause of 
liberty. Among these were the French 
nobleman, Lafayette ; the Poles, 
Pulaski and Kosciusko, and the 
Germans, De Kalb and Steuben. 



forces were up and about to march forward to join Corn- 

wallis. The action that ensued 
was hotly contested (January 
3). The personal bravery of 
the commander-in-chief did 
much toward winning the vic- 
tory, and with a loss of some 
four hundred men the British 
were routed. Cornwallis, hear- 
ing the sound of distant can- 
non, hastened to the rescue, but arrived too late. Both 
armies now went into winter quarters — the 
Americans at Morristown Heights. 

When operations were resumed Wash- 
ington soon found himself called to the 
defense of Philadelphia. Eighteen thou- 
sand British put to sea from New York, 
and landed at Elktown, Maryland, seventy 
miles from the city (August 25, 1777). An steuben. 

engagement took place at Chad's Ford, on Brandywine 
Creek (September 11), and, greatly outnumbered, the 
Americans were compelled to fall back, after making a 

creditable resistance. The 
British entered Philadelphia 
in triumph. Congress was 
compelled to adjourn to Lan- 
caster (September 26), and 
shortly after to York. 

The main body of the British 
encamped at Germantowx, 
six miles from Philadelphia. Here they were attacked, but 
without success (October 3), the Americans losing more than 




Invasion from the North. 
During the early part of 1777 a pow- 
erful British expedition was organizing 
in Canada underSiR John Burgoyne 
for the purpose of invading New York. 
Preparations to meet the invaders 
were made by Generals Schuyler 
and Arnold, Washington sending them 
from time to time such forces as he 
could spare from his army operating in 
New Jersey. 



2 3 8 



PKKIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



eleven hundred men. The British soon obtained control of 
the Delaware, Forts Mercer and Mifflin falling into their 
hands, not without the brilliant repulse of Donop by Gen- 
eral Greene in a preliminary engagement ( October 22 ) . The 
Patriots now retired to Valley Forge, and passed the long, 
desolate winter in gloom and suffering. Man}' were without 
shoes, most were inadequately supplied with clothing, all were 




ST VALLEY FORG5 



3TEUBEN INSTRUCTING THE PATRIOTS. 



without sufficient food. Their privations tested their forti- 
tude and patriotism to the utmost. 

At Valley Forge the Americans were joined by Baron 
Steuben, an eminent and experienced German general, 
who enlisted himself in the American cause. Steuben was 
of inestimable service in reorganizing the army and drilling 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.. 239 



The Conway Cabal. 
A famous and unsuccessful con- 
spiracy to displace Washington, known 
as the Conway Cabal, was brought to 
light about this time. It amounted to 
nothing for Congress had full confi- 
dence in him, his men all loved him, and 
the whole country realized, even in its 
day of darkest gloom, that none in his 
position could have better encountered 
the many difficulties with which he 
was continually beset; could have bet- 
ter held together his 1 i t tie army and 
saved them from destruction in the face 
of overpowering numbers; could have 
shown more indomitable qualities in 
the midst of defeat than this American 
Fabius, as he has admiringly been 
called. 



the men according to the most 
approved methods of war, and 
when operations were again 
resumed the good results of 
his labors were clearly seen. 



QUESTIONS. 

What city now became the objective 
point of military operations? What 
do you know of the battle of Long 
Island? Harlem Heights? White 
Plains? What do you know of the 
Hessians ? What was the fate of Fort 
Washington? What do you know of 
Washington's retreat across New Jersey? Who pursued him? What 
.-topped the pursuit? What do you know of the victory at Trenton? What 
was its effect on the American cause? What do you know of the victory at 
Princeton? Where did the Americans spend the winter after the battle of 
Princeton? Name some foreigners who took part in the American cause? 
What city was Washington called upon to defend when operations were 
resumed? What do you know of Washington's defense of Philadelphia? 
What battle was fought before the city fell? After? What forts on the 
Delaware fell into the hands of the British? What victory did Greene 
gain? What do you know of the sufferings at Valley Forge? What valua- 
ble service did Steuben here render? What do you know of the Conway 
Cabal ? 

CHAPTER VII. 

The First Great Victory. 

The force with which Burgoyne started from Canada to 
invade New York consisted of more than eight thousand Eng- 
lish and Hessians. Forts Crown Point (June 16), Ticon- 
deroga (July 5), and Edward (July 30) fell successively into 
his hands, resistance being encountered by him at Ticon- 
deroga only, where General St. Clair opposed him unsuc- 
cessfully with three thousand men. 



240 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



As Burgoyne journeyed 
southward preparations were 
made to receive him. Forti- 
fications were erected upon 
Bemis Heights, near Sara- 
toga, by Kosciusko, and the 
capable and energetic General 
Schuyler succeeded in collect- 
ing and organizing a consider- 
able force. In this he was ably 
assisted by Generals Arnold, 
Lincoln, and Morgan. 

The plans of battle were all 
matured, when, at the last 
moment, Schuyler was un- 
justly deprived of command, 
and Gates, a general of little 
real ability, put in his place. 
Holding 1 the welfare of his 
country above his personal 
advancement Schuyler gener- 
ously proffered his services to 
his successor, which Gates 
slightingly declined. On the 
19th of September the two 
armies came together in battle. Most of the fighting on the 

American side was done by that 
part of the army over which 
Arnold held command, and, 
for hours, he repeatedly re- 
pulsed the British advance; 
Gates rendering but little assist- 
ance and encouragement. The result was indecisive. It was 
held that had Arnold received the proper reinforcements, a 



Fort Schuyler, Oriskany and 
Bennington. 
It was expected that many Tories 
and Indians would join Burgoyne along 
the route, and for the purpose of secur- 
ing recruits of this kind a minor expedi- 
tion, under Colonel St. Leger, as- 
cended the St. Lawrence River to Lake 
Ontario, landed at Oswego and pro- 
ceeded eastward down the Mohawk 
Valley to effect a junction with Bur- 
goyne's army on the Hudson. Fort 
Schuyler, garrisoned by the American 
Colonel Gansevoort and seven hun- 
dred men, lying in the way of their 
march, was besieged and a force of mili- 
tia, under brave General Herkimer, 
attempting its relief , was defeated at tiie 
battle of Oriskany. Arnold, from the 
Hudson River, then advanced to the 
relief of the fort. His forces were small, 
yet he succeeded by stratagem in 
spreading the impression in St. Leger's 
camp that the approaching Americans 
were overwhelmingly numerous. St. 
Leger's allies deserted him and he was 
compelled to beat a precipitous retreat, 
leaving much of his supplies in the 
hands of the besieged. As Burgoyne's 
army proceeded on its way a body of 
troops, under Colonel Balm, was 
detached to capture and destroy some 
stores that had been collected at 
Bennington, Vt. A body of New 
Hampshire militia, under Colonel 
Stark, hastily gathered, and the on- 
coming British were met and severely 
repulsed (August 15), losing more 
than eight hundred men. 



Arnold Displaced. 
The brilliant achievement of Arnold 
in this battle, receiving its deserved 
credit, the jealousy of his command- 
ing officer was awakened. An un- 
pleasant consequence was that Arnold 
was deprived of command before the 
next engagement took place. 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 



24I 





BURQOYNE. 



complete victory would have been won. 
A second battle was soon fought (Oct. 7). 
The British were led by Generals Philips, 
Riedesel and Fraser, three of the most 
skillful generals ever sent to America. 
The field was hotly contested. For some 
time Arnold looked on, but, unable to 
gates resist his impulses, he rushed into the 

thickest of the action without authority. His men received 
him with loud hurrahs, and his leadership of them turned the 
tide to complete victory. Burgoyne retreated 
to Saratoga, where he was surrounded, his 
supplies cut off, and he was at last compelled 
to surrender (October 17). More than five 
thousand laid down their arms and became 
prisoners of war. 

The alliance with France 
tilled the British at Philadel- 
phia with alarm. Anticipating 
the arrival of the French fleet, 
the English vessels hastily 
cleared for New York, while 
the army proceeded to that 
point overland across New 
Jersey (June 18). Washing- 
ton, who had received rein- 
forcements from the North upon 
the surrender of Burgoyne, now 
followed the British, overtaking 
them at Monmouth, N. J. An 
attack was made (June 28), but 
came near ending in disaster. An 
order of Washington to General 

LHARLES L/EE Deing eitner American flag adopted by congress, 1777. 



The French Alliance. 
France had for some time encour- 
aged the Americans in their hostility 
against her old enemy, England. The 
victory of Saratoga gave such promise 
of success that she was led to enter into 
an alliance with them. Silas Deane, 
Arthur Lee and Benjamin Frank- 
lin, commissioners appointed by Con- 
gress (1776), had endeavored for some 
time to bring about this result. 
They were now successful. Count 
d'Estaing and a fleet were dispatched 
to America, and the Patriot cause was 
greatly strengthened. 




2 4 : 



J'KRIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



mistaken or intentionally ignored, the commander-in-chief 

found that general retreating 

at a most critical time, and 

saved the day only by rallying 

the retreating Americans in 

person. 

Toward the close of the 
year an expedition of great 
importance was planned and 
fitted out by the Common- 
wealth of Virginia. That body 
of land belonging to her, known as the Northwest Terri- 
tory, contained several forts and posts that, having been 



Peace Overtures of England. 
About this time the king and minis- 
try of England began to realize that 
America was not to be easily subdued. 
Overtures were made to the Patriots to 
bring about a peace. Bills conceding 
everything claimed in the past by the 
colonists were passed by Parliament. 
Commissioners were sent to treat with 
Congress. It was, however, too late. 
The war now was not for rights 
claimed, but for American independ- 
ence, and nothing short of its acknowl- 
edgment by Great Britain could end 
hostilities. 



Rhode Island Expedition. 
Upon arrival of the French ileet an 
expedition was planned against New- 
port, R. I., and the land forces sent to 
cooperate were placed under General 
Sullivan. The English Admiral Howe 
sailed from Xew York to give the 
French battle, but a storm separated 
the combatants, doing much damage 
to the vessels of both. Sullivan ,unsus- 
tained, failed in his design, but, being 
al lacked as he was withdrawing, lie 
succeeded in winning a victory from 
his pursuing foes. 



wrested from the French, were 
still held by the English. The 
British governor, Hamilton, 
had in every way encouraged 
the Indians of that region to 
harass the colonists, and Pat- 
rick Henry, Virginia's gover- 
nor, sent Colonel George 
Rogers Clark to drive the 
British from the territory. 
Kaskaskia and Cahokia, in what is now Illinois, and 
Vincennes, Indiana, fell into the hands of the Virginians, and 
Hamilton himself was taken prisoner. The achievement was 
a notable one, and was accomplished in the face of almost 
insurmountable difficulties. The vast territory was wrested 
from British rule and restored to the control of Virginia, 
where it rightly belonged. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of what did Burgoyne's force consist? What do you know of St. Leger's 
expedition? Colonel Baum's ? Who commanded Fort Schuyler? Bywhora 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 243 

was the fort rescued? What forts were taken by Burgoyne? What resist- 
ance was made at Ticonderoga? What preparations were made to rescue 
Burgoyne? By whom was Schuyler succeeded? What can you say of the first 
battle of Saratoga ? The second battle ? What was Arnold's conduct in each? 
What great victory was won by the Americans ? What do you know of the 
French alliance ? What overtures were now made by England? Why did 
the British leave Philadelphia? What battle was fought on their retreat? 
What do you know of the battle of Monmouth ? What do you know of the 
Rhode Island expedition? What important expedition was sent out by the 
Virginia Commonwealth? What do you know of Clark's conquest of the 
Northwest Territory ? 

REVIEW OUTLINE. 



WAR OF THE REVOLUTION — PRINCIPAL BATTLES. 



BRITISH VICTORIES AND GENERALS IN ITALICS. 



THE WAR IN THE NORTH. 

r j April 19 ....LEXINGTON, (Mass.) PARKER SMITH. 

" 775 {june 17 ....BUNKER HILL, (Mass.) PRESCOTT HOWE. 

(Aug. 22 ....LONG ISLAND, (N. Y.) WASHINGTON. .HOWE. 

17761 Sept. 28... .WHITE PLAINS, (N. Y.) WASHINGTON. .HOWE. 



1777 



Dec. 26 ..TRENTON, (N.J.) WASHINGTON../?/!///. 

'Jan. 3 PRINCETON, (N.J.) WASHINGTON..M/W//000. 

Aug. 15 ..BENNINGTON, (Vt.) STARK BAUM. 

Sept. II ....BRANDYWINE, (Pa.) WASHINGTON..//0l4 / £. 

Sept. 19..BEMIS HEIGHTS, (N. Y.) -GATES BURGOYNE. 

I Oct. 4 GERMANTOWN, (Pa.) WASHINGTON.. HOWE. 

(.Oct. 11 ..SARATOGA, (N. Y.) GATES BURGOYNE. 

1778 June 2S. MONMOUTH, (N.J.) WASHINGTON. .CLINTON. 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

Who was Baron Steuben 's interpreter at Valley Forge ? Who planned the fortifica- 
tions at Fort Washington ? Why did the British go to Philadelphia by way of the Ches- 
apeake instead of Delaware Bay ? Who was Fabius, and what is a Fabian poiicy ? Who 
were the instigators of the Conway Cabal ? Who was Captain Molly ? Who was 
Nathan Hale, and what was his fate ? What British General was kidnapped, and why ? 
Why was General Schuyler displaced ? 



2 44 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS VIII, IX AXD X. 

Geography. — Upon the accompanying map note the position of Savannah. 
Ninety-Six. Trace a route of travel from Ninety-Six (S. C.) towards 
Savannah as far as Kettle Creek (Ga.) Note the coast from Savannah to 
Charleston. Where is Stono Ferry? Monk's Corner? Camden? Note 
the nearness of Sander's Creek to Camden. In what part of South Carolina 
is the Pedee River? Where is the 
Catawba River? Waxh 
Ramsour's Mill? II 
Rock? Fishing Creek? 
Mountain? Note the 
tion of Cheraw. Trac 
route of travel from 
Cheraw to the Cow- 
pens. From Cow 
pens to th. 
Dan River 
of Vir- 




e the nearness of Eutaw Springs 
to Orangeburg. Upon the map, page 233, note the position of Stony Point. 
West Point. 

Definition of Words. — Intercept, accede, dislodge, irresistible, subse- 
quently, marque, reprisal, squadron, inadequate, concentrate, laurels, 
subordinate, convictions, elude, exploit, episode, campaign, devastation. 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 24^ 

CHAPTER VIII. 

The War in the South. 

The war had now lasted three years, and during that time 
the British had accomplished little towards the subjugation 
of the Northern colonies. It was now determined to trans- 
fer operations to the South, and the first step in that direction 
was made with the sending of Colonel Campbell and 
Admiral Hyde Parker to Savannah, Ga. The forces of 
the British numbered two thousand, while in defense of the 
city there could only be gathered nine hundred, who, under 
General Robert Howe, offered all possible resistance. 
The city surrendered December 29, 1778. 

From that point the British soon overran all the southeast- 
ern portion of Georgia. Officers were sent into the interior 
to rally the Tories to the British cause. A force of these 
was collected at Ninety-Six, S. C, by Colonel Boyd, 
but on their way to Savannah they were intercepted by 
some South Carolina and Georgia militia, 
under Colonels Pickens and Clarke, at 
Kettle Creek, Wilkes County, Ga. (Feb- 
ruary 14, 1779), and driven back with the 
loss of their leader. 



General Lincoln was sent to take charge 
of military operations in the South. lie dis- pickens. 

patched Colonel Ashe, with about two thousand men, to 
take up a position on Brier Creek, near Savannah. Here 
Ashe was surprised and defeated by the British General 
Prevost (March 3, 1779). Following up his advantage, 
Prevost advanced upon Charleston and demanded its sur- 
render (May 11). The city was defended by Colonel 
Moultrie, who declined to accede to the demand. 

Meanwhile Lincoln, advancing upon Savannah with a 
large force, learned of the movements of Prevost, and 




246 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION'. 



turned northward to the relief of Charleston, 
of the city was abandoned on 
Lincoln's approach. Retreat- 
ing along the coast, the forces 
of Prevost were intercepted 
about thirty miles from 
Charleston, but for nearly a 
month neither side made a 
movement towards battle. At 
length Lincoln sought to dis- 
lodge a portion of the enemy's 
forces under Colonel Mait- 
land, and the battle of Stono 
Ferry ensued (June 20, 
1779). The attack of the 
Americans was repulsed with 
terrible loss. 

The French fleet, under 
D'Estaing, now arrived off the 
coast, and a combined attack 



The sietre 



Capture of Stony Point. 
The British in the North were doing- 
but little, except to send out various 
expeditions for the sake of destroying' 
and plundering-. One of these, under 
Tryon, ravaged the coast of Connecti- 
cut, and inflicted much damage upon 
the towns of New Haven, Fairfield 
ami Norwalk. To offset this a brilliant 
exploit was performed by the Ameri- 
cans. The British were in possession 
of the strong fort of StiAv POINT, in 
New York, on the Hudson. GENERAL 
Antih.ny WAYNE undertook its cap- 
ture^ Softlv approaching the fort at 
nigiV he arranged his men in two 
columns, and that no alarm might be 
sounded, ordered his men to unload 
their guns and use bayonets only 
in the assault. The sentinel was star 
prised and overpowered, but as the 
Americans steadily advanced up the 
rocky path to the summit, upon 
which the fort was built, they were 
discovered and fired upon. The charge, 
however, was irresistible, and though 
Wayne was wounded in the assault, 
the fort, with its stores and six hundred 
prisoners, fell into the hands of the 
Americans (15th July, 1779) 



Sullivan's Expedition Against the 

Indians. 
In Julv, 1778, a body of Tories and 
Indians under MAJOR John BUTLER, 
descended upon the village of Wyom- 
ing, l'a., and most of the able-bodied 
men being away in the Patriot army, 
captured the foi t and put to death most 
of the inhabitants with all the barbari- 
ties of savage warfare. Cherry Valley, 
N. Y., suffered the same fate the 
November following. These atrocities 
were avenged by General Sullivan, 
who led an expedition to the Susque- 
hanna country, and subsequently to the 
Mohawk country. A tierce battle was 
fought near Elmira, New York, August 
2Q, 1770, in w hich the Tories and Indians 
were routed, their fields laid waste and 
much of their property destroyed. 



on Savannah was planned. 
The city was besieged for 
a month. An attempt was 
made to carry the enemy's 
works by storm (October 9), 
but was unsuccessful. Both 
French and Americans fought 
gallantly, but the resistance 
was stubborn. Pulaski fell in 
the action, and the gallant Ser- 
geant Jasper, of Fort Moultrie 
lame, was mortally wounded. 
Alter the repulse D'Estaing 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 



247 



Paul Jones and the Bon Homme 
Richard. 

In the war of the Revolution the 
Americans had no regularly organized 
navy. Congress, however, granted 
letters of marque and reprisal that 
authorized shipowners to fit up private 
vessels of war to prey upon the com- 
merce of the enemy. These were 
known as privateers. By great exer- 
tion there had been fitted up 
in France a small squadron 
for the Americans, and it was 
placed under the command of 
Captain Paul Jones. Jones 
did much damage to the 
commerce of England, and 
boldly frequented the English 
coasts. His most notable 
achievement was his victory 
over the Serapis, off Flam- 
boro Head, Scotland (Sep- 
tember 23, 1770). No more 
desperate naval engagement 
has ever transpired. Jones 
lashed his vessel to the Serapis, 
and the battle was fought hand to 
hand. Three times the ships took fire 
and were as many times extinguished. 
The Bon Homme Richard was ren- 
dered worthless in the action, and when 
the Serapis struck her colors, Jones 
transferred his crew to that vessel and 
sailed for Holland. 




JOHN PAUL JONES 



refused to cooperate further, and sailed away. Lincoln 

returned to Charleston. 

Sir Henry Clinton, with a 
large force from New York, 
now arrived in the South, and, 
effecting a landing thirty miles 
below Charleston (February 
11, 1780), surrounded the city 
(March 20), his 
fleet, under Admi- 
ral Arbuthnot, 
taking a position in 
the harbor (April 
9). A force under 
Huger hastening to 
its relief, was inter- 
cepted at Monk's 
Corner by the British Col- 
onel Tarleton, and re- 
pulsed. With all communica- 
tions cut off, his forces inade- 
quate, and with no probability 
of succor, Lincoln surrender- 
ed after enduring a siege of some two months 
(May 12). 

With Charleston as a base of operations, 
the British proceeded to overrun South Car- 
olina. Expeditions were sent out by Clinton 
— to Ninety-Six under Colonel Cruger, to 
Augusta under Colonel Brown, and to 
Camden under Lord Cornwallis. The tarleton 

presence of the British encouraged the Tories to engage 
in hostilities, and both British and Tories exercised such 




248 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



Arnold's Treason. 

About this lime news came from the 
North of a sad blow dealt to the Ameri- 
can cause. The whole country was 
shocked at the sudden intelligence thai 
Arm. hi, the brave, the gallant, the im- 
petuous, the hero of Quebec, the 
genius of Saratoga, the trusted friend 
oi Washington, had gone over to the 
enemy and sold his honor tor English 
In all confidence Washington 



rold. 



harsh measures that the Patriots in many parts organized 
themselves in partisan bands, and, in revenging outrages, 
struck many a blow for free- 

1 Arnold s treason. 

The capture of Lincoln ne- 
cessitated the appointment of 
another commander in the 
South. At first the brave and 
experienced German, De 
Kalb, was sent with authority 
to act. He was soon followed 
and superseded by Gates, for 
it was thought the presence in 
the South of the con- 
queror of Burgoyne 
would inspire greater 
confidence, and thous- 
ands would join the 
Patriot ranks. The ad- 
vance of Gates was 
looked upon with some AR 

concern by the British. Corn- 
wallis hastened to Camden, 
where Lord Rawdon, his 
second in command, had con- 
centrated the forces that were 
to meet Gates. The Patriot 
army was collected at Cler- 
mont, some ten miles distant. 
Each general formed the 




had given him command of the import 
ant post of West Point, New York. 
Whatever may have been his motives, 
it transpired that an offer of £6,315 

and a position in the English army 

induced him to turn traitor. An 

agreement was made by him to 

surrender West Point, and 

Major Andre of the British 

was sent from New York to 
arrange the transfer. On his 

way back Andre was stopped 
three Patriots, PAULDING, 
Van Wert and Williams, 
who learned the nature oi his 
business. The captors rejected 
all the tempting bribes that 
were offered by the captive for 
his release. Arnold, however. 
received timely warning aixl es- 
caped to devote his energies thence- 
forth as the foe of his country. Hut 
never again was he to feel that peace j 

that comes of consciousness in having I 
done well. He lost the respect of his j 
admirers, the affections of his friends, I 
and died in obscurity, unhonored 
and unmounted. The unfortunate , 
Andre was sentenced to be hung, and | 
went to his death pleading to he shot 
as a soldier should be. His death was 
greatly lamented. COLONEL ISAAC 
HAYNE of Charleston was hanged I 
under as cruel circumstances by the 
English Lord Rawdon. 



design of surprising his adver- 
sary, and carried it into effect at the same time 
posin< 



The op- 
forces came unexpectedly upon each other at 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 



2 49 



Sander's Creek near Camden, and a battle ensued. 
There was much hard fighting on both sides, but the 
militia could not withstand the steady bayonet charges of 
the British regulars. Baron De Kalb fell pierced with eleven 
wounds. The day was lost, and Gates, utterly routed, found 
his " northern laurels turned to southern willows." 

QUESTIONS. 

Where was the war now transferred? Why? What do you know of the 
capture of Savannah? For what purpose were British officers sent out? 
What do you know of the battle of Kettle Creek? Who was sent to 
command the Americans in the South? What misfortune befell Ashe? 
Who defended Charleston from Prevost? What do you know of the battle of 
Stono Ferry ? What do you know of the capture of Stony Point ? Sullivan's 
expedition? What did Lincoln attempt with the assistance of the French 
fleet? What was the result? Who were among the slain in the attack? 
What do you know of the siege of Charleston? What followed its capture? 
Where was Cruger sent? Brown? Cornwallis? Why? Who succeeded 
Lincoln? Why was Gates sent South? What can you say of the battle of 
Camden? What can you say of Paul Jones? What do you know of 
Arnold's treason? Who were the captors of Major Andre? What was his 
fate? What American suffered a similar fate? 



CHAPTER IX. 

The Partisans of the Carolinas. 
The defeat of Gates at Sander's Creek left the Carolinas in 
a deplorable condition. The authority of Great Britain ex 
tended over the territory, and Lord Corn- 
wallis, who was now in command, deter- 
mined to hold the conquered province. 
Subordinate officers of his went from 
point to point engaging actively in the 
work of subjugation. The most notori- 
ous of these was Colonel Tarleton, who, 
from his many acts of undue severity, 
soon earned for himself the title of the 
"Bloody Tarleton." 




250 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



Ill would it have fared with the American cause in the 
South had not indefatigable leaders in various portions arisen 
and gathered to their standard men whom no hardship could 
deter, no suffering discourage. These carried on a desul- 
tory, yet a terribly persistent and harassing warfare against 
the foes of their countrv. 



Partisan Warlare. 
These conflicts were waged in great 
part against Tories. The Tories of the 
Carolinas had the courage of convic- 
tion, and, unlike those of other colo- 
nies, were ready to do more for 
the English cause than extend aid, 
comfort and encouragement to British 
troops. The achievements of the 
Southern Patriot leaders are all the 
more remarkable when it is understood 
that they were contending with not 
only the victorious troops of a mighty 
nation, hut with many Americans of 
the same courageous characteristics as 
themselves. 



Chief among these partisan 
leaders were Generals Mar- 
ion, Sumter and Pickens, and 
Colonel Henry Lee. Marion 
operated in the swamps about 
the Pedee, striking blow after 
blow, here and there, wary, 
vigilant, eluding capture time 
after time at the hands of 
large forces sent for the pur- 
pose; striking his very pursuers when 
they were least expecting him; joining 
the regular army when a battle was in 
prospect, and when the fate of this army 
was defeat, as it was at Camden, hasten- 
ing back to his haunts; annoying the 
victors, harassing them on all sides; 
rescuing prisoners, as at Nelson's Ferry 
(August 20, 1780), when with but a hand- 
sumter. ful, he routed a powerful guard and 

released more than one hundred and fifty ill-fated victims of 
the Camden battlefield. Truly was he the " Swamp Fox of 
the Carolinas." 

The scenes of Sumter's exploits lav chiefly along the 
Catawba; those of Pickens, near the Saluda. Lee, or "Light- 
horse Harry," as he was called, had already won many 





THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 251 

laurels for bravery in the Northern armies, and throughout 
the war he was continually engaged in brilliant and active 
service. When not with the regular army he 
was engaged in daring enterprises, cooperating 
with Pickens, Sumter or Marion. 

Tarleton was one of the ablest of the Eng- 
lish leaders. In May, 1780, he intercepted 
Colonel Buford, who was coming south 
from Virginia, at Waxiiaw, N. C, and sur- colonel henry lee. 
prising him, put almost his whole command to death. This 
victory was in part balanced by the defeat of a large body of 
Tories, under Colonel Moore, by a smaller force, under 
Colonel Francis Locke, the engagement occurring at a 
place called Ramsour's Mill, N. C (June 20, 1780). Nev- 
ertheless the episode of Waxhaw rankled in the breasts of 
the Patriots for many a day. 

At Hanging Rock (August 7 ) — one of the best fought bat- 
r.les between American militia and British regulars — the Eng- 
lish, under Brown, were defeated by Sumter, the Americans 
taking a number of prisoners. Good fortune, however, did 
not dwell long with Sumter, for shortly after he was surprised 
and routed by Tarleton at Fishing Creek (August 17). 
Later on Tarleton was in turn defeated by Sumter at the 
battle of Blackstock's Ford (November 20). 

The battle of King's Mountain, fought October 7, was 
one of the most notable achievements of the war. Shortly 
after the defeat of Gates, the British Major Ferguson was 
sent by Cornwallis with a force of regulars, well supplied 
with arms and stores, beyond the Wateree Rirer, for the 
purpose of enlisting the Tories of that region. Ferguson 
soon had an army of some tcven hundred men col- 
lected. Word went out all over the country of Ferguson's 
advance, and bodies of Patriots began to assemble at dif- 



252 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 




L1ATTLE OF KINO S MOUNTAIN. 




THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 253 

ferent points to oppose him. Many of these were gallant 
"mountain men," who had gone beyond the Alleghanies 
as pioneers in what is now Tennessee. 
Colonels Isaac Shelby, John Sevier, 
Wm. Campbell, McDowell, Cleavland, 
and Williams all led bodies of men to 
the scene, and the different detachments 
concentrating, nine hundred of the best 
pushed on after the enemy. Ferguson 
had taken up a position in fancied security 
on the summit of Kind's Mountain. The colonel isaac shelby. 
attack was made upon several sides, the engagement lasting 
but little more than an hour. The ardor and determination 
of the Patriots prevailed, and Ferguson being slain, his suc- 
cessor to the command hoisted the signal of surrender, and 
the whole force was taken prisoners. 

QUESTIONS. 

What was the condition of the Carolinas after the defeat of Gates? What 
do you know of Colonel Tarleton ? What partisan leaders came to the 
defense of their country? What can you say of the Southern Tories? What 
do you know of Marion ? Sumter ? Lee ? Pickens ? What was the fate of 
Buford ? What victory was gained by Locke? What do you know of the 
battle of Rocky Mount? Hanging Rock? Fishing Creek? Blackstock's 
Ford? King's Mountain? Name some of the Patriot leaders at King's 
Mountain. 

CHAPTER X. 
America Triumphant. 

Upon the defeat of Gates at Camden, General Greene 
was sent South by Congress. In the campaigns that fol- 
lowed, Greene proved himself one of the ablest generals of 
the Revolution, even winning a deserved place beside Wash- 
ington himself. He had barely two thousand men with 
whom to begin operations. From his position at Cheraw, 



254 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 




S. C, he dispatched half of these under General Morgan 
westward to a place called the Cowpens. Cornwallis had 
been preparing to enter upon the con- 
quest of North Carolina, but, unwilling 
to leave Morgan in the rear, sentTarleton 
with a picked body of men against him. 
The forces of Morgan and Tarleton 
were about equal; the battle that ensued 
was one of the best fought battles of 
the war. Morgan's men had unbounded 
confidence in their leader, and charge 
"qre^e. after charge of the British was sus- 

tained. Tarleton had met his match at last, and he was 
defeated (January 17, 17S1) with a loss of two-thirds of his 
men, he himself barely escaping capture at the hands of 
the American Colonel William Washington, who pur- 
sued him for some distance. 

Upon learning of Tarleton's defeat Cornwallis hastened 
to the scene to punish the victor. Morgan began a famous 
retreat, with Cornwallis in hot pursuit. Crossing the 
Yadkin he was joined by Greene, and the combined forces 
continued on to the Catawba, and finally to the Dan River 
in Virginia, the retreat being conducted so skillfully as to 
baffle the pursuers all along the route. 

Cornwallis gave up the chase when the Dan was reached, 
and turned south to Hillsborough, N. C. Greene, now 
receiving reinforcements, followed, and at Guilford Court 
House, now Greenesborough, a great battle was fought 
(March 25). The Americans were driven back, but the vic- 
tory of the British was dearly bought. Cornwallis' army was 
so badly crippled that he felt it necessary to hasten to Peters- 
burg, Va., and join forces with those of Arnold and Philips, 
who had been ravaging and destroying in eastern Virginia. 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 



255 




Greene now proceeded southward, determined to wrest 
South Carolina and Georgia from British possession. At 
Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, another 
decisive battle was fought (April 25) with 
Lord Rawdon. The result was similar to 
that at Guilford Courthouse. The Amer- 
icans were unable to withstand the fierce 
advances of the British, but before falling- 
back inflicted such severe loss that Raw- 
don retired from that part of the country 
to the region below the Santee. 

Here he was harassed by Sumter and Marion, while 
Greene turned his attention to Ninety-Six, a strongly forti- 
fied post, commanded by Colonel Cruger. Fortifications 
were erected by Kosciusko, and a siege began that would 
have resulted in the surrender of the fort had not the arrival 
of fresh troops from the coast enabled Lord Rawdon to 

advance to its rescue. Learning; of 
this advance, the Americans has- 
tened to storm the fort (June 18), 
but the attack was unsuccessful, and 
Greene was compelled to withdraw. 
Gallant work was being done by 
the partisan leaders all this time. 
Post after post, in different portions 
of the State, were falling into their 
hands. Rawdon retiring to Charles- 
ton, left Stewart in command, 
near Orangeburg. The hardest 
fought battle of the war occurred at 
Eutaw Springs, between Greene and Stewart (September 
8). The Americans gained the advantage, the enemy 




THE OUTPOST. 



-5" 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 







LAFAYETTE. 



retreating to Charleston. Of all the territory they had 
overrun there remained to the British, by the close of the 
year 1780, but the two cities of Savannah and Charleston. 

Lafayette had been sent to Virginia to check the ravages 
of Arnold and Philips, but with his small force could 
accomplish little. Cornwallis arriving 
from North Carolina, continued the work 
of devastation. More than ten million 
dollars worth of property was destroyed. 
He finally took up a position on the 
Peninsula of Yorktown. Word was sent 
of this to Washington, who was still near 
New York, occupied with the British 
under Clinton in that vicinity. Leaving 
a force to menace Clinton, he hastened to Virginia, where, 
assisted by Virginia militia, under Governor Nelson, 
and a large force of French that had arrived in America, 
he surrounded the works of Cornwallis. The French fleet 
cut off all retreat by sea. 

Clinton at New York was unable to determine whether or 
not to go to Cornwallis' assistance, meanwhile sending out 
ravaging expeditions, in the vain hope of drawing Washing- 
ton back. The Americans established batteries and opened 
fire. Two redoubts of the enemy were carried by storm. 
There was no hope for the British, and Cornwallis, the ablest 
general opposed to the Americans in the whole war, was 
compelled to surrender (October 19). Seven thousand men 
laid down their arms. 

This second great victory was a decisive one for the 
American cause. Again had a mighty army of one of the 
strongest nations on earth been captured whole. The glad 
news went throughout America, awakening all to demon- 



THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 257 

strations of joy. It was felt that the war was virtually ended. 
When news of Cornwallis' surrender reached Lord North, 
Prime Minister of England, he exclaimed, "Oh, God! it 
is all over." It had at last dawned upon the British mind that 
America could not be subdued. Hostilities ceased. Char- 
leston and Savannah were evacuated. Commissioners met 
at Paris and signed a treaty of peace (September 3, 1783). 
The evacuation of New York followed, and the last of the 
hostile English forces left American shores. 

By the terms of the treaty England acknowledged Amer- 
ican independence. The colonies were now States. All 
that portion of territory south of the great lakes and east of 
the Mississippi, with the exception of Florida, which Eng- 
land ceded to Spain, was their domain. Thenceforth they 
were to work out their own destiny among the nations of 
the earth. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who succeeded Gates to the command in the South? What can you say 
of General Greene ? Where did his forces collect? What victory was gained 
by Morgan? Over whom? What followed the battle of Cowpens? How 
was the American retreat conducted? What caused Greene to turnback 
upon Cornwallis after reaching Virginia? What do you know of the battle 
of Guilford Courthouse ? What was the result? Where did Greene go after 
the battle? Cornwallis? What do you know of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill ? 
Attack on Ninety-Six? Why was Ninety-Six assaulted instead of besieged? 
Who was left in command at Orangeburg? What can you say of the battle 
of Eutaw Springs? What English generals ravaged eastern Virginia ? Who 
was sent against them? By whom was Cornwallis besieged at Yorktown? 
Why did not Clinton go to his assistance? What do you know of Corn- 
wallis' surrender? How was the news received in America? England? 
What cities were now evacuated? When and where was the treaty of peace 
signed ? What were among its terms ? What did the colonies become with 
the acknowledgment of their independence ? 



2 $8 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

REVIEW OUTLINE. 

WAR OF THE REVOLUTION— PRINCIPAL BATTLES. 



BRITISH VICTORIES AND GENERALS IN ITALICS. 

THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. 



I77S Dec. 29 SAVANNAH CAPTURED ROI'.T. HOWE CAMPBELL. 

r Feb. 14 KETTLE CREEK (Ga.) PICKENS BOYD. 

.J March 3 BRIER CREEK (Ga.) \SHK PREVOST. 

I''J'\ June 20 STONO FERRY (5 C.) LINCOLN PREVOST. 

{ Oct. 9 SAVANNAH ATTACKED LINCOLN PREVOST. 

(April 14 MONK'S CORNER (5. C.) HUGER TARLETON, 

May 12 CHARLESTON CAPTURED LINCOLN CLiNTON. 

May 29 WAXHAW (N. C.) T5UFORD TARLETON. 

JUNE 2a...RAMSOUR'S MILE (N. C.) LOCKE MOORE. 

I7S0\ A.UG. 7 HANGING ROCK (S. C.) SUMTER BROWN. 

Aug. 16 SANDER'S CREEK (S. C.) GATES CORNWALLiS 

Aug. 17 FISHING CREEK'S. C.) .... SUMTER TARLETON. 

Oct. 7 KING'S MOUNTAIN (S. C.) CAMPBELL FERGUSON- 

Nov. 20 BLACKSTOCK'S FORD (S. C.) SUMTER TARLETON. 

Jan. 17 COWPENS (N. C.) MORGAN TARLETON. 

March 25 GUILFORD'S COURT HOUSE {N. C). GREENE CORNWALL'S- 

lyni J April 25 HOBKlRK'S HILL(S. C.) GREENE RAWDON. 

June IS NINETY-SlX(S. C.) GREENE CRUGER. 

Sept.8... EUTAW SPRINGS (S. C.) GREENE STEWART. 

Oct. 19 YORKTOWN (V.\.) WASHINGTON.. CORNWALLiS. 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

How did Cowpens receive its name ? What President of the United States fought at 

King's Mountain ? What great invention was designed at the house of General 

Greene's widow? In what places did Congress hold sessions during the Revolution? 

What are "letters of marque and reprisal "? Why did Greene s defeats have the 

effect of victories ? Whdt famous repast did Marion serve to a British officer and what 

was the result ? 

»-•-• 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

Definition of Words. — Supreme, sovereignty (see Webster's Dictionary, 
edition of 1844), compact (Id.), constitution (Id.), delegation (Id.), federal 
(Id.), confederation (Id.), state (Id.), vested, function, interpretation, des- 
potic, civil, exemplifies, jurisdiction, mutual, domiciled, assumption, insti- 
tuted, quota, equitable, levy, depreciate, redress, provisional, allegiance, 
enunciation, wary, inordinate, ordinance, expansion, harmonious, consum- 
mate, exclusion, specified, stipulation, competition, quorum, financier, 
deliberations, judiciary, devised, compromise, ratification, encroachment, 
genius, homogeneous, domestic, tranquility, amendment, restriction. 



THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 259 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Bancroft's " History of the United States," Fiske's " Critical Period of 
American History," Schouler's "History of the American Republic," Von Hoist's "Con- 
stitutional History of the United States," "The Federalist." 

General. — Lodge's " Alexander Hamilton," Gay's " Madison," Coffin's " Building of 
the Nation," Tyler's " Patrick Henry," Cooke's " Virginia," Morse's " Thomas J efferson," 
Irving's " Washington," Gilmore's "Rear Guard of the Revolution," and "John Sevier 
as a Commonwealth Builder," Shaler's " Kentucky," Phelan's " Tennessee," " The 
Northwest Territory" (Magazine of American History, August, 1SS6), "The Framers 
of the Constitution " (Id., April, 1SS5), Stephens' " History of the United States." 

Topical. — " Government, Forms of," "Confederation, Articles of," "The Federal Con- 
stitution," "The Federalist," "The Virginia Plan," "The New Jersey Plan," "The Con- 
necticut Compromise," "James Robertson," "Franklin, State of," "John Sevier," 
" Daniel Boone," " Alexander Hamilton," " Federal Ratio," " Constitution, The Adoption 
of," " State Rights." 



The Institution of Self-Government. 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Transfer of Sovereignty. 

Man is of a social nature, and therefore exists in socie- 
ties. For the regulation and welfare of societies, govern- 
ment is necessary. In every form of government there must 
enter into consideration two elements: the one in which 
Sovereignty, or supreme power, is vested; and the one 
upon which it is exercised. 

When, in a society, sovereignty is vested in one person, we 
have a form of government called a Monarchy. When sov- 
ereignty is vested in all the members of a society, and all have 
a voice in the governing of themselves, we have a Democracy. 

When the members of a democracy are too numerous to 
exercise governmental functions directly, they may delegate 
their authority to representatives chosen from among them- 
selves, in which case we have a form of government known 
as a Republic 

A sovereign mav either exercise authority himself, or 
delegate this authority. Sometimes the delegation is made 



26o 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



Personal Freedom. 
In :i monarchy personal freedom, in 
its widest interpretation, is enjoyed by 
but one person in the society — the 
monarch himself. In a democracy 
personal freedom is enjoyed by all 
alike. The limitation of despotic 
power, and the extension of civil 
privileges, have marked the progress 
of modern enlightened nations. The 
Republic of the United States of 
America exemplifies in the highest 
degree, the advance that has been 
made in the application of progressive 
governmental ideas, and to-day pre- 
sents to the world the most remarkable 
example of a people governing them- 
selves. 



by written instrument. In the 
history of the English colonies 
we find mention of an instru- 
ment of this kind under the 
name of Charter. Some- 
times the delegation is made 
by popular election, as in a 
Republican form of govern- 
ment. 

Sovereigns often enter into 
a mutual agreement in matters 
pertaining to their own govern- 
ment. This agreement is sometimes called a Compact. 
The earliest mentioned in the history of the United States 
is that which was drawn up in the cabin of the Mayflower 
by the Pilgrim Fathers, who, deeming themselves beyond the 
jurisdiction of any authority higher than their own, entered 
as sovereigns into a mutual agreement for their government 

o o o 

(1620). 

The people of an organized society or community may 
enter into an agreement with the people of other organized 
societies and communities for the purpose of promoting the 
welfare of all. The agreement in this case is called a 
Constitution, and is said to be the fundamental law by 
which all are governed. The earliest written Constitution 
mentioned in the history of the United States is that which 
was drawn up by the Connecticut colonies of Hartford, 
Weathersfield, and Windsor (1638). 

A society of individuals organized for the purpose of 
government, whether monarchical or democratic, is called a 
State, if sovereignty is domiciled within its borders; a 
Province if sovereignty is domiciled without. Thus, many 
of the American colonies were provinces before the Revolu- 



THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 



26l 



tion. After the Revolution they became States. The 
Declaration of Independence transferred the sovereignty 
under which the colonies were governed from Great Britain 
to America ; and this sovereignty was assumed by the Amer- 
ican people, who maintained themselves in this assumption 
by force of arms. 

This transfer of sovereignty rendered possible the institution 
of self-government as it exists in the United States to-day; 

3'et the principles of American 
self-government were not of 
sudden growth. Throughout 
the whole history of the Eng- 
lish colonies their gradual de- 
velopment went hand in hand 
with that of American inde- 
pendence. The first popular 
election in America, making 
Captain John Smith, President 
of Virginia (1609) ; the first 
Representative Assembly, by 
which an American people 
gained a voice in the making of their own laws, instituted 
in Virginia the year before the Mayflower Compact (1619); 
the transfer of the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Com- 
pany, with its governmental 
privileges, from England to 
that colony, instituting a high 
form of self-government, for 
that time, in America (1630) 
- — all marked the first stages 
of growth. By the time of the 
Revolution, ideas upon the 



Sovereignty and Government. 
It is to be borne in mind that govern- 
ment and sovereignty are not one and 
the same. In a monarchy, sovereignty 
and governmental power may repose 
in one and the same person. The 
monarch may retain his sovereignty 
and delegate governmental powers. 
In a republic the people are the 
sovereigns, and their governmental 
authority is delegated to an organiza- 
tion, the constituting of which they 
determine. The bringing of the Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Charter to Amer- 
ica transferred governmental powers, 
but not sovereignty from England to 
Massachusetts. The Revolution tran - 
fervcd sovereignty to the American 
■people. 



Self-Government West of the 
Alleghanies. 
Pioneers who crossed the Allegha- 
nies and placed themselves beyond 
the limits of societies already organ- 
ized, carried with them ideas of self- 
government and put them into practical 
operation in the communities which 
they established. The first instance of 
this and of the establishment of free 
government west of the Alleghanies 
was at Watauga, Tenn., in 1773, by 
pioneers from North Carolina. 



subject had become clearly established in the American 



262 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



mind, and under the systematic oppressions of England these 
ideas developed into powerful principles of action. 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 



GOVERNMENT.} 



( n • j r ±l {Regulation} 
Devised for thc{ ,,,,„ UfSoa 

\ We fore J 



:•■'■ 



Powers of, 



{Vested in ONE. 
( Monarchy. ) 
Vested in ALL. 
{Democracy.) 



May be Delegated by 



r Charter. 
< Compact. 
I Constitution. 



QUESTIONS. 

Why is government necessary? What enters into consideration in every 
form of government? What is a monarch)? Democracy? What about 
personal freedom under each form? W r hat changes of government have 
characterized human progress? What advance does the Republic of the 
United States mark? How may a sovereign delegate authority? What is a 
charter? What is a republic? Compact? What is the earliest compact 
mentioned in United States history? What is a constitution ? What is the 
earliest mentioned? What is the difference between a Province and a State ? 
Illustrate. What distinction is to be drawn between sovereignty and govern- 
ment ? Illustrate. What marks the earlier stages of the development of self- 
government in America? By whom were ideas upon the subject put into 
practical operation? Where was self-government first established west of 
the Alleghanies ? 

CHAPTER XII. 

The Delegation of Governmental Power. 
The Continental Congress, assembled at Philadelphia in 
1775, exercised certain governmental powers in the name 
of the thirteen colonies that had united in their opposition to 
England. This Congress declared war against Great Britain ; 
appointed a commander-in-chief of the army; made provision 
for the raising of men and supplies; issued bills of credit 
establishing a continental currency: a 1 d organized a postal 
system, with Benjamin Franklin as the first postmaster- 
general. 



the institution of self-government. 263 

The power of this Congress was very much limited, and 
from its weakness the American cause suffered greatly. It 
could only call upon, request, or beg the various colonies for 
their quotas of men and money, but could compel none of 
them to contribute its equitable share. It had no power to 
levy taxes , that its bills of credit or paper money might 

be redeemed, and hence conti- 
nental currency became almost 
worthless. Owing to this lack 
of power on the part of 
Congress, the sufferings of 
the army for food and cloth- 
ing were intense. The winter 
camps of Valley Forge and 
Morristown tested more se- 
verely the patriotism and hero- 
ism of the Americans than did 
many a battle. 

One of the first recommend- 
ations of the Continental Con- 
gress, and one that met with 
a prompt response, was that 
which advised the various col- 
onies to establish temporary 
or provisional governments 
(May, 1776), pending the diffi- 



Sufferings of the Army. 

All through the war Washington 
was harassed by the limited resources 
at his disposal. The pay of the soldiers 
in the greatly depreciated currency was 
not sufficient to keep them in the 
necessaries of life, and army after 
army had to be created, as the men re- 
turned to their homes to gain subsist- 
ence for themselves and families, after 
their terms of enlistment had expired. 
With the mistaken idea that Congress 
was to blame for this condition of 
affairs, the whole " Pennsylvania 
line" of Washington's army revolted 
and proceeded to Philadelphia, bent 
upon securing a redress of grievances, 
but patriotism finally prevailed and 
averted catastrophe. 

In the darkest period of the war 
there came to the front the Patriot, 
Robert Morris, a rich banker of Phila- 
delphia. He pledged his fortune to 
establish the credit of Congress. The 
army was sustained by him. He 
brought to the service of his country all 
his financial ability. His name is 
not connected with the glory and ex- 
citement of the battlefield ; but no one 
who took part in the American cause 
better deserves the grateful remem- 
brance of his countrymen. 



culty with Great Britain. South Carolina had already an- 
ticipated this measure by adopting, in the March previous, a 
State Constitution — the first of the thirteen colonies to do so. 
When all allegiance to the British crown was cancelled by 
the separate colonial ratifications of the Declaration of 
Independence, these provisional governments became inde- 



264 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 

AMERICAN STATESMAN, PHILOSOPHER, 

AND PATRIOT. 



pendent State governments, the organization of which was 
justified by the assumption of 
sovereignty on the part of the 
people of each colon)'. 

For the purpose of carrying 
on a successful war against 
Great Britain, it behooved the 
revolting Colonies, or States 
as they now considered them- 
selves, to ratify the powers 
assumed by Congress, and, by 
delegating additional ones, to 
institute some kind of a cen- 
tral government that would 
promote the welfare of all. Articles of Confederation 
were therefore proposed in Congress (July 12, 1776), and 

submitted for acceptance. But 
it was found that the people 
were somewhat wary in del- 
egating governmental power 
beyond the limits of their 
States. They were engaged in 
a conflict for independence 
and self-government, and, as 
instruments of tyranny, they 
could see no difference be- 
tween a Parliament in England 
and a Congress in America, if the latter was entrusted with 
inordinate power. 

Moreover, the States, though united in their opposition 
to England, were distrustful of one another. The smaller 
States manifested great reluctance in consenting to the 
establishment of a governmental organization in which 
the larger would naturally have the most influence. Many 



Virginia Bill of Rights. 

In the organization of the Virginia 
State government, a very remarkable 
paper, written by George Mason, 
and known as the Virginia Bill of 
RIGHTS, anticipated, in its enuncia- 
tion of principles, the declaration of 
independence that was afterwards 
made in the name of :ill the colonies. 
This Bill of Rights and a State Consti- 
tution by the same writer were adopted 
(June, 177^) by the same convention 
that instructed delegates 10 Congress 
to propose American independence 
Both these documents served as 
models to many of the other colonies. 



THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVKRNMENT. 26$ 

objections had to be overcome before the Articles of 

Confederation were finally 
adopted. Twelve States as- 
sented to them by July, 1779, 
and the last one, Maryland, 
by March, 1781. 

In the government thus in- 
stituted each State, whether 
large or small, had one vote in 
deciding upon measures com- 
ing up before Congress, and 
the powers delegated to this 
government were carefully 
specified, such as the power to 
declare war, to make treaties, 
to coin money, to issue bills 
of credit, to fix the quota of 



The Ordinance of 1787. 
One of the objections on the part of 
the smaller States was generously met 
by Virginia, then the most populous of 
all the States. Her vast territory gave 
her much room for expansion, and with 
this expansion would come increase 
of power and influence. Nevertheless, 
to aid in bringing about a harmonious 
confederation, she proposed to donate 
to the general government all her 
territory north of the Ohio. This ter- 
ritory was hers by original grant, and 
by right of double conquest. Its in- 
habitants had taken an oath of allegi- 
ance to her when Clark consummated 
the conquest of the territory. The 
offer of cession was made in 17S1, 
accepted by Congress in 17S3, and in 
1787 an ordinance for the government 

of this NORTHWEST TERRITORY was 

passed. This ordinance is remarkable 
for its exclusion of slavery, which then 
prevailed, more or less, in all the 
States, and for its liberal encourage- 
ment of public education. 



money to be raised by each State for the purpose of carry- 
ing on the war, to regulate the number of land and naval 

forces, etc. The Articles, 
however, contained the ex- 
press stipulation that each 
State should retain its sover- 
eignty and independence, and 
all powers not delegated. So 
jealously had all authority to 
enforce its measures been 
withheld from this confederate 
government, that its weakness 
and impracticability soon be- 
came apparent. 



Shays' Rebellion. 

In western Massachusetts a remark- 
able rebellion, headed by Daniel Shays, 
a captain in the Revolutionary War, 
was instituted against the extortions of 
courts and officers employed in the 
forcible collection of taxes. The 
wresting from them of their few pos- 
sessions seemed as great an act of 
tyranny as any that led to the revolt of 
the colonies; so the infuriated people 
arose, and to the number of two thou- 
sand marched upon Springfield and 
Worcester, and were only subdued 
by superior forces under Generals 
Lincoln and Shepard. 



The close of the war found the States in a deplorable con- 
dition. The government, under the Articles of Confedera- 



266 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 



tion, commanded neither respect abroad, nor confidence at 
home. A large debt had been contracted in the name of 
the United States, and grave questions arose about its pay- 
ment. Congress was powerless to levy taxes to redeem its 
bills of credit, and, indeed, the people in their impoverished 
condition were in no disposition to cheerfully pay them, even 
when levied by their own State governments. 

Disputes of a more than local nature were arising on every 
hand. Commerce was unregulated, and commercial com- 
petition between the various States was causing strife. The 
States were drifting as far apart in feeling as they were 
in geographical position. Discord seemed to be the heritage 
following upon the death of the power of England. The 
Articles of Confederation were a failure, and the meetings 
of Congress became less and less frequent from difficulty in 
obtaining a quorum. 

This unsettled state of affairs was producing great restless- 
ness. Many were 

making their way 

beyond the Allegha- 

nies, where already 

John Sevier, James 

Robertson, Isaac 

Shelby and Daniel 

Boone, with their 

hardy followers, had 
established themselves, after wresting from the savage th 2 
fair lands of Kentucky and Tennessee. Manv who had the 
good of their country at heart became sorely perplexed over 
its condition. Independence had been won, but it was being 
gradually realized that the freedom of a people could be 
menaced, not only by a tyrannical government, but by the 
other extreme of anarchy and misrule. It behooved the 





JAMES ROBERTSON, 
EARLY TENNESSEE PIONEER. 



DANIEL BOONE, 
EARLY KENTUCKY PIONE^T. 



THE INSTITUTION OP SELF-GOVERNMENT. 



>67 



The State of Franklin. 
In 1785 the pioneer people of what 
is now eastern Tennessee, hut then a 
part of North Carolina, resolved to 
form a State government of their own. 
A constitution was adopted, a legisla- 
ture chosen, judges appointed, courts 
organized, and treaties with the Indians 
entered into. John Sevier was elected 
Governor. The State was 
called Franklin, or Frank- 
land, and its seat of govern- 
ment was Jonesborough ; hut 
the State of Franklin did not 
remain long in existence, for 
North Carolina maintained 
her jurisdiction over the ter- 
ritory, ceding it in 1789 to the 
United States as a part of 
what was to be the territory 
and State of Tennessee. 
These early settlers of eastern 
Tennessee rendered valuable 
service in the Revolutionary 
War, for not only did they 
cross the mountains into 
Carolina and take part in battles 
against the British, but they barred the 
way and prevented hordes of savages, 
instigated by English emissaries, 
from sweeping down upon the western 
Carolina settlements. 



States to secure greater domestic tranquility and to form 

a more perfect union. 

A stronger government than 
the Confederation was the ap- 
parent need — one with power 
sufficient, not only to legislate, 
but to enforce laws for the 
general welfare, 
and yet insufficient 
to oppress its 
creators. This was 
the problem now to 
I be solved by the 
M people of the Amer- 
ican States. 




JOHN SEVIER, 

GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF 

FRANKLIN, AND FIRST GOVERNOR 

OF TENNESSEE. 



QUESTIONS. 

What did the Conti- 
nental Congress assume? In whose 
name? What governmental acts did 
it perform ? What can you say of 
its weakness? What sufferings were 
caused by its lack of power to raise 
revenues? How was Washington harassed? What do you know of 
Robert Morris? What was among the first recommendations of Congress? 
What State was first to adopt a State constitution? What did provisional 
governments in time become? What do you know of the Virginia Bill of 
Rights? What articles were proposed in Congress? Why? When? To 
whom were they submitted? How received? Why? When were the 
Articles of Confederation finally adopted? What do you know of the Ordi- 
nance of 1787 ? What do you know of the government under the Articles 
of Confederation? What powers were delegated? What was expressly 
stipulated? In what condition were the States at the close of the war? 
What had been contracted? To what were the people averse? What do 
you know of Shays' rebellion ? What conditions showed that the Articles 
of Confederation were a failure ? What do you know of the State of 
Franklin ? What besides tyranny can menace the freedom of a people ? 
What did it behoove the States to secure and form? 



268 



PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

CHAPTER XIII. 



The Federal Constitution. 

A commercial agreement entered into by the States of 
Virginia and Maryland was productive of much good. For 
the purpose of extending this benefit generally the legislature 
of Virginia issued a call (January, 1786) for a convention 
of States to consider the establishment of a uniform commer- 
cial system. New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and 
Delaware responded to the call, and delegates from the five 
States assembled at Annapolis, Md. (September, 17S6). 

Many, dissatisfied with the weakness of the existing con- 
federative government, beheld in the Annapolis meeting an 
opportunity of instituting not only a commercial union, but 
a political one. There was present as a delegate from New 
York, Alexander Hamilton, a young man of brilliant intel- 
lect, who had already distinguished himself as aide-de-camp 
to Washington in the war, and who was destined to become 
a financier and statesman of 
the highest order. 

Upon Hamilton's recom- 
mendation a call for a second 
convention was issued by the 
Annapolis meeting, for the 
purpose of devising a Constitu- 
tion of the United States more 
adequate to the needs of the 
country than the then existing 
Articles of Confederation. 
Delegates from nine States 
assembled (May, 1787) at 
Philadelphia in answer to the 
call. Among them were the 



The Work of the Federal Convention. 
The Philadelphia convention had a 
work before it of momentous import- 
ance. Theirs it was to devise an effi- 
cient government acceptable to a free 
people, wlio had already organized 
themselves into States, and who had 
already signified unwillingness to 
enter into a close political union. The 
deliberations of the body covered a 
period of some four months, and the 
most intense application was i;iven to 
the matters tn hand. Debates were 
frequent. Delegates were all jealously 
watchful of the interests of their re- 
spective States and sections, but, 
realizing the need of the country, 
made concessions to and compromises 
with each other. Prominent among 
those who led in the work of the con- 
vention were "Light Horse Harry" 
T.ee, Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, 
Randolph, the two Pinckneys, Rut- 
ledge and others. 



THE INSTITUTION OE SELF-GOVERNMENT. 



269 



most distinguished men of the time, and over the delibera- 
tions of the body thus brought together, George Washington 
was chosen to preside. 

Some of the delegates thought it necessary only to amend 
and strengthen the Articles of Confederation, but those who 
favored an entire reorganization were in the majority. The 
first step was made when the resolution of Randolph of 
Virginia was adopted, " that a national government ought to 
be established, consisting of a supreme Legislature, 
Judiciary and Executive." The question arose for de- 
bate as to how the Congress or supreme legislature should be 
constituted. 

Virginia brought forward a plan that Congress should, 
consist of two houses, the lower to be chosen by the peo- 
ple, the higher to be elected 
by the members of the lower 
house. As this arrangement 
gave Virginia, Pennsylvania, 
North Carolina, and Massa- 
chusetts, then the most popu- 
lous States, a greater represen- 
tation in Congress, and conse- 
quently greater power, it was 
strenuously opposed by the 
smaller States of Connecticut, 
New Jersey, Delaware and 
Maryland. 

A plan was then brought 
forward by New Jersey, pro- 
viding for an equal representa- 
tion of the States as under 
the Articles of Confederation. 
To this the larger States were averse. After a period of 
fierce debate, in which it seemed no agreement would be 



The Three Great Compromises. 
The Convention was divided upon 
the question of Federal regulation of 
commerce and upon that of prohibit- 
ing or permitting further importation 
of slaves. New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts and Connecticu: desired that 
authority to regulate commerce be 
lodged in Congress. The peculiar 
agricultural development of South 
Carolina and Georgia rendered neces- 
sary the further importation of slave 
labor. The second of what has been 
called the Three Great Compro- 
mises was effected by the five States 
combining to carry through the meas- 
ures in which each was interested. 
Thus the regulation of commerce was 
entrusted to Congress, and the Federal 
interference with the importation of 
slaves until 1S0S prohibited. The three 
great compromises were: that estab- 
lishing Slate equality in the Sen- 
ate; that establishing the Federal 
ratio; and that prohibiting Federal 
interference in the slave trade until 
1S0S. 



270 



period of revolution. 



reached, a compromise was suggested by Connecticut and 
finally adopted, which provided that in the lower house of 
Congress the people should be represented, each State send- 
ing representatives according 
to population; in the upper 
house or senate, each State, 
large and small alike, should 
be represented by two sen- 
ators. 

The next great point of dis- 
agreement was whether, of the 
population upon which repre- 
sentation was based, slaves 
should be considered a part. 
Slavery once existed through- 
out the thirteen States, but 
was beginning to die out in the 
North. Its institution had be- 
come firmly established in the 
South. A compromise was 
reached upon this question 
also, and it was provided that 
five slaves should count as 
three free inhabitants, thus 
establishing what is known as 
the Federal Ratio. 

The question of what powers 
should be entrusted to Con- 
gress awakened much discus- 
sion, especially those pertaining to the regulation of com- 
merce, but the end was finally reached, and the Federal 
Constitution stood completed. Although instituting a 
form of government greatly in advance of any yet devised, 
it was by no means thoroughly satisfactory to its framers, a 



The Beginning of Universal Suffrage. 
The Convention was divided as t<> 
whether the Executive should consist 
of one person or more than one. The 
former, however, was decided upon. It 
was also divided as to the manner of 
choosing. Some wanted the choice to 
devolve upon Congress; others in- 
sisted that it lie made by the people. 
Many beheld in an election by Con- 
gress possible danger of intrigue and 
combination powerful enough to con- 
trol the acts of the President. Others 
beheld in a choice by the people possi- 
ble danger of their being led by self- 
aggrandizing demagogues. At length 
that feature of the Constitution which 
provides for an Electoral College 
was agreed upon. The number of 
these electors corresponds with the 
number of Senators and Representa- 
tives in Congress, and the electors of 
each State are selected " in such a 
manner as the legislature thereof may 
direct." The idea of universal suf- 
frage was in its infancy in the days 
when the Federal Convention met. It 
is interesting to note the development 
of this idea in connection with the 
election of President. At first the 
electors were chosen by the State Leg- 
islature itself. New Jersey pursued 
this plan up to 1S16; Connecticut to 
1S20; New York, Delaware and Ver- 
mont to 1S24; and South Carolina to 
1S6S. At the present day the electors 
are chosen by popular vote, and the 
selection of a President of the United 
States is virtually an election by the 
people. 



THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 



271 



Differences of Constitutional Inter- 
pretation. 
In the light of modern development 
we have come to know that a consti- 
tuted government cannot bear harmo- 
niously upon a people unless this peo- 
ple is a unit in interests, in character- 
istics, and in modes of life. This the 
American people at that time were 
not, nor were they to be for years to 
come. Colonial life had developed 
sectional characteristics; climatic con- 
ditions had caused diversity of indus- 
trial interests. The people were not 
homogeneous, and, therefore, a govern- 
ment bearing directly upon them as a 
whole could not but cause the friction 
that was to be the lot of the new gov- 
ernment. On the other hand, the 
States as organized wholes, had many 
interests in common. Continued exist- 
ence, uniform regulation of commerce 
and currency, domestic tranquility and 
defensive organization against possible 
foreign foes, were the needs of all, and 
they therefore could, with reason, 
compact and agree upon the establish- 
ment of a central regulative power to 
be exercised for the good of all. 
Thus thought many who favored the 
Constitution, and its successive and 
separate ratifications by the different 
States, caused them to regard it as a 
compact between sovereign States. In 
time there arose a difference of opinion 
as to the relative supremacy of powers 
delegated by the American people to 
State and Federal governmental or- 
ganizations. The theory of compact 
gave rise to the doctrine of State 
Rights, which in time was to main- 
tain the sovereignty of a State and its 
right to withdraw from the compact — 
a principle that was destined to be 
contended for unsuccessfully, yet hero- 
ically, in one of the bitterest struggles 
ever chronicled in the world's history. 



few of whom even refused to sign it. Its compromises were 
not entirely acceptable to all. There were points in it not 

sufficiently emphasized that 
left the way dangerously open 
to different interpretations. 
Yet, all in all, it was a won- 
derful achievement, and it 
stands to-day the greatest 
written instrument ever ex- 
ecuted by man. 

The work of the convention 
went before the people of 
each State for their ratifica- 
tion, and for the first time in 
their history the American 
people became divided into 
parties upon a political ques- 
tion. Two classes of political 
thinkers arose; those who op- 
posed the institution of the 
new government, and those 
who favored it. Clear-think- 
ing, honest-minded men, such 
as Patrick Henry, Samuel 
Adams, Richard Henry Lee, 
George Mason, Benjamin Har- 
rison and others, saw lurking" 
in the Constitution possible 
menaces to that liberty and 
self-government so dearly pur- 
chased. Others equally hon- 
est-minded, believed a stronger government to be necessary, 
and deemed any form of government to be good when pro- 



272 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

perly administered. In their opinion the genius of American 
liberty -would ever be a protection against encroachment 
upon self-government, and they considered that the instru- 
ment itself established sufficient safeguards against the possi- 
bilities feared by the more jealous guardians of popular rights. 

The contest between Federalists and Anti-Federalists 
was a heated one. Among the friends of the Constitution 
that worked earnestly for its ratification were Washington, 
Madison, Harry Lee and Marshall, of Virginia; the Pinck- 
neys (Charles and Cotesworth), Gadsden, and Rutledge, of 
South Carolina; Livingston, Jay, and Hamilton, of New 
York; Franklin, Clymer, and Wilson, of Pennsylvania; and 
others. The labors of Madison and Hamilton were particu- 
larly valuable, and were second only to those of Washington. 
From the pens of these great political thinkers came a series 
of letters, that appeared in public print, and educated the 
popular mind to an appreciation of Constitution. These 
letters collected, constitute the remarkable work called The 
Federalist. 

Delaware was the first State to ratify (December 7, 177S), 
followed in succession by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Geor- 
gia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, 
New Hampshire, Virginia and New York. In many of the 
States the vote was very close. In Massachusetts it stood 
one hundred and eighty-seven to one hundred and sixty- 
eight; in Virginia the Constitution was ratified by the small 
majority of ten. Thus reluctant were the people to take a 
step that conflicted with the idea of self-government then 
held by them, by delegating governmental powers beyond 
the limits of their States. 

The Constitution was to go into effect as soon as nine 
States should accept it. Eleven responded favorably. 

Some however, proposed certain amendments, several of 



THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 2*]^ 

which were afterwards adopted and made a part of the 
Constitution. These amendments were to preclude restric- 
tions upon individual liberty, and the assumption of undele- 
gated powers by the general government. 

However divided the American people were upon the ques- 
tion of the Constitution, when it became known that the new 
government was to go into operation, there was but one choice 
for its Chief Executive. George Washington was chosen 
President; John Adams was the choice for Vice-President. 
The first Congress was to meet at New York in March, but 
failing to obtain a quorum, did not organize until a month 
after the stipulated time, (April 1-6, 1789). 

In November (1789) North Car- 
olina adopted the Constitution, and 
Rhode Island, in May of the following 
year. Thus were all the American 
States then existing — thirteen in num- 
ber, united under one government — a 
J!F \ government devised to "establish 

john adams. justice, insure domestic tranquility, 

provide for the common defense, promote the general wel- 
fare, and secure the blessings of liberty" to an independent 
people and their posterity. 

QUESTIONS. 

What call was issued by Virginia? Why? When? What States responded? 
Where was the commercial convention held? When? What did friends of 
better government behold in the Annapolis convention? What do you 
know of Alexander Hamilton? What was recommended? Where did the 
next convention assemble? When? Why? How many States were repre- 
sented? What work had this convention before it? What can you say of 
conflicting and sectional interests? Why were concessions and compro- 
mises made? Name some who led in the work of the convention. What 
was the first important step taken in the formation of the new government? 
What was the "Virginia Plan"? What was the objection to it? What 




274 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

was the " New Jersey Plan "? What was the " Connecticut Compromise "? 
What was the next point of disagreement? What do you know of the 
" Federal Ratio " ? What awakened much discussion? What were the 
Three Great Compromises? How was the Convention divided upon the 
question of the Executive? What do you know of the Electoral College, as 
provided by the Constitution? I low was it first chosen ? How, now ? What 
can you say of Federal Constitution as completed? To whom was the Con- 
stitution submitted when complete? How was it received? What two politi- 
cal parties arose? Name some who did not favor ratification? What can 
you say of the contest between Federalist and anti-Federalist? Name some 
who strenuously worked for adoption? What State first adopted? What 
states followed? How close was the contest in Massachusetts? Virginia? 
What do you know of the subsequent difference of interpretation that arose ? 
What had the States in common? Upon what was the doctrine of State 
Rights founded? When did the Constitution go into effect? How many 
amendments were made with its adoption? What can you say of these 
amendments? Who was unanimously chosen as President under the new 
government? When did the first Federal Congress assemble? Where? 
What two States finally adopted the constitution? When? For what 
purposes was the new government devised? 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

(GENERAL.) 

What policy did England pursue towards her colonies? When were 
Navigation Acts passed ? Why? What were they ? Importation Acts? What 
was the Stamp Act? When was it passed? Repealed? Why did the colonists 
regard it as unjust? What were "Writs of Assistance"? What was the 
"Stamp Act Congress"? How did England seek to punish Massachusetts 
for opposing the tea tax? What do you know of the battle of Allamance? 
Name four acts of colonial resistance. What were "Committees of 
Correspondence"? What was the first battle of the Revolution? Last 
battle? How long did the war last? Name six American victories won in 
the North. Eight in the South. Name fine celebrated foreigners who 
assisted the Americans. What nation assisted the Americans? When was 
the treaty of alliance entered into? Why not before? Name ten American 
generals. Five British. Three Hessians. Name eight battles fought by 
Washington. Four by Greene. Three by Gates. Three by Lincoln. 
Three by Sumter. What battles were fought before the Declaration of 
Independence? Why? What brilliant naval engagement occurred during 
the War of the Revolution? What do you know of partisan warfare in the 
Carolinas? Give two results of the American Revolution. In the growth 
of ideas of liberty what effect had successes in colonial wars? Who in 
Virginia educated public sentiment up to an appreciation of [ndependen.ee? 



REVIEW OF FOURTH PERIOD. 



275 



South Carolina? Massachusetts? What was the Mecklenburg Declaration 
of Independence? What State first offered to concur with other States in 
declaring independence? What State first proposed independence? When 
and where was American Independence declared? Who wrote the declara- 
tion? What battles of the Revolution were decisive ones, and why? What 
governmental functions were assumed by the Seeond Continental Congress? 
What recommendation did it make to the States? Why is government 
necessary to man? What is Sovereignty? What is a Monarchy? 
Democracy? Republic? State? Province? How did the American 
people assume sovereignty? What delegation of governmental power did 
they make? Give six events of American history that marked the develop- 
ment of self-government. What do you know of the Ordinance of 17S7? 
Of the State of Franklin? Virginia Bill of Rights? Shay's Rebellion? 
What convention led to that which drew up the Constitution? What is a 
Constitution? Name three compromises in the Constitution. What differ- 
ences of interpretation came to exist in regard to the Constitution? Name 
some who opposed the establishment of the new government as proposed 
by the Constitution? Why did they oppose? Name some who favored? 
Why? What three men did most to secure the adoption of the Constitu- 
tion? What is "The Federalist"? Why was the Federal Government 
instituted in place of the Congress of the Confederation? What State first 
adopted the Constitution? When? What States followed in succession? 
Who was the unanimous choice for President of the United States? 



Tell what yo 
with his name 
Washington. 
Randolph. 
Gadsden. 
Greene. 
Putnam. 
Harrison. 
Burgoyne. 
Jasper. 
Rutledge. 
Cornwallis. 
Lafayette. 
Kosciusko. 
Franklin. 
Lee (H.) 
Ashe. 
Prevost. 
Brown . 
Locke. 



(BIOGRAPHICAL.) 
u know of each of the following and of the events connected 



Ferguson. 

Cleaveland. 

Nelson. 

Boone. 

Henry. 

Adams (S.) 

Lee (R. H.) 

Revere. 

Allen. 

Ward. 

Gates. 

Morgan. 

Laurens. 

Pulaski. 

DeKalb. 

Fraser. 

Deane. 

Hamilton. 



Jones. 

Tarleton. 

Rawdon. 

Van Wert. 

Shelby. 

Campbell. 

Mason. 

Madison. 

Hancock. 

Jefferson. 

Carr. 

Stark. 

Arnold. 

Howe. 

Prescott. 

Caswell. 

Sullivan. 

Knvphausen. 



Schuyler. 

Riedesel. 

Lee (A.) 

Clarke. 

Wayne. 

Buford. 

Hayne. 

Marion. 

Williams. 

McDowell. 

Shepard. 

Marshall. 

Otis. 

Adams (J. 

Gage. 

Parker. 

Warner. 

Clinton. 



Andre. 

Moultrie. 

Stirling. 

Steuben. 

St. Clair. 

Philips. 

Lee (C.) 

Pickens. 

D'Estaing. 

Cruger. 

Paulding. 

Moore. 

Sevier. 

Stewart. 

Robertson. 

Wilson. 

St. Leger. 

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27S PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 

SEARCH QUESTIONS* 

For what purpose was the Constitution ordained and established? What is the law- 
making body of the Federal Government called ? Of what two houses does it consist ? 
Of whom is the House of Representatives composed? What are the qualifications of a 
Representative ? Of whom is the Senate composed ? What are the qualifications of 
a Senator ? What powers have been delegated to Congress ? What bills originate In 
the House ? How does a bill become a law ? Who is the Executive ? How is he 
chosen ? What are his qualifications ? What are his duties '.' Powers ? In whom 
is the judicial power of the United States vested ? To what cases does this power 
extend ? What provision is in the Constitution regarding the return to their owners of 
runaway slaves ? How are new States formed and admitted to the Union ? What does the 
United States Government guarantee to each State ? By whom are regulations and rules 
:ng territory of the United States made? How may the Constitution be 
amended? What is the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution ? Whet amendment 
changed the original manner of electing the President and Vice-President? 



*For answers see the Constitution of the United States. 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS I, II AND III. 

Definition of Words. — Subordinate, financial, conservative, tariff, com- 
plications, impetus, census, animosity, coerce, negotiate, overtures, void, 
quasi, alien, sedition, political, amendment, recurrence, preeminently, 
retrocession, tribute, spoliation, culminate, retaliatory, flagrant, nullifica- 
tion, dominant, aggressor, exultation, embargo, preliminary. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference, — Schouler's " History of the American Republic," McMaster's " History of 
the People of the United States," Marshall's " Life of Washington," Andrews' " Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Their Admission into the Union " (Magazine of American History, 
October, 1SS7). 

General. — Irving's " Life of Washington," Lodge's " Hamilton," Morse's "Jefferson," 
Johnston's "American Politics," Von Hoist's "Constitutional History of the United 
States," Morse's "John Adams," Coffin's "Building of the Nation." 

Topical. — " Federal Government, Organization of," " Alexander Hamilton," " Whisky 
Rebellion," " First United States Rank," "Thomas Jefferson," "Washington's Inaugura- 
tion, - ' "Jay's Treaty," "Tennessee, Early History of," "Kentucky, Early History of," 
"John Adams," "Quasi French War," "Charles C. Pinckney," "Alien and Sedition 
Laws," "Virginia Resolutions," "Kentucky Resolutions," •'Louisiana Purchase," 
"Tripolitan War," "Lewis and Clark, Expedition of," "Orders in Council," "Milan 
Decree," " Embargo Act," " First Steamboat." 



FIFTH PERIOD. 



INDEPENDENCE 




CHAPTER I. 
The Beginning of the Federal 
Government. 



THE inauguration of Washington as President of the 
United States took place at New York, April 30, 1789. 

Congress had already assem- 
bled, and with the inauguration 
of the President, the oromniza- 
tion of the Federal Govern- 
ment neared completion. 
John Jay of New York was 
appointed Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court, and Edmund 
Randolph of Virginia, Attor- 
ney-General. 



The First President. 
The call to the presidency found 
Washington at his home, Mount 
Vernon, Virginia. It was with reluct- 
ance that he gave up the peace and re- 
tirement of his surroundings to engage 
again in public life. His journey to 
New York, where the new government 
was to be organized, was a series of 
ovations. Everybody turned out eager 
to greet and behold one who had 
done so much for his countrv, and 
who was yet to do more. No one 
better merited the public confidence, 
and in no one could the hopes of the 
American people be better centered. 



2&> 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



Three subordinate executive officers were appointed. 
One was to administer affairs connected with foreign powers 
(State), another with defense (War), and the third with the 
finance (Treasury). These officers or Secretaries consti- 
tuted the President's Cabinet. Washington was particularly 
fortunate in his selection of a cabinet. General Knox was 
appointed Secretary of War, Thomas Jefferson of State, 
and Alexander Hamilton of the Treasury. 

The duties devolving upon those who first administered 
affairs were many and difficult. The authority of the new 
government over its citizens had to be established, and in a 



UNION. 



2Sl 



manner as harmonious as pos- 
sible. Antagonisms against 
the Constitution had to be 
softened, and jealous fears 
allayed. The States, united 
under one jurisdiction, had to 
be elevated to such dignity as 
would command respect both 
at home and abroad. 

Hamilton was of invaluable 
assistance in the organization 
of the government. He pre- 
sented to Congress reports 
upon the condition and needs 
of the country, the necessity 
of establishing public credit, 
the desirability of encouraging 
domestic manufactures, and 
many other important matters. He divided the public debt 
into three parts: that due by the Confederation abroad, 
that due at home, and that due by each State independent of 
the confederated government. He advocated the prompt and 

honest payment of the whole. 
In all, this debt amounted to 
about eighty million dollars. 

In no way is the efficiency 
of a government better tested 
than in the matter of raising 
revenues. Here Hamilton's 
policy was well defined. A 
tariff was levied on imports, 
and an internal revenue tax on 
distilled spirits. A mint was 



Jefferson and Hamilton. 
Jefferson and Hamilton arc num- 
bered among America's greatest stairs 
men. The State papers of the former 
are remarkable contributions to politi- 
cal literature. The financial policy of 
the latter was brilliantly conceived, 
and endures to this day. Both repre- 
sented extremes of political thought, 
Hamilton believed in a strong- central 
government, and directed all his plans 
accordingly. Jefferson was opposed 
to any increase of power that would 
strengthen the Federal Government at 
the expense of the State. Between the 
two stood Washington, the conserva- 
tive, guiding the transcendent energies 
and abilities of both with consummate 
tact and wisdom; following the coun- 
selings of each so far as they conform- 
ed, in his judgment, to what was best 
for the country, and shaping, by the as- 
sistance of each, the early destinies of 
the new government, with a success 
that has added the ' glories of the 
statesman to those already won as a 
soldier and patriot. 



Franklin's Anti-Slavery Petition. 
African slavery, as an institution, 
had become firmly established in this 
country. It had been tacitly recog- 
nized in the drawing up of the Consli 
union. Nevertheless the cpaestion of 
its abolition had already arisen. 
Hardly was the Federal Government 
organized before a petition for eman- 
cipation, headed by Franklin, was 
pre: ented to Congress (February 19, 
171/)). After some deliberation, Con- 
gress decided that it had no authority 
to interfere in the slavery regulations 
of any State, and the question which 
afterwards caused fierce agitation, 
was for a time set at rest. 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



established at Philadelphia, and a national bank chartered. 
The whole machinery of the treasury department was suc- 
cessfully set in motion. The 
Federal Government rapidly 
increased in strength, and its 
vigor enabled it to cope with 
many difficulties that beset it. 
The attention of the gov- 
ernment was soon directed to 
foreign affairs. The attitude 
of England had been far from 
satisfactory since the close of 
the war. She still held the 
western posts; had declined to 



The Capital Bargain. 

Hamilton experienced some difficulty 
in carrying his measures through Con- 
gress, but finally succeeded by what 

has been termed the Capital Bargain' 
The seat of government had been re- 
moved from New York to Philadelphia 

(1791), there to remain until a perma- 
nent location was decided upon. 
Different sections were contending for 
this location. Hamilton's measures 
had many friends in the North, and 
but few in the South. In return for 
southern support of his measures he 
used his influence to have the national 
capital located in the South, and the 
siteselected was that upon the Potomac 
River, where it now is. 



recognize the new government by sending a representative, 
as is customary, and was holding the rights of the United 
States on sea in utter contempt. Complications also 
arose with France, which had entered into a war with Eng- 
land, and confidently anticipated American assistance. The 
United States was too young a nation to enter into any 
entangling alliances with foreign powers, and Washington's 
policy was one of neutrality. 

The war between France 
and England gave a great im- 
petus to American commerce, 
but this impetus was soon 
checked by repeated acts of 
hostility on the part of England. 
War was threatened, but was 
averted by Washington, who, 



The Whisky Rebellion. 
The collection of the internal reve- 
nue tax was resisted by the farmers of 
the western counties of Pennsylvania, 
many of whom were engaged in the 
manufacture of whisky. The resist- 
ance offered by them assumed im- 
portant proportions. A sufficient force 
rallied to the support of the govern- 
ment however, and marching to the 
region suppressed the rebellion with- 
out bloodshed. 



in his wisdom, dispatched Jay to England to effect a 
treaty ( 1795 ). Jay's Treaty was ratified by the Senate, but 



UNION, 



283 



was thoroughly unsatisfactory to the people, because it did 

not dispose of England's claim 
of right to search American 
vessels, and it placed restric- 
tions upon the trade of the 
United States with the West 
Indies. But the western posts 
were relinquished, and war 
was deferred. 

Washington served as Pres- 
ident two terms of four years 
each, and declined a third. 
The first census was taken dur- 
ing his administration, and 
showed a population of almost 
four million. By treaty with 
Spain, in whose possession 
was Florida, the southern 

boundary of the United States was defined, and the free 

navigation of the Mississippi conceded. 

Three new States were added to the original thirteen — 

Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee. The Constitution pro- 
vides for the admission of new 
States, but stipulates that no 
new State may be formed 
within another State without 
consent of its legislature. 
Vermont was claimed by both 
New York and New Hamp- 
shire. The people desired a 
separate State government, 

and in 1790 New York gave her consent. Congress passed 



War With Little Turtle. 
The Indians were encouraged in 
many an act of hostility by the English 
garrisons that still occupied the west- 
ern forts. Emigration, seeking the 
fertile lands of Ohio and Indiana, was 
checked for a time. In seven years of 
Indian depredation more than fifteen 
hundred settlers fell victims to savage 
butchery, while many others were car- 
ried off into captivity. General Harmar, 
General St. Clair, and General Wayne 
were successively sent to bring the 
Indians to terms. Harmar (1790) and 
St. Clair (1791) were badly defeated by 
Little Turtle, chief of Miamis. 
Wayne met with better success. Ad- 
vancing into the Indian country (1793) 
he built several forts, and finally won 
a complete victory over the savages on 
the banks of the Maumee, in Northern 
Ohio (1791). The defeated savages 
lung remembered Wayne, and called 
him the "chief who never sleeps." 
The year after their defeat the Indians 
relinquished by treaty all claim to a 
large extent of territory (1795). 



Genet. 
Washington i sued a proclamation 
of neutrality, but it was ignored by 
Genet, a representative of France, 
who came to this country to secure 
the assistance of the Americans. 
At Charleston he proceeded to fit 
out vesselsof warto prey upon English 
commerce (170,!), and a controversy 
ensued between him and the adminis- 
tration. Upon the demand of the 
United States he was recalled to 
France. 



- s 4 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Free Navigation oi the Mississippi. 
This conces ion was important to 
i he settlers of the Ohio Valley, i>>r it 
gave them an outlet to the ea :■ 
surplus produce. -V thriving trade 
sprung up that did much to develop 
the western section and increase the 
commercial importance of New Or- 
leans. Large quantities of farm 
products were shipped in flatboats 
down the Ohio and Mississippi, 
and the boat and cargo havil . 
sold, the enriched o\\ iter made his way 
hack home over land. 



the act of admission February 
'18. and March 4. 1701. the 
act went into effect. 

Six States had made ces- 
sions to the United States vi 
their claims to western terri- 
tory — New York ( 1781 ). Vir- 
ginia (178}). Massachusetts 
(1785), Connecticut (1786), 
South Carolina (1787). and 
North Carolina (1790). The land so ceded was organized 
into two territories, the "Northwest" and the "South of 
the Ohio." The '"Northwest" was that portion north of 
the Ohio River. The " South of the Ohio" was that now 
occupied by the State of Tennessee, together with a narrow 
strip south of it. ceded by South Carolina. Between the 
two was the District of Kentucky, a part of the domain of 
Virginia not included in her cession of 1784. The h . 
ture of Virginia consented (December 18, 1789) to the 
forming of a new State from this district. The act of 
admission was approved by Congress February 4, 1791. and 
took effect June 1, 1792. 

Under the governorship of William Blount the territory 
" South of the Ohio" retained its territorial organization 
until 1796. The deed of cession passed by North Carolina 
provided that when the territory attained a population 
of sixty thousand, it should be admitted into the Union. 
A census was taken in 1795. under the direction of 
the territorial legislature, and showed the required number. 
That portion ceded by North Carolina was therefore organized 
as a State. It was named Tennessee, and admitted into 
the Union June 1. 1796. 



PRINCIPAL 
EVENTS. 



urn 
BLACKBOARD FORM 



2S = 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



{1789 
>790 

1791 

1792 
1793 

,795 
^1796 



Inauguration. 
/ Franklin 's Anti-Slavery Petition 
\ Harmar's L 

(Philadelphia made Capital. 
Vermont Adr- 
National Bank Established. 
I St. Clair's Defeat. 
Kentucky Admitted. 
Washington Re-elected. 
Troubles with France {Genet). ■ 
j Wayne 's Victory over Little 
I Whisky Rebellion. 
Jay's Treaty. 
Tennessee Admitted. 



QUESTIONS. 

When and where was Washington inaugurated? What can you say of 
his journey to the Capital? What can you say of the organization of the 
Federal Government? What executive departments were instituted? Who 
were appointed secretaries? What can you say of Jefferson and Hamilton ? 
What can you say of the duties devolving upon the first administration ? 
What work did Hamilton do? How was the public debt divided? What 
was its amount? What do you know of Franklin's anti-slavery petition? 
What do you know of the Capital Bargain? How is the efficiency of a gov- 
ernment best tested? How was revenue raised? W hat was established? 
Chartered? What do you know of the whisky rebellion ? What grievances 
did the United States have against England? What complications arose 
with France? What do you know of Jay's treaty? What Indian war 
occurred while Washington was President? What do you know of t^e 
campaigns of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne ? What do you know of Genet? 
What was the population of the United States according to the first census? 
What boundary treaty was made with Spain? What, was conceded by this 
treaty? Of what importance was this concession to the Western States ? 
What three States were admitted? When was each admitted? What do 
you know of the organization of the Northwest Territory? South of the C >hio 
Territory? Who was its governor? What do you know of the organization 
of Kentucky as a State ? Tennessee ? 



286 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

CHAPTER II. 

The Rise of Political Parties. 

The difference between the political parties had become 
more and more marked, and each put forward a candidate 
to succeed Washington as President. The question, of 
accepting or rejecting the Constitution had been settled, 
and party lines were now drawn upon the subject of the 
powers to be exercised by the government under the Consti- 
tution. The cardinal principle of the Federalist party was to 
strengthen the general government; that of their opponents, 
who now came to be known as the Democratic-Republican 
party, was to oppose all centralizing of power and to place as 
few restrictions upon the people as possible. 

The candidate of the Federalists was John Adams; 
of the Democratic-Republicans, Thomas Jefferson. No 
candidate for vice-president was put forward in those 
days. The presidential candidate receiving the second highest 
number of votes became the Vice-President. The contest 
resulted in'the election of Adams as President, and Jefferson 
as Vice-President. 

Jay's treaty had averted war with England, but it had 
excited the animosity of France. Adet, the French 
minister to the United States, vainly urged an alliance. 
France had just passed through a revolution, and its govern- 
ment was in the hands of a Directory of five. This 
Directory endeavored to coerce the United States into oppo- 
sition against England. Failing in this, their relations with 
our Government became hostile. The American minister 
was ordered to leave France, and French men-of-war were in- 
structed to prey upon American commerce. 

More than a thousand vessels were lost before American 
shipowners became apprised of hostilities. Charles 



UNION. 



287 



Cotesworth Pinckney, Eldridge Gerry and John Mar- 
shall were sent as commissioners to negotiate a treaty, and 
secure, if possible, a friendly settlement. The Directory 
refused to receive them officially, but sent word that a pre- 
sent of two hundred and forty thousand 
dollars and a loan from the United States 
to the French government would insure 
peace. These overtures were indig- 
nantly rejected, Pinckney uttering the 
memorable words, " Millions for de- 
fense, but not one cent for tribute" 

The indignities of France soon 
aroused America to action. The army 
was organized. Washington was called 
again to its command, while Alexander charles cotesworth pinckney. 
Hamilton was made a major-general. An executive depart- 
ment for naval affairs was created, and Benjamin Stoddert 
of Maryland was appointed Secretary of the Navy. All past 

treaties with France were de- 
clared void, and American 
men-of-war made ready for 




Death of Washington. 
About this time the sad intelligence 
was received that Washington was 
dead (December 14, 1799). The news 
was everywhere received with mani- 
festations of sorrow. Numbered among 
the greatest of all time, he stands the 
central figure in American history. 
Soldiers and statesmen of every clime 
have pronounced eulogies upon him, 
and eloquent tributes to his memory 
have been over and over repeated. 



sea. Although war was not 



formally declared, American 
and French vessels met in 
combat. Commodore Trux- 
ton in the American frigate 
Constellation won an im- 
portant victory over the French forty-gun ship IS Insur- 
gent, near the West Indies, and shortly after successfully 
encountered La Vengeance. This quasi-war continued 
until Napoleon came to the head of the French govern- 
ment. Wholly engaged with European affairs, he sought 
a peace with America. Murray, Ellsworth and Davie 
were sent as embassadors to Paris (1800), and a treaty was 
concluded. 



288 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Adams' administration was unpopular. The most cen- 
sured of its acts was the passage of Alien and Sedition 
Laws. The Alien laws gave the President power to order 
any foreigner whom he deemed dangerous to public peace 
to leave the United States, and lengthened a foreigner's 
term of residence in this country before he could be 
naturalized. The Sedition laws made it unlawful to un- 
duly criticize the government, or publish anything that 
would bring either Congress 
or the President into contempt 
or disrepute. 

In the political agitation that 
followed the passage of the 
Alien and Sedition Laws, the 
Democratic-Republican party 



increased greatly in strength. 



Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. 
The passage and enforcement of 
these laws were regarded as usur- 
pations of governmental powers. The 
legislature of Kentucky passed u 
formal set of resolutions in protest, 
declaring the Alien and Sedition Laws 
palpable violations of the Constitution, 
and asserting as unquestionable the 
right of the States to nullify all unau- 
thorized acts done under cover of that 
instrument. Virginia followed with 
resolutions declaring the powers of the 
Federal Government limited by the in- 
strument of compact; and that the 
States are in duty hound, and have the 
right, to interfere when the dangerous 
and palpable exercise of powers not 

granted by the Constitution is sought. 



Adams was defeated for re- 
election. Two candidates, 
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron 
Burr, had been proposed by 
the strengthened and success- 
ful party, so that if successful both President and Vice- 
President would be of their party, and both received the same 
number of electoral votes. According to the Constitution it 
now became the duty of Con- 
gress to choose between the 
candidates. The Federalist 
members labored strenuously 
to defeat their great antago- 
nist, Jefferson, who had been 
one of the founders of the 
party opposed to them. 
Thirty-six ballots were taken 
before the decision was made. Jefferson was elected 



The Twelfth Amendment. 
To prevent a recurrence of these 
difficulties an amendment was added 
to the Constitution, by which a candi- 
date for each of the offices of President 

and Vice President was thenceforth 
voted for. This precluded the possi- 
bility ot two candidates put fortli nv 

the successful political party receiving 

the same vote for the one office, and 
thus making an election by Congress 
necessary, 



UNION. 



289 



With the close of the eighteenth century the capital of 
the United States was removed to its permanent location. A 
site on the Potomac River had been donated by Virginia 
and Mar) land, but only that portion tendered by the latter 
was used. A district ten miles square was laid out and 
named Columbia, the city receiving the name of the first 
President, Washington. 



BLACKBOARD FORM. 



PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 



ADAMS' 
ADMINISTRATION. 



{Inauguration. 
1797 < Jroubles with f !?97 Commissioners sent. 
I France \ I ?98 quasi War begins, 



1798 



1799 



1800 I 



1799 Constitution captures L 'Insurgent. 

Navy Department created. 
Alien and Sedition Laws. 
i Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. 
Death of Washington. 
Washington City made Capital. 

Democratic-Republican [ Jefferson. 
Presidential) Cand,dates. \ B urr. 

Election 1 f John Adams. 

I Federalist Candidates < _, , 
v 1 Pmckney. 

. Treaty with France. 



QUESTIONS. 

What differences existed in political parties after the adoption of the Con- 
stitution ? What were the parties now called? Who were the presidential 
candidates of each? Which was successful? How was the Vice-President 
elected in those days? What effect had Jay's English treaty upon France? 
What hostile steps were taken by France against the United States ? Why? 
What three commissioners were sent? What was the result of their mission ? 
What war-like measures did the United States now adopt? What do you 
know of the quasi French War? What treaty was concluded? By whom? 
What can you say of the death of Washington? What unpopular laws were 
passed while Adams was President? What do you know of the Alien Law? 
Sedition Law ? What do you know of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ? 
What was the effect of the Alien and Sedition Laws upon the presidential 
election? What do you know of the election of Jefferson? What do you 
know of the Twelfth Amendment ? What do you know of the permanent 
location of the Federal Capital ? 



290 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




THOMAS JEFFERSON. 



CHAPTER III. 
Expansion of Territory. 

Thomas Jefferson was preeminently a man of the people, 
and believed in a government " for the people, by the peo- 
ple." His inauguration was attended 
by no display of pomp or ceremony. 
In his opinion the Chief Executive is 
but the servant, not the ruler of those 
who confer upon him the office, and he 
should set an example of republican 
simplicity. 

In plain attire he rode unattended to 
the government building, entered, and 
was sworn in to office (March 4, 1801). The Federalists 
looked upon his ascendancy to power with grave fears, but 
the popularity of his administration increased as the years 
wore on. He was triumphantly elected to a second term, 
and declined a third, following the precedent established by 
Washington. 

The progress of the country while Jefferson was President 
was marked, notwithstanding the difficulties that arose with 
several foreign powers. One new State, Ohio, was admit- 
ted into the Union (Februrary 19, 1803). The greatest event 
connected with his administration was the purchase of Louis- 
iana. It will be remembered that this province passed to 
the possession of Spain by the treaty that ended the French 
and Indian War. It comprised a vast region west of the Mis- 
sissippi, together with that peninsula-like portion of the present 
State of Louisiana lying on the left bank of the river south 
of Lakes Maurepas, Pontchartrain and Borgne, and upon 
which Bienville had established New Orleans (1718). 



UNION. 



29I 



War With Tripoli. 
American commerce in the Mediter- 
ranean suffered very much from the 
piratical practices of the Barbary 
States of Africa. American vessels 
were captured, and their crews either 
held for ransom or sold into captivity. 
Immunity from these outrages could 
be secured by the 
payment of an an- 
nual tribute, as- 
several European 
nations were doing ; 
but the United 
States declined to 
submit to such ex- 
tortion. The Ba- 
shaw of Tripoli 
haughtily declared 
war(iSoi). A fleet 
was sent under 
Commodore Preble 
(1S03), who, after 
bringing the Em- 
peror of Morocco 
to terms, blockaded 
and bombarded 
Tripoli, until its 
piratical ruler was 
glad to submit 
(1S04). Incidental 
to the blockade a 
daring exploit was 
performed by 
Lieutenant De- 
catl'H. The frigate 
Philadelphia run- 
ning aground had 
fallen into the 
hands of the Tripolitans. To prevent 
her being used by the enemy it was 
determined to destroy her. Decatur, 
with a chosen band in a small vessel, 
succeeded in reaching the frigate 
without exciting suspicion, and before 
resistance could be made, leaped 
aboard, cleared the deck of the enemy, 
set the vessel on fire, and returned 
without the loss of a single man, 
though a fierce cannonade was direct- 
ed upon him from the shore. 



In 1800 Spain was compelled by Napoleon to retrocede 
Louisiana to France, which she did by the secret Treaty 

or Ildefonso. Spain had 
conceded the free navigation 
of the Mississippi to the United 
States, but the retrocession 
made it necessary to again 
contend for this privilege. 

The nav- 
igation of 
the Missis- 
sippi was 
essential 
to the pros- 
perity of 
the we st- 
ern people. 
Monroe 
and Liv- 
ingsto ne 
were sent 
to France 
to negoti- 
ate for the 
purchase 
of a site 




DECATUn BURNING THE PHILADELPHIA 



near the mouth of the river, 
upon which to establish a 
depot for the commercial 
benefit of the United States. 
Thev were surprised to receive 
an intimation from Napoleon 
that the whole province could 
be purchased. The price de- 



292 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



manded seemed enormous ia those days, but the sagacity of 
Jefferson enabled him to foresee what an important bearing 
the full possession of the Mississippi and its tributaries would 
have upon the welfare of this country; 
so the purchase was made ( 1803). 

The terms agreed upon were that the 
United States should pay eleven million 
two hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
to France, and as- 
sume a debt of some 
three million seven 
hundred and fifty 
thousand dollar's, 
" Spoliation 
Claims," held bj 
citizens of the United 
States against French 
government. Thus 
was a domain con- 
taining more than 
one million square 
miles and more than 
ninety thousand in- 
habitants added to 
the territory of the United States. Immediately after its 
purchase, Mkriwktiif.r Lewis and William Clarke were 
sent to explore it (1804). Proceeding westward from the 
Missouri River these explorers crossed the Rocky Mount- 
ains, reached the Pacific coast, and returned, after having 
been engaged three years in the undertaking. 

The purchase of Louisiana made Jefferson very popular 
in the West, and he was reelected by an overwhelming 
majority. The complications with foreign powers, which 




CROSSING THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 




ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U.S. 



UNION. 



293 



began in the administrations of Washington and Adams, 
and which were destined to culminate in open war, continued 



during the administration of 
Jefferson, and reached a 
critical point during his second 
term. 

France and England were 
still at war. The policy of the 
United States was one of strict 
neutrality. In their war with 
each other, England issued 
several Orders in Council, 
and France, retaliatory De- 
crees, that interfered 
seriously with American com- 
merce, and made it the prey 
of both the hostile nations. 
The Orders in Council de- 
clared all vessels carrying pro- 
duce from the West Indies to 
Europe to be legal prizes, and 
all French ports to be in a 
state of blockade. The first 
French Decree was issued by 
Napoleon from Berlin, and 
forbade the introduction by 
any neutral vessel of English goods into any port of Europe. 
The second was issued at Milan, and decreed the confisca- 
tion of all vessels violating the Berlin Decree, or submitting 
to English search. 

Great Britain, moreover, had long viewed with jealousy 
the growing commerce of the United States. She now 



Aaron Burr. 

Aaron Burr, who was Vice-President 
during Jefferson's first term, was re- 
placed by George Clinton. Burr 
was a man very ambitious, and ever 
actuated by motives of self-aggrandize- 
ment. When associated with Jefferson 
on the Democratic-Republican ticket, 
and the election devolved upon Con- 
gress, he manifested every willing- 
ness to make an alliance with the 
Federalist members to secure the posi- 
tion. While Vice-President he became 
a candidate for governor of New York 
(1804), and would have been supported 
by a sufficient number of Federalists 
to insure his success had it not been 
for Hamilton's influence. As it was, 
he was defeated, and, stung by disap- 
apointment, he seized upon some ex- 
pressions employed by Hamilton in 
the heat of political debate as a pre- 
text for a duel. His challenge was 
accepted. The duel took place at 
Weehawken, N. J. (July 11, 1S04), 
and Hamilton was killed. The news 
was received with profound regret, 
and the event gave a death blow 
to Burr's political preferment. lie 
was afterwards engaged in a treason- 
able scheme to invade Mexico, and, 
with as much of the southwestern 
territory of the United States as he 
could win to his cause, establish such 
an empire as would realize his dreams 
and desires for power. He was ar- 
rested in Alabama and taken to Rich- 
mond for trial, but was acquitted for 
want of sufficient proof. 



294 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



manifested great vindictiveness in the execution of the Orders 
in Council. International law was by her ignored. Her 
ships of war infested the Atlantic seaboard, intercepting and 
searching American vessels, and seizing American seamen. 
Even in the harbors the ships of the United States were not 
safe from British guns. Outrages upon the high seas 
became more and more numerous, and the patience of the 
American people was tested to its utmost. 

One of the most flagrant of these outrages was that 
upon the American frigate Chesapeake, which, sailing under 
Captain Barron from Norfolk for the Mediterranean, was 
stopped by the British ship-of-war Leopard (June 22, 1807). 
The British commander claimed several of the Chesapeake's 
crew as deserters from the English navy, and demanded 
their surrender. On being refused, the Leopard opened 
fire. The attack was a surprise, and the Chesapeake in her 

unprepared state soon . 

lowered her flag. 
Great indignation fol- 
lowed. Jefferson is- 
sued a proclamation 
ordering all British 
vessels out of Amer- 
ican ports. 

Reluctant to involve 
the country in war 
with England, Jefferson pursued a policy which, in his 
judgment, would avoid hostilities, and at the same time bring 
England to terms. Trade with America was an important 
consideration with English merchants and manufacturers; 
so an Embargo Act was passed (December 22, 1807), 
forbidding American vessels to leave and British vessels to 
enter the ports of the United States. This virtually sus-: 




FULTON'S FIRST STEAMBOAT. 



UNION. 



295 



pended all commerce, and bore heavily upon that section of 
the country whose principal interest was commerce. Mur- 
murs of discontent soon arose from New England. Here 
was the machinery of government bearing oppressively 
upon a sectional interest. 

The Embargo Act was followed by an act to enforce its 
provisions. It was now the turn of Massachusetts to object, 
as Kentucky and Virginia had previously done. Her legisla- 
ture condemned these measures of the United States 
Government as unconstitutional. The Governor of Con- 
necticut refused to comply with their provisions, and by 
his words and acts strengthened the political doctrine of 
Nullification. The Federalist party was dominant in 
New England, and the opposition to the president's course 

almost crystalized into seces- 
sion from the Union. To har- 
monize matters, the Embargo 
Act was modified and 
the Non-Intercourse 
Act passed, permitting 
commerce w i t h all 
nations except England 
and France. 

In the presidential 
canvass towards the 
close of Jefferson's adminis- 
tration, the Democratic-Republican party nominated James 
Madison of Virginia for President, and George Clin- 
ton of New York for Vice-President. The Federalists 
nominated Charles C. Pinckney of South Carolina, and 
Rufus King of New York. The Democratic candidates 
were elected. 



Fulton's First Steamboat. 
The application of steam to naviga- 
tion was successfully made during 
Jefferson's second term by 
Robert Fulton. His first 
boat was called the Cler- 
mont. It was clumsily built, 
and its progress was much 
slower than steam vessels of 
the present day. Never he- 
less it was a great improve- 
ment upon the mode of 
transit employed at the time. 
The first trip was made on 
the Hudson River from New 
York to Albany (September 
2, 1S07). 




ROBERT FULTON 



296 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

BLACKBOARD FORM 



PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 






CO 

o 

CO 
-3 



(Inauguration. 
(1803, Preble sent. 
War with Tripoli 1804, { IT" ^T,"',- , „ 

r U " T/ | Frigate Philadelphia burned, 

1/505, Treaty of Peace. 

{Ohio admitted, February 19. 
\i8ooJ"fr S8 T nt0 /' 
Louisiana Purchased! /gQg j ( April 30) Purchased by u. s. 
' y 'Dec. 20) Possession taken. 

\ l804 A Explored by \ LeW ' S ' 
{1807,} {Clarke. 

in n a \ Re-Election of Jefferson. 
\ Death of Hamilton. 
First Steamboat. 



C Orders in Council. 
I S07 , \ r r 1 I Chesapeake affair. 

Lngland.^ President's Proclamation. 
\ -j- . . . . I Embargo Act. 

>- / rOUblCS With i {Non-Intercourse Act. 

_ j Berlin Decree, 

V France, i .... n 

Decree. 

( Madison. 
Democratic Candidates 



{ Clinton. 

1 I808, Presidential Election ■ r pinckney. 

■ s < 

r. 



QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of Jefferson's inauguration? Of His popularity? 

What State was admitted while he was President? What is the greatest 
event connected with his administration ? What do you know of the pur- 
chase of Louisiana ? What did the province of Louisiana comprise? By 
what treaty had France regained this province? Why was the free naviga- 
tion of the Mississippi desirable? What was the price paid for Louisiana? 
What do you know of the war with Tripoli? Of Decatur? Of Lewis and 
Clarke's expedition? Of Aaron Burr? What were the British "Orders in 
Council " ? The " Berlin Decree " ? The " Milan Decree " ? How did Eng- 
land dhow her animosity against the United States? What outrages were 
committed by her upon American commerce? What do you know of the 
Chesapeake affair? What proclamation followed? What effect had it 
upon New England? Why was it passed? By what was it substituted? 
Who were the candidates to succeed Jefferson? Who was elected? 



UNION. 



2 9 7 



PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS IV, V AXD VI. 

Geography. — Upon the accompanying map note the location of Detroit. 
Where is Frenchtown? Niagara River? On which side of the Niagara is 
Queenstown? Chippewa? Lundy's Lane? Fort 
Erie? Where is Buffalo? Raisin F 
the relative positions of Fort Meigs 
Stephenson. In what part of Lake 
did a naval battle occur? Where i 
Fort Maiden? Note the posi 
of the battleground on the 
Thames River. Where 




is Plattsburg? 
ckett's Harbor? 
the course of a fleet 
ckett's Harbor to 
Fort George. What 
Sackett's Harbor is 
Where is St. Regis? 



Definition of Words. — Perfidy, impeded, cope, armament, revelation, 
uniformly, inglorious, impetuous, exhortation, compensation, ravage, 
prostrate, inopportune, diverting, mediate. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Schurz's " Henry Clay," Lossing's " Field Book of the War of iSiz," 
Roosevelt's "War of 1S12," Rives' " Madison," Sumner's " Andrew Jackson." 

General. — Rossiter Johnson's " History of the War of 1S12," Abbott's " Bine Jackets of 
TS12," Hemans' " To the Memory of General Sir Edward Pakcnham " (poem), Gay's 
"Madison," " The Second War of Independence"' (Harper's Magazine, April, 1SS4I, 
Andrew Jacksnn"s "Account of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend" (Magazine of American 
History, January, iSSS). 

Topical. — "Impressment of American Seamen," "War with Tecumseh," "The 
Prophet," "Henry Clay," "James Madison," "Hartford Convention," "War of 1S12, 
Land Battles of," " War of 1812, Naval Battles of," " Battle of New Orleans," " War of 
1S12, American Generals of," " War of 1S12, American Naval Commanders of," " Perry's 
Victory," " Treaty of Ghent," " Creek War." 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 
Why was "Citizen" Genet so called ? Who eulogized Washington as " First in war, 
first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" ? Who drew up the Virginia 
Resolutions ? Kentucky Resolutions ? What was the- "Sun prophecy " of Franklin ? 
What is the derivation of the word Tariff? 



298 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



CHAPTER IV 




JAMES MADISON. 



The Spirit of Young America. 

The efforts of the United States to avoid hostilities only 
brought upon it the contempt of foreign nations. The outrages 
of England and the confiscations of 
France continued. Nine hundred 
American vessels had been taken by 
England since difficulties began, and 
more than six thousand American sea- 
men pressed into English service. 
Five hundred and fifty vessels had 
fallen prey to France. Every remon- 
strance was unheeded, by both nations. 
The position of the United States was indeed humiliating 

The Americans were slow in 
coming to a determination to 
command by force of arms 
an honored place for their 
country among the nations of 
earth. They had won political 
independence by the War of 
the Revolution, and with this 
achievement they seemed for 
a long while disposed to rest 
content. But the United 
States was fast being forced 
into a condition of commercial 
subserviency, and this condi- 
tion could not long exist with- 
out calling into action the spirit 
of resistance characteristic of 
Americans. 

A new generation was com- 
ing to the front and making 



The Shawnee War. 
The population of the United States 
now numbered eight million. The 
Indians oi the northwest met the en- 
croachment of the whites in the usual 
manner, ami were incited to their 
deeds of atrocity by the British upon 
the Canadian frontier. TKCUMSKH, 

chiel ol ! c Shawnees, assisted by his 
brother, the PROPHET, determined to 
make a final stand. Both were chiefs 
of great influence. They were joined 
by many of the western and southwest- 
ern tribes, Tecumseh even visiting the 
Indians of Tennessee and Alabama 
11 . 1 , and winning them to his pur- 
Co arrest depredations.WiLi [AM 
Henry Harrison, Governor oi that 
portion of the northwest, organized as 
the Indiana Territory, marched upon 
the large Indian village ol the Prophet 
at the mouth of the Tippecanoe River. 
W'lun near his destination, he was at- 
tacked at night In overwhelming num- 
bers, but being on the alert, was not 
surprised (November 7, 1811). He 
succeeded in administering a crushing 
defeat to the savages, and on the next 
day advanced to their town and laid it 
in ashes. 



Union. 



299 



itself felt in American affairs. These younger citizens beheld 
their country insulted and humiliated upon every side, and 
they grew restive, as outrage after outrage was reported. The 
honor of America was at stake, and the spirit of young Amer- 
ica was eager to defend it. War was demanded. Both 
England and France had been aggressors; but the conduct 

of England had been the more 
offensive, particularly as she 
had added another provoca- 
tion to her many vindictive 
acts upon the sea, by again 
inciting the Indians of the 
northwest to hostilities. 

Congress was not unani- 
mous in its desire for war. 
The elder members counseled 
peace ; the younger would ac- 
cept no peace at the expense 
of national honor. The war 
party was led by Henry Clay 
of Kentucky, John C. Cal- 
houn, William Lowndes and 
Langdon Cheves of South 
Carolina, and Felix Grundy 
of Tennessee, all young men, 
just beginning to appear in 
American politics. Their eloquence resounded through the 
land, arousing the national spirit, as the eloquence of Henry 
and Otis had done just before the Revolution. 

The impulse to avenge injury and insult soon prevailed 
over the counselings of those more conservatively disposed. 
By the time that Madison was renominated (May, 181 2) it was 
pretty well understood that war was to be entered into with 



President and Little Belt. 
The war feeling steadily increased 
in strength. Strange to say, the West 
and South, the sections least affected 
by the commercial interferences of 
England, were the most eager to 
begin hostilities; while New England, 
the section whoseinterests had suffered 
the most, and in whose behalf war 
was advocated, was averse. An 
event occurred toward the close of 
Madison's first administration which 
did much to hasten the approaching 
conflict. The United States frigate 
President, commanded by Commo- 
dore Rodgers, sailing out of Nor- 
folk, bound for the Mediterranean, 
hailed a vessel near the coast, and 
in reply received a shot. The vessel 
proved to be the British sloop-of-war 
Little Belt. Instead of lying to 
and tamely submitting to search, 
Rodgers cleared his decks for action, 
and gave the Little Belt a number of 
broadsides which soon disabled her 
(May 11, 1S11). The news of the pun- 
ishment of British insolence upon the 
high seas was received with exultation 
in America, and the event gave great 
significance to the cry, Free Trade 
and Seamen's Rights, that soon re- 
sounded throughout the land. 



3°° 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



England. Preliminary to general hostilities, an embargo to 
continue ninety days was laid (April 4). No intimation having 
been received that England would revoke her Orders in 
Council, the President sent a "war message" to Congress 

(June 1) in accordance with 
which a bill was passed, and 



The Cause of the War of 1812. 

Five days before the declaration 
England decided 
to revoke the 
Orders in Council, 
not through any 
consideration for 
this country, but 
in compliance with 
the general de- 
mand of her mer- 
chants and manu- 
facturers, whose 
trade was suffering 
greatly from the 
non-inte rcourse 
policy of the 
United States. 
Had the intelli- 
gence reached 
America it is 

doubtful whether the war would have 
been averted; for the right to search 
American vessels and impress Ameri- 
can seamen was not relinquished, and 
for this cause, it may be said, the war 
was fought. 




IMPRESSING AMERICAN SEAMEN. 

on June 19, 181 2, war was 
formally declared. 

QUESTIONS. 

What did the efforts of the United 
States to avoid hostilities bring? How many American vessels were taken 
by England? Seamen? I low many by Fiance? What had the Americans 
won by the Revolution? Into what condition were they being forced? 
What was now making itself felt? Which of the two, between England 
and France, was the greater aggressor? 'What do you know of the Shawnee 
War? By whom were the Indians defeated? How was Congress divided? 
Who led the party in favor of war? What sections were in favor of 
war? What section was averse? What do you know of President and 
Little Belt affair? How was news of it received in America? What cry 
resounded through the continent? What events led up to the declaration 
of war? When was war declared? What was the principal cause of the 
War of 1812? Whv did the British revoke their "Orders iii Council " ? 



UNION. 



3d 



CHAPTER V. 
The War for Maritime Independence. 

The United States was inadequately prepared to enter 
into hostilities with so powerful a nation as England. Its navy 
consisted of but twenty or thirty vessels, while that of Eng- 
land comprised a thousand. But preparations were hastily 
pressed forward. Measures were passed for the enlistment 
of twenty-five thousand regular and fifty thousand volunteer 
troops. The States were recommended to levy one hundred 
thousand militia for local defense. A loan of eleven million 
dollars was authorized to defray the expense of carrying on 
the war. Provision was made to increase the navy. 

General, Henry Dearborn of Massachusetts, an old 
officer of the Revolution, was appointed Commander-in- 
chief of the Army. An aggressive campaign against the 
British Dominion of Canada was .planned, and operations to 
that end were directed upon the Michigan and Niagara 
frontiers. 

The first engagements of the war resulted disastrously to 
the American arms. General William Hull, governor 
of Michigan Territory, with fifteen hundred men, advanced 
into Canada, but hearing that the fort at Mackinaw had been 
taken by the British, fell back to Detroit. A detachment of 
his army, under Major Van Horne, was ambushed and 
defeated near Brownstown, Michigan, by the Indian allies of 
the British under Tecumseh (August 5 ), but the savages were 
routed by another detachment under Colonel Miller, near 
a place called Maguaga, Michigan (August 9). 

General Brock, Governor of Canada, advanced from 
Maiden to lay siege to Detroit. His forces were inferior to 
those of Hull. The Americans were eager for the combat. 
But with a baseness almost unparalleled Hull hoisted the 



30i 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



white flag of surrender before a shot was fired, and his 
chagrined army was delivered up as prisoners of war 
(August 16). 

Shortly after Hull's surrender, the brave General 
Stephen Van Renssellaer crossed the Niagara River, 
and with one thousand men gallantly assaulted Queens- 
town Heights. The heights were carried (October 13), 
and in the engagement General Brock, who had arrived 




CROQHAN'9 DEFENSE OF FORT STEPHENSON. 



from Detroit, was mortally wounded. Van Renssellaer re- 
turned to the American side of the river for reinforcements, 
but the rest of his army refused to cross the river, and their 
comrades at Queenstown, left to their fate, were overpow- 
ered and captured. Van Renssellaer resigned his command 



UNI6N. 



3°3 



and was succeeded by General Alexander Smyth, who, 
proving incompetent, was soon deposed. 

The military operations for the next year (1813) were 
more systematically planned. Three armies were organized ; 
the first to operate in the West, about the shore of Lake 
Erie; the second to operate upon the Niagara frontier, and 
the third to operate in northern New York. General 
Harrison was placed in command of the Army of the West, 
General Wade Hampton of the Army of the North, 
and the commander-in-chief himself directed the operations 
of the Army of the Center. 

Harrison pushed forward to recover the ground Hull had 
lost. An advance division of his army under General 
Winchester, after gaining an advantage over the enemy at 
Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, was attacked and defeated 
by the British and Indians under Proctor and Tecumseh 
(January 22, 1813). Proctor then advanced and besieged 

Harrison at Fort Meigs (Au- 
gust 5), but failing to effect its 
capture, proceeded to Fort 
Stephenson, upon the San- 
dusky. This fort was defend- 
ed by one hundred and sixty 
men under Major Croghan, 
a young man of twenty-one, 
who employed the limited 
means of defense at his dis- 
posal with such skill that the 
enemy was thoroughly re- 
pulsed (August 2). 
Shortly after a glorious victory was won over the enemy's 

fleet on Lake Erie by Commodore Perry (September 10), 



Massacre of the River Raisin. 
During the engagement Winchester 
was captured. Perceiving the superior 
forces of the enemy, and receiving a 
solemn pledge from Proctor that the 
surrender of the detachment would in- 
sure its safety, Winchester advised his 
men to lay down their arms, which 
they did. With a perfidy that has at- 
tached to his memory never-ceasing 
odium, Proctor ignored all pledges 
and turned the unarmed Americans 
over to the mercy of the savages. The 
sick and wounded were butchered in 
cold blood. The able-bodied were 
either tortured or taken into captivity. 
This event nerved the Americans in 
many an encounter that afterward took 
place, and they often went into battle 
with the war cry, " Remember the 
River Raisin." 



3^4 



period oe independence. 



and the British land forces were thus compelled to fall back 
to Canada. Harrison followed and landed his troops near 
Maiden. A battle was fought near the River Thames, and 
the gallant conduct of some Kentucky riflemen, under 
Colonel Richard M. Johnson, turned the tide of victory 
in favor of the Americans. The British defeat was thorough. 
The Indian chief, Tecumseh, was slain in this battle. 

Meanwhile General Dear- 
born had crossed a force 
under General Zebulon 
Pike from Sackett's Harbor, 
New York, to York (Toron- 
to), Canada (April 27, 1813). 
The British were driven from 
their batteries, and 



the town, with many 
valuable stores, was 
taken. During the 
engagement the 
powder magazine of 
the enemy blew up, 
causing much loss 
in the American 




COMMODORE HERRY 



ranks. General 
Pike himself was mortally 
wounded. From York the 
victorious troops, now led by 
Generals Winder and Chand- 
ler, crossed over to the mouth 
of the Niagara River, and 
drove the British from Fort George (May 27) 
Sackett's Harbor defenseless after the departure of these 
troops, the British, under General Prevost, descended 



Perry's Victory. 

The British were in full possession 

of Lake Erie, and nothing could be 

done towards the successful invasion 

of Canada until this lake was cleared 

of the enemy's fleet. Captain Perry 

was sent to cooperate with General 

Harrison and take charge of operations 

upon the water. With great energy 

and perseverance he succeeded in 

building nine small vessels. 

Sailors were Sent overland 

from the sea coast to man the 

little lleet, and though poorly 

equipped with the appliances 

of war, Perry sailed out into 
the lake to meet the British 
squadron under the veteran 
Commodore Barclay, a 
pennant with the immortal 
words uttered by Lawrence, 
"Don't give up the ship" fly- 
|V t y '0W '"& at ,Me '"-i" 1 head of hi< 
Ww^'jiij'ijl flagship. The b. title was 
desperate. Perry's vessel 
engaged two of the enemy's 
and was soon badly disabled. 

Only eight of his nun re- 
mained, but with these he crossed in 
an open boat to another of his ships, 
and continued the engagement so suc- 
cessfully that the whole English fleet 
surrendered (September in, 1S13). 
" 11V have met the enemy and they are 
ours," was the laconic message Perry 
sen! to Harrison to announce the 
victory. 



Thinking 



UNION. 305 

upon it, but were repulsed by militia under General 
Brown (May 29). 

General Dearborn was succeeded as commander-in-chief 
by General James Wilkinson. An attack on Montreal 
was planned. An army of seven thousand men embarked 
near Sackett's Harbor, and proceeded down the St. 
Lawrence. They found their progress impeded by the 
enemy, and a force under General Brown was landed. 
The battle was fought at Chrysler's Field (November 11), 
and the army advanced to a place called St. Regis, where 
Hampton was expected to join them with the army of the 
North, from Plattsburg on Lake Champlain. The junc- 
tion, however, was not made, and the Montreal expedition 
was abandoned, Wilkinson's army going into winter 
quarters at Fort Covington. In the spring the Americans 
proceeded to the Sorrel River and were defeated at La Colle 
(March 30, 1814), after which they turned south and joined 
the troops at Plattsburg. 

New York was now formed into one military district 
of two divisions. That of the right was placed under the 
command of General Ralph Izard, with Generals 
Windsor, Macomb, Smith and Bissel as subordinates. 
That of the left was commanded by General Brown, with 
Generals Scott, Ripley and Gaines as subordinates. 

Izard was a thoroughly trained soldier, and proceeded 
to put the American army at Plattsburg in a condition of 
perfect discipline, as Steuben had done in the War of the 
Revolution at Valley Forge. He realized the necessity of 
this on being apprised that experienced veterans of England, _ 
fresh from the successful battlefields of Europe, were about 
to be sent to America. 

Meanwhile General Brown, upon the Niagara frontier, 
was actively engaged with the enemy. Generals Scott and 



306 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Ripley crossed the river, and defeated the British under 

Riall in a battle near the Chippewa River (July 5). 

At Lundy's Lane, near the 

Falls of Niagara, Scott and 

Riall again met (July 25). 

This was one of the hottest 

engagements of the war. The 

British far outnumbered the 

Americans, but Scott not only 

held his ground, but captured 

General Riall, wounded his 

successor, General Drummond, and drove the British from 

the field. 



"I'll Try, Sir." 
American success in the battle of 
Lundy's Lane depended upon the cap- 
ture of a British battery upon a neigh- 
boring height. General Brown arriv- 
ing upon the scene as the engagement 
was drawing to a close, called to 
Colonel Miller, and asked him if 
he could take it. "I'll try, .?/>," was 
Miller's response. Leading his men 
steadily up the ascent, Miller secured 
the battery and held it against the 
repeated assaults of the enemy. 




at Fort Erie, near 
the head of the Niagara River. 
Drummond having received 
reinforcements, advanced and 
laid siege (August 4). The 
Americans under General 
Gaines made a brilliant sortie, 
carried the enemy's works, 
and Drummond was compelled to retreat (September 17). 
Fort Erie was then destroyed, and the Americans crossed 
to their own side, where they went into winter quarters. 



The Creek War. 
The result of Tecumseh's visit to the 
Indians of Alabama was soon seen. 
Weathersford, chief of the Creeks, 
deeming the time opportune, took up 
arms, and surprising Fort Minis, near 
Mobile, massacred more than four 
hundred of its inhabitants. Forces 
from neighboring States soon reached 
the scene. General Coffee arrived 
from Tennessee and destroyed the 
town of Tallasehatche, slaving more 
than a thousand Creeks. GENERAL 
Floyd of Georgia burnt the Indian 
town of Autosse (November 24, 1813), 
while General Claiuokne of Mis- 
sissippi and PuSHAMATAHA, a friend- 
ly Choctaw chief, won a victory over 
Weathersford at Eccanachaca (De- 
cember 23, 1S13). General Andrew 
Jackson of Tennessee, who com- 
manded in this district, defeated the 
Indians at Talladega (November 9, 
1813), Emucfaw (January 22, 1S14), 
and Tohopeka or Horseshoe Bend 
(March 27). With this last battle the 
power of the Creeks was utterly 
crushed. 




UNION. 307 

These active operations upon the Niagara frontier rendered 
it advisable that General Izard with troops from Plattsburg 
reinforce General Brown. Leaving Macomb in command, 
Izard set out upon a long journey overland, impeded by 
many difficulties, and he arrived shortly after the successful 
sortie of the Fort Erie garrison. After the 
departure of Izard, a large force under General 
Prevost descended from Canada upon Platts- 
burg, but with greatly inferior numbers 
Macomb won a brilliant victory, and Prevost 
was compelled to retreat. Macomb's victory 
was accompanied by the naval victory of 
macdonouqh. Macdonough over Downie on Lake Champ- 
lain, near by, few of the enemy's vessels escaping. 

QUESTIONS. 

What preparations were made for war ? Who was appointed commander- 
in-chief? What campaign was decided upon? What do you know of 
events upon the Michigan frontier? Niagara frontier? The surrender of 
Hull? How was the American army organized in 1S14? What were the 
principal events connected with the Army of the West ? Army of the 
Center? What do you know of Perry's victory? Croghan's defense? 
Battle of the Thames? Capture of York? Defense of Sackett's Harbor? 
Massacre of the River Raisin? Capture of Fort George? Who succeeded 
General Dearborn? What do you know cf the unsuccessful Montreal 
expedition? The battle of La Colle? Into what two divisions was the 
military district of New York divided in 1S14? Who was placed in com- 
mand of each division? What were the principal operations of the Division 
of the Left ? Right ? What do you know of the battle of Chippewa ? 
Lundy's Lane? Plattsburg? Of Macdonough's victory? Izard's march? 
Miller's gallantry at Lundy's Lane? Fort Erie sortie? What do you know 
of the Creek War ? 



308 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 

OPERATIONS ON THE NORTHERN FRONTIER. 
BRITISH GENERALS AND VICTORIES IN ITALICS. 
WAR OF 1812. 



CM 

CO 



CV3 

CO 



f c ^ i Aug. 5 BROWNSTOWN VAX HORN TECUMSEH. 

jTc { Aug. 9 MAGUAGA MILLER TECUMSEH. 

o g I 

§ ^ I Aug. W DETROIT HULL BROCK. 



g^ J Oct. 13 QUEENSTOWN VAN RENSSELLAER... BROCK. 



^ I Jan. 22 FRENCHTOWN (MICH.) WINCHESTER PROCTOR. 

° „> *-: J May s FT. MEIGS (O.) HARRISON PROCTOR. 

|"Sj 1 Aug. 2 FT. STEPHENSON (0.)..CROGIIAN PROCTOR. 

■^ *" [ Oct. 5 THAMES (Canada) HARRISON.. PROCTOR. 

s- . e April 27..YORK (Canada) PIKE SHEAFFE. 

< ^ * -b J May 27 FT GEORGE... WINDER 

j May 29 SACKETT'S HARBOR. BROWN PREVOST. 

Nov. II CHRYSLER'S FIELD BROWN 



<o 



|*:S fe { Inactive HAMPTON. 






§ a , { July 5 CHIPPEWA BROWN RIALL. 

!3+:4f J July as ..LUNDY'S FAX!-: ...BROWN DRUMMOND. 

So- 1 Sept. 17 ..FT. ERIE GAINES DRUMMOND. 



'§SSJ March 30...LA COLLE ..WILKINSON ... ..HANCOCK. 

L ^l ot£ | Sept. 11...PLATTSBURG ...MACOMB PREVOST. 

CHAPTER VI. 

Sea Triumphs of the Young Republic. 

'When the United States Government took up the cause of 
the American sailor, it was little expected that she would 
be able to cope with England successfully on sea. The 
English navy was at the time the most powerful in the world, 
and the boastful song of British seamen had Jong been, 
>' J>ritannia Rules the Waves." 



UNION. 



.W 



The Hartford Convention. 
The hostility of the New England 
Federalists to the national administra- 
tion continued throughout the war. 
They considered it unconstitutional to 
require the militia of a State to serve 
beyond its borders. For the success- 
ful conduct of the war the government 
passed conscription measures, and the 
Federalists took steps to resist. The 
legislature of Massachusetts issued a 
call for a convention, and delegates 
from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Xew 
Hampshire and Vermont, with those 
of Massachusetts, met at Hartford 
(December 14, 1S14). The sessions of 
this convention were held in secret, 
and the records of its proceedings 
have been studiously suppressed. 
Suspicion has always existed, however, 
that measures tending to the secession 
of the New England States from the 
Union were contemplated and action 
postponed only by ending of the war. 
The event gave a political death blow 
to the Federalist party, the spirit of 
national unity having been greatly 
strengthened by the war then in course 
of prosecution. 



The American navy, on the other hand, consisted of but 
few vessels, for the American policy had been to discourage 
the institution and support of an expensive naval armament. 
Had the United States been better provided in this respect 
she would have been able to maintain her rights upon every 
sea, and would have compelled that respect from all nations 
that was to be hers after this war. 

The war upon the ocean was a revelation to the naval 
powers of Europe. The deeds of American commanders, 
from first to last, won the admiration of the world. Time 
after time American and English war vessels met in combat, 
and so uniformly successful were the former that American 
ships came to be regarded as invincible. 

The first naval engagement 
of consequence occurred off 
Newfoundland, between the 
American frigate Essex, Cap- 
tain Porter, and the British 
sloop Alert, Captain Lang- 
harne (August 12, 1812), the 
former being victorious. A 
few days after (August 19), 
off the coast of Massachusetts, 
the Constitution, under Cap- 
tain Hull, vanquished the 
Guerriere, one of the best 
equipped frigates of the Eng- 
lish navy. Hull was a nephew 
of the general who so basely 
surrendered Detroit, and his 
gallant deeds upon the sea 
contrasted strongly with the 



inglorious ones of his relative on land, and did much to wipe 
out the disgrace attached to the family name. 



3io 



period of Independence. 



Before the close of the year 1812 important victories were 
won by the Wasp over the Frolic (October 18) off the 
coast of North Carolina; by the American frigate United 
States, commanded by Decatur, over the British frigate 
Macedonia, commanded by Carden, near the Canary 
Islands (October 25); and by the Constitution, now com- 
manded by Bainbridge, over the British frigate Java, near 
San Salvador ( Decem- 
ber 20). The Consti- 
tution did magnificent 
service throughout the 
war, becoming one of 
the most historic ves- 
sels ever connected 
with the Amer- 
ican navy. In 
1 8 1 5, com- 
m a n d e d b y 
Stewart, she 
captured at 
one time the 
British ships 
C v A x E and 
Levart (Feb- 
ruary 20), near 
the Madeira Islands. 

Among the many gallant naval commanders of the war 
there will always be remembered Captain Lawrence. In 
the Hornet he captured, off Demarara, the British brig 
Peacock (February 24, 181 3). He was then called to the 
command of the frigate Chesapeake. While making ready 
for sea in the port of Boston the British frigate Shannon, 
thoroughly equipped for battle, approached the harbor and 
challenged the Chesapeake to combat. 




OCN'T GIVE UP THE SHIP.' 



UNION. 



311 



The impetuous Lawrence promptly responded, sailing out 
to meet the enemy alter hasty and inadequate preparations. 
The engagement was hotly contested and of short duration 
(June 1). Heroism availed little against the superior arma- 
ment oi the Shannon. Lawrence was morta'ly wounded, 
and, true to his heroic instincts, he gave the parting exhorta- 
tion to his crew, " Don't give nf the ship,'''' as in a dying 
Condition he was carried below. 

The victory of the Shannon was followed by that of the 
British sloop Pelican over the brig Argus (August 14), in 
the English channel, but American successes soon made 

ample compensation for the 
losses sustained. The Enter- 
prise captured the Boxer 
(September 5), near the coast 
of Maine, and on Lake Erie 
the greatest naval achievement 
of the war occurred shortly 
after (September 10). 

Captain Porter in the Essex, 
the ship and captain that had 
made the first capture in the 
war, after a brilliant career 
came to grief in the harbor of 
Valparaiso. Here the Essex 
was overpowered by the Brit- 
ish vessels, Piicebe and 
Cherub, and Porter was com- 
pelled to surrender (March 28, 
1814). This was the third 



British Coast Operations. 
During the progress of the war the 
whole coast from Maine to Delaware 
was blockaded. The fisheries and 
commerce of New England were utterly 
destroyed for a time. Lewiston, Me. 
(1S13) and Stonnington, Conn. (1S14) 
suffered bombardment. Admiral Coch- 
rane, with a powerful fleet, entered the 
Chesapeake (1S14), and four thousand 
veterans under General Ross landed, 
and marched to Washington after over- 
coming some opposition at Bladens- 
burg, Md. (August 24). All the public 
buildings except the Patent Office 
were burned by the enemy, and Ross 
proceeded to ravage Baltimore in a 
similar manner. Mdiiia were gathered 
in defense of the city. In a skirmish 
Ross was killed. The fleet of the 
British advanced up the Patapsco to 
cooperate with the army, and began a 
bombardment of Foist McHenry. 
The fort gallantly responded, and for 
eighteen hours maintained a spirited 
contest. The enemy's fleet was com- 
pelled to abandon the fight ; the army, 
unsupported, withdrew, and Baltimore 
was saved. 



and last important British naval victory of the war. 

The American sloop Peacock, commanded by Warring- 
ton, won a victory over the Epervier off the coast of Florida 
(April 29, 1814), and the engagements between the Wasp 



312 



PERIOD OK INDEPENDENCE. 



and Reindeer (June 28, 1814), and between the Hornet and 
Penguin (March 23, 1815), resulted in American victories. 




BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS 



The war oi 181 2 had come at a very inopportune time for 
England. The great Napoleon had almost succeeded in 



UNION. 



313 



The Battle of New Orleans. 

General Jackson, in command at the 
South, was indefatigable in his exertions 
to defend that portion of the country 
from invasion. Marching upon Pensa- 
cola, where the British had been permit- 
ted by the Spaniards to establish quart- 
ers, he drove the enemy from the place 
and took possession of the forts. The 
coast operations of the British extend- 
ing as far as Louisiana, Jackson has- 
tened to the defense of New Orleans. 
Here he was joined by some riflemen 
from Tennessee and Kentucky, and 
by many citizens of Louisiana. In 
the southern part of Louisiana is a 
bay called Barataria. Along the 
shores of this bay dwelt a people in a 
state of partial outlawry, engaged in 
smuggling or questionable enterprises. 
Their leader was a man of great dar- 
ing named Lafitte. Though out- 
lawed by his country, this smuggler 
coidd not turn against her. Offered 
tempting bribes by the British to join 
them in their attack upon the city, he 
rejected their proposals, and proffered 
instead the services of his men to 
Jackson, who promptly accepted them. 
For their brilliant actions in the battle 
that ensued the United States Govern- 
ment granted a full pardon to such of 
these men as would settle down as 
law-abiding citizens, which many of 
them did. 

Forts were erected to oppose the ad- 
vance of the enemy by river. The ad- 
vance was made, however, by way of 
the lakes back of the city, so Jackson 
threw up fortifications on the plains of 
Chalmette, just beyond the suburbs, 
and awaited their approach. The 
English army was composed of veteran 
troops, many of whom were fresh from 
the victorious battlefields of Europe. 
It was led by Sir Edward Pakenham. 
The British advanced through the 
swamp, and reaching the field, charged 
upon the fortifications of the Ameri- 
cans. The battle raged all day, but 
the riflemen, citizen soldiery and 
Baratanans stood their ground, and 
drove the enemy back with terrible 
slaughter (January S, 1S15). More 
than two thousand of their number 
were lost. Pakenham himself was 
killed. The loss of the Americans was 
but eight. The battle was a needless 
one, tor, unknown to the combatants, 
peace had already been declared. 



laying all Europe prostrate at 
his feet, and the remaining 
great powers of Europe had 
combined against France. 
The American war was divert- 
ing some of the energy of the 
British nation. So Russia, 
one of the allied powers, 
sought to mediate a peace 
between- England and the 
United States. Her first at- 
tempt was unsuccessful 
(March, 1813), but, renewing 
her efforts, she succeeded in 
bringing commissioners from 
the two countries together to 
treat for peace. 

Those appointed by the 
United States were Henry 
Clay, Albert Gallatin, 
James Bayard, Jonathan 
Russell and John Quincy 
Adams. The commission 
met at Ghent, Belgium (July 
6, 1814). The attitude of 
England was haughty and ex- 
acting, and for a long time it 
seemed impossible to reach a 
satisfactory conclusion ; but 
after five months of negotia- 
tion the treaty was signed 
(December 24, 1814). The 
news of peace took some time 



314 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

crossing the ocean, as there were no ocean cables in those 
days. Before it reached America the greatest land battle 
of the war had been fought (January 8, 1815), near New 
Orleans. 

QUESTIONS. 

What difference in naval strength existed between the United States and 
England? What success had the United States on sea? What was the first 
naval engagement? Where, when and by whom fought? What do you 
know of Hull's victory? Name other naval battles of 1812. What do you 
know of Captain Lawrence? What were his last words? What other 
British victory was won in 1S13? What three American naval victories 
were won this year? What do you know of Captain Porter and the Essex ? 
What American victories were won in 1814? 1815 ? What do you know of 
the peace mediation of Russia? What do you know of the British coast 
operations? The burning of Washington? The bombardment of Fort 
McIIenry? The Hartford Convention? Who were the American peace 
commissioners? What do you know of the Treaty of Ghent? 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 



NAVAL BATTLES — WAR OF 1 8 1 2. 



BRITISH VICTORIES IN ITALICS. 



00 



22 



[Aug. 12. ..ESSEX (Porter) Over ..ALERT (Langharnei 

Aug. 19.. .CONSTITUTION (Hull) Over ...GUERRIERE ..(Dacres). 

< Oct. 18...WASP (Jones) Over FROLIC (Muyates). 

Oct. 25 . UNITED STATES (Decatur) Over MACEDONIA ..(Carden). 

Dec. 20... CONSTITUTION (Bainbridge) ...Over JAVA (Lambert). 

Feb. 24. ..HORNET (Lawrence) .... Over PEACOCK (Peake). 

June I SHANNON (Broke) Over... CHESAPEAKE 'Lawrence). 

' Aug. 14.... PEUCAN (Maples) Over.... ARGUS (Allen). 

Sept. 5 ENTERPRISE (Burrows) Over.. .BOXER (Blythe). 

.SEPT. 10..AMERICAN FLEET (Perry) Over. ..BRITISH FLEET (Barclay). 

„ .„ \PHCEBE (Hillyar) 1 ,-„„,-„ 

Mar.28..{ rucDIID ) T J . ' ,Over ESSEX (Porter). 

I CHERUB ( Tucker) J 

* April 29.PEACOCK (Warrington) Over EPERVIER (Wales). 

JUNE2S...WASP (Blakely) Over.. .REINDEER (Manners). 

si.pt. i I.AMERICAN FLEET...(McDonough)..Over BRITISH FLEET (Downie). 

5 [ FEt, 20.. CONSTITUTION (Stewan) Over I £VANE t (FMcojO ^ 

"*"■ [MAR. 23 HORNET (BicUlle) Over ..PENGUIN (Dickenson) 



UNION. 315 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS VII, VIII AND IX. 

Definition of Words. — Summary, arbitrary, complications, cession, re- 
linquished, internal, interpose, fanatically, extension, restriction, projected, 
prestige, minority, semblance, era, perpetrate, fiscal, stability, incumbency, 
corporation, depose, predecessor, embodied, nullify, tariff, inter-depend- 
ence, pronouncedly, domestic, exorbitant, inoperative, precipitate, repeal, 
accession, revolutionize, civil, extortionate, incidentally, discrimination, 
secession, enactments, ordinance. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Schurz's "Henry Clay," Oilman's "Monroe," Sumner's "Andrew 
Jackson," Taussig's "Tariff History of the United States," Von Hoist's "Constitutional 
History of the United States," Von Hoist's " Calhoun." 

General.— "The Era of Good Feeling" (Harper's Magazine, May, 1SS4), "Character 
of Jackson" (Magazine of American History, February, 1SS5), "The Acquisition of 
Florida" (Id., April, iSSS), Laughlin's " Political Economy" (Chapter xxvi). 

Topical. — " Florida Cession," " Internal Improvements," " Monroe Doctrine," " Mis- 
souri Compromise," " Rotation in Office, Institution of," " First Steamship," " First Rail- 
road," "Seminole War," "Black Hawk's War," "United States Bank," "Tariff," 
"Nullification, Ordinance of," "Cotton Gin, Invention of," " Clay' s Compromise of 1S33," 
" The American System," " Eli Whitney," " Samuel Slater," "Protection," "Free Trade." 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Era of Good Feeling. 

The opposition of the Federalists to the war of 1812 had 

reduced their party to a condition of political weakness. 

The Democratic-Republican candidate, James Monroe, 

was, with but little opposition, elected to succeed Madison; 

and so free was his administra- 



Two States had been admitted while 
Madison was President. These were 
Louisiana (April 8, 1S12), and Indiana 
(December 11, iSi6). The Algerines 
had again been punished by Commo- 
dore Decatur fur renewing theirdepre- 
dations in the Mediterranean (1815). 
The candidates to succeed Madison 
were James Monroe of Virginia and 
Rufus King of New York. The 
former was successful. 



tion from party contests that 
it is often referred to as the 
Era of Good Feeling. 

Monroe served two terms. 
During his first term troubles 
arose with the Seminole In- 
dians of the South. These 
Indians were joined by some Creeks and runaway slaves, 
and it was strongly suspected that the Spaniards of Florida 
were encouraging them in their uprising. 



316 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



General Andrew Jackson was sent against them, and he 
soon overran their country and drove them into Florida. 

Jackson was a man of great 
decision and firmness of char- 
acter, and did thoroughly 

whatever he undertook. De- 
termined to inflict summary 
punishment upon the hostiles, 
he invaded the Spanish terri- 
tory, and not only broke the 




JAMES MONROE 



power of the Seminoles, but 
drove their Spanish sympa- 
thizers from the country. lie 
took possession of Pensacola 
and St. Marks and forced the 
Spanish authorities to seek 
refuge in Havana, Cuba. 

Jackson's invasion of 
Florida was considered un- 
warranted and arbitrary by 
many, as it furnished to Spain 
a just cause of controversy. 
Others, however, saw much to 
admire in his prompt and determined course in dealing with 



The State of West Florida. 
The Florida that passed into the pos- 
session ot the English by act of Spanish 
cession (1763), extended to the Missis- 
sippi River, and was divided into East 
and West Florida, the line of division 
being the Perdido River. While Eng- 
land was wholly occupied with her 
revolting' American colonies, the 
Spaniards of the neighboring province 
of Louisiana seized the opportunity to 
pass into West Florida some troops, 
who look forcible possession (1770). 
In 1783 both of the Floridas were 
ceded to Spain, and in treaty with the 
United States (1795), their northern 
boundary was fixed as the thirty-first 
degree of latitude. The larger por- 
tion of what was then West Florida 
forms a part of what is now the State 
of Louisiana, but constitutes no part 
of the territory embraced within the 
Louisiana purchase, the limits of 
which have already been described 
(sue page Joo). Spain maintained her 
authority in "West Florida until the 
year 1S10, but Spanish rule was thor- 
oughly unsatisfactory to the many 
Americans who had settled in the 
province. A revolt was planned and 
skillfully executed. A force was col- 
lected at St. Francisville under GENE- 
RAL Philemon Thomas, who marched 
to Raton Rouge, the most important 
post in the province, and captured the 
Spanish garrison (September .r ;, (Sio). 
A convention was laid, independence 
declared, and the State ol West Florida 
was organized, with Fulwak Skit- 
witii as Governor. Application was 
then made to the United States for pro - 
lection, upon which President Madison 
issued a proclamation ordering Gov- 
ernor C.C. Claiborne of the Loui i- 
an a Territory to take possession ; and 
t Ims t lie jurisdiction of the United States 
was extended over the province that 
had been wrested by American valor 
from the dominion of Spain. 



UNION. 



3*7 



Internal Improvements. 
The West was rapidly filling up 
with settlers, and it was becoming 
evident that the material development 
of the country depended upon the es- 
tablishment of easy means of commu- 
nication between the various sections. 
The South and West were connected 
by the magnificent Mississippi system 
of waterways, but the Alleghanies, 
interposed between the West and East, 
rendered travel and domestic com- 
merce difficult. The question of internal 
improvements was agitated. Several 
States engaged in the constructing of 
public works. New York, at an ex- 
pense of eight million dollars, opened 
a canal from Buffalo to New York. 
There were those who thought that 
the United States Government, de- 
signed as it was to promote the general 
welfare, was empowered by the 
Constitution to appropriate money for 
internal improvements. These were 
termed Loose Constructionists, 
and foremost among them was Henry 
Clay. An appropriation was made to 
construct a road from Cumberland, 
Md., to Wheeling, W. Va., and as 
there were no railroads in those days, 
the Cumberland road proved of great 
service. 



affairs entrusted to him, and both Congress and the Presi- 
dent sustained him. 

The foreign complications that might have arisen were 
obviated by the purchase of the invaded province. The 

treaty of cession was signed 
at Washington (February 22, 
1821). By its terms Florida 
passed into the possession of 
the United States in considera- 
tion of the sum of five million 
dollars; Spanish claims to 
Oregon were relinquished, 
and the Sabine River was 
made the boundary between 
the United States and the 
Spanish possessions in the 
southwest. 

Mexico and a number of 
South American provinces 
were endeavoring about this 
time to throw off the yoke of 
Spain and establish their in- 
dependence. The people of 
the United States were in 
warm sympathy with the 
movement. The President sent to Congress a remarkable 
message, in which his opinions upon the subject were 
pointedly expressed (1823). He declared, "that the 
American continents, by the free and independent position 
which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth 
not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by 
any European power." This is known as the Monroe 
Doctrine. 



3i3 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



The Beginning of Sectional An- 
tagonism. 
Slavery was gradually dying out in 
the North, and witli its decay there 
was growing up a sentiment of opposi- 
tion to it. At first this opposition was 
directed against the further extension 
of the system; in time it came to be 
fanatically directed against the system 
itself. The attainment of Missouri to 
statehood awakened a bitter controver- 
sy as to whether or not slavery should 
be permitted within its borders. The 
States previously admitted to the 
Union had occasioned no issue upon 
the restriction or extension of slavery. 
Ohio, Indiana and Illinois were 
formed from the Northwest Territory in 
which slavery had been prohibited 
under the Ordinance of 17S7. Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, Mississippi and 
Alabama were formed from territory 
originally belonging to States in which 
slavery was legally recognized. They 
were, therefore, admitted without re- 
striction. With the exception of 
Louisiana, in which slavery had long 
existed prior to its passing into posses- 
sion of the United States, Missouri 
was the first State formed from the 
Louisiana purchase. The territory of 
which it constituted a part previous to 
its admission was the joint possession 
of all the States. Its population had 
been drawn from both slave and free 
States. In many cases the settlers 
from the former had brought their 
slaves with them. By the time it was 
eligible for admission to the Union the 
opponents of slavery were powerful 
and numerous enough to influence 
Federal legislation. The restriction 
of slavery by the Federal government 
was regarded as unconstitutional, and a 
bitter controversy arose. Several deter- 
mined efforts were made in Congress 



The principal events that marked Monroe's administration 
besides those that have been given, were the admission of 
five new States into the Union, the succcessful application 
of steam to seagoing vessels, and the memorable visit of 
Lafayette to this country. The 
States admitted were Missis- 
sippi (December 10, 1817), 
Illinois (December 3, 1818). 
Alabama (December 14, 
1819), Maine (March 15, 
1820), and Missouri (August 
10, 1821). The first steam- 
ship to cross the Atlantic was 
the Savannah, owned and 
projected in the city of that 
name ( 1819). 

The visit of Lafayette 
(1824) recalled many patriotic 
memories. He was now 
seventy years of age. Great 
was the pride with which he 
beheld the rapid advance 
made by the young republic, 
whose early destinies his 
youthful hands had helped to 
shape; pathetic was his visit 
to the tomb of his old com- 
mander, Washington, at 
Mount Vernon. He was 
everywhere treated with the 
respect due him as the nation's 
guest, and many of the States 
were visited by him. 



UNION. 



319 



to pass a bill admitting Missouri with- 
out slavery (1S19). At length an 
amendment, proposed by Senator 
Thomas of Illinois (January iS, iS2o), 
compromised matters, by admitting 
Missouri as a slave State, but prohibit- 
ing the extension of slavery to any other 
State formed out of the Louisiana 
purchase north of the line that forms 
the southern boundary of Missouri 
(36° 30'). This was the celebrated 
.Missouri Compromise of 1S20. The 
shivery question was slowly arraying 
the slave and free States against each 
other, but the Missouri Compromise, 
for a time, settled all differences. 



In the presidential election 
that occurred towards the end 
of Monroe's administration 
(1824), there was but one 
political party to place candi- 
dates in the field. John 
Quincy Adams of Massachu- 
setts, Henry Clay of Ken- 
tucky, Andrew Jackson of 
Tennessee, and William H. 
Crawtord of Georgia were 
voted for. The military prestige of Jackson had rendered 
him a great favorite with the people, 
and he received a greater number of 
electoral votes than any of the other 
candidates, but not sufficient to elect 
him. The choice of a president, 
therefore, fell to Congress. Adams, 
a minority candidate, was chosen, 
chiefly through the influence of Clay. 

The result of the election occasioned much ill-feeling, and 
friends of the defeated candidates accused Clay of having 
made a corrupt bargain with the successful one. Clay's 
appointment to the highest office within the gift of the new 
president gave a semblance of truth to the accusation, but 
ample testimony has since proved he was thoroughly con- 
scientious and disinterested in his support of Adams. 

The principal events of John Quincy Adams' administra- 
tion were the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, 
both occurring on the 4th of July (1826); the treaty with 
the Creeks, by which much valuable land in West Georgia 
was relinquished bv its Indian occupants, who were removed 
beyond the Mississippi (1826); the building of the first 




JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 



320 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

railways at Quincy, Mass., and Albany, N. Y. (1827), on 
which cars were propelled by horse power; and the passage 
of the high tariff measures of 1828. 

The popularity of Jackson had steadily increased since 
his defeat in the election of 1824. The selection of Adams, 
and the manner of his election had caused general dis- 
satisfaction. The party to which both belonged soon 
became divided. Those who supported Jackson retained 
the name of Democratic-Republicans. Those who supported 
Adams for reelection were known as National Republicans. 
Jackson was elected, and with him was chosen as Vice- 
President, John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 

QUESTIONS. 

What were the principal events of Madison's administration? By whom 
was he succeeded? What do you know of the Era of Good Feeling? What 
were the principal events of Monroe's administration? What do you know 
of the Seminole War? Jackson's invasion of Florida? What do you 
know of the Florida cession? Of the State of West Florida ? Internal Im- 
provements ? Who were "Loose Constructionists"? What do you know 
of the "Monroe Doctrine"? What States were admitted while Monroe 
was President? What controversy arose in connection with the admission 
of Missouri? What do you know of the " Missouri Compromise " ? What 
do you know of Lafayette's visit to this country? First steamship? What 
candidates were voted for in the election of 1S24? What do you know 
of the result of this election? What was the so-called Clav bargain? 
What were the principal events of John Quincy Adams' administration ? 
What do you know of the Creek treaty? First railroad? How many 
tonus did Adams serve? Who succeeded him? What do you know of the 
rise of the National Republican party ? 



UNION. 



321 



BLACKBOARD FORM 



James 
Madison. 

(Mi.) 



James 
Monroe. 

(M3.) 



PR I IV CI PAL EVENTS. 



1809 
18 li 



I8I2< 



1813 



Inauguration. 

Shawnee War. 

Louisiana Admitted {April 8). 

War with England (Declared June 14). 

{ DEMOCRATIC- j JAMES MADISON. 
_ REPUBLICANS) ELDRIDGE GERRY. 
Presidential Election < }, ,.,. „,. 

I I Ue Witt Clinton. 

Federalist < , ' , ,, 

I 1 Jared Ingersoll, 

Creek War. 
\ Washington Burned (August 24). 
1 8I4{ Hartford Convention (December 15). 
{ Treaty of Ghent (December 24). 
g . A Battle of New Orleans (January 8). 
lsli) \ War with Algiers. 

[ Indiana Admitted (December II). 

,o,n) ( DEMOCRATIC- / JAMES MONROE. 

° 1 REPUBLICANS) DANIEL D. TOMPKINS. 

Presidential Election { ) 

^ I ,. I Rufus King. 

Federalists { . . „ " . 

L ) John Howard, 

181/1 Inauguration. 

\ Mississippi Admitted (December 10). 

Jackson 's Invasion of Florida. 
Illinois Admitted (December 3). 
Florida Purchased (February 22). 
First Steamship. 
Alabama Admitted (Dec. 14). 
Maine Admitted (March 15). 

{ DEMOCRATIC- j JAMES MONROE. 
REPUBLICANS) DANiEL D. TOMPKINS. 



1819 



1820 



Presidential Election- 



Federalists No Candidates. 



John Quincy 
Adams. 

(Mass.) 



1821 
1823 



1 1824 Pres 

1825 
1826 

1827 



1828 



Missouri Admitted (August 10). 
Monroe Doctrine Formulated. 

{Andrew Jackson. 
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 
William H. Crawford. 
Henry Clay. 

Inauguration. 
Creek Treaty. 

Death of If" Adam \ \{Juiy4). 
) Thomas Jefterson J 

First Railway. 

.High Tariff Act. 

(DEMOCRATIC 



Presidential Election 



candidates: 



National 
Republican 



ANDREW JACKSON. 
JOHN C. CALHOUN. 
John Quincy Adams. 
Richard Rush, 



322 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

The Rise of Modern Political Methods. 
The accession of Andrew Jackson to the presidency 
marked an era in the political history of the United States. 
The eight years during which he served, were years of un- 
usual prosperity to the country, and two new States were 
added to the Union. These were Arkansas (June 15, 1836) 
and Michigan (January 26, 1837). The development 
of the West was rapidly progressing. Inventions and 
improvements were contributing to the general ad- 
vancement. Steam was applied to railroads (1831), and 
with the application there sprang up the gigantic railway 
system of the present day. The screw propeller was in- 
vented by Captain 
John Ericsson 
(1836), and by 
means of this inven- 
tion ocean commerce 
has been revolutionized. McCormick's Reaper, one of the 
greatest labor-saving agricultural implements ever invented, 
was devised (1834), rendering possible the cultivation of 
larger fields of grain and breadstuff's, and thereby building 
up the great agricultural interests of the Northwest. Im- 
migrants from Europe were pouring steadily into the 
country, and the population of the United States had in- 
creased to thirteen millions. By 1835 the public debt in- 
curred by the war of 181 2 was paid in full. 

The tide of population flowing towards the Northwest 
again encountered a savage check; this time at the hands oi 
the Sac and Fox Indians of Wisconsin. These Indians, 
after ceding their territory, had declined to give it up, and 
under a celebrated chieftain named Black Hawk, resisted the 




EARLY AMERICAN RAILROAD TRAIN. 



UNION. 



3^3 




encroachments of the whites (1832). 

Black Hawk was defeated and taken 

prisoner by Generals Atkinson and 

Scott, and the Indians were removed west 

of the Mississippi. The Indians of the 

South also became troublesome. The 

Cherokees of Georgia had by this time 

attained to some degree of civilization; 

but complications arose between them 

and the State government, and it became necessary for the 

United States Government to adjust the difficulty. This 

was done by the payment of five million dollars to the 

Cherokees, who relinquished their lands and removed 

(i837-'8) to a region beyond the Mississippi, that had already 

been organized (1834) as the Indian Territory. 

It was attempted to remove the Seminoles to this region; 
but these Indians resisted so violently that war ensued and 
lasted for four years. The hostiles were led by Micanopy and 
Osceola. Among the atrocities perpetrated were the mas- 
sacre of Major Dade with one hundred and seventeen men, 
and the murder of General Thompson. Durin<j the course 
of the war the Indians were defeated by General Clinch, 
near the Withlacoochie (December 31, 1835); Dv General 
Gaines, near the same spot (February 29, 1836); by Gov- 
ernor Call in the Wahoo Swamp, not far from Tampa Bay 
(October, 1836), and by Colonel Zachary Taylor, near 
Okeechobee Lake in the Everglades. In this last battle the 
defeat was so crushing that nothing remained but to hunt 
down the different bands of Indians that scattered them- 
selves through the swamp. Osceola died a prisoner at Fort 
Moultrie, and many of the Seminoles were finally removed. 

Although Jackson's administration was marked by the in- 
creased prosperity of the country, it was remarkable for the 



324 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



The Bank of the United States. 
A second National Bank, similar to 
the one designed by Hamilton, had 
been established at Philadelphia under 
a charter for twenty years (1S16). Its 
capital stock was thirty-five million 
dollars, of which amount the United 
States Government held seven million 
dollars. It had branch institutions at 
different points, and its purpose was to 
regulate the currency and serve as the 
fiscal agent of the government. At 
first its affairs were badly managed, 
but Langdon Cheves of South Caro- 
lina becoming president of the Board 
of Directors (1S19), it attained in the 
three years of his incumbency a condi- 
tion of stability and usefulness. 

By the time Jackson be- 
came President of the 
United States the Bank 
had become a powerful 
corporation. Many believ- 
ed it was wielding an 
undue influence over the 
affairs of the government. 
Jackson regarded it with 
disfavor, and when he came 
to believe that its influence 
was being used to defeat 
andhew jackson. ] lis ree lection the iron- 

willed President determined to crush 
it out of existence. 

In 1S32 the question of renewing the 
Bank charter came up in Congress. A 
bill favoring it was passed, but the 
President vetoed it. A heated Con- 
troversy ensiled. The friends of the 
Bank were many, but Jackson had his 
way and the veto was sustained. In 
1S36 the charter expired, and the funds 
belonging to the United States were 
distributed among' several State banks, 
who, being so favored, received the 
name of Pet Hanks. 



many heated contests in which the President was engaged. 
Nourishing a resentment against those who, in his opinion, 
had wronged him when he — the candidate who received the 
highest number of votes in the 
election of 1824 — was defeated 
for the presidency, and 
cherishing the very warmest 
attachment for personal 
friends, he deposed from 
office many of the government 
employes who had been re- 
tained or appointed by his pre- 
decessor, and appointed his 
friends. Thus was introduced 
the Spoils System 
into American pol- 
itics. Public offices 
have been bestow- 
ed as rewards for 
party services by 
every subsequent 
President, and the 
system has been so abused as 
to call for the remedies em- 
bodied in the Civil Service 
Reform measures of the pre- 
sent day. 




QUESTIONS. 

What was the condition of the 
country during Jackson's administra- 
tion ? What can you say of the West- 
ern States? Inventions and improvements? What resulted from the appli- 
cation of steam to railroads? What do you know of the screw propeller? 
McCormick's Reaper? Increase of population? What Indians obstructed 



UNION. 325 

the tide of Northwestern emigration? What do you know of Black 
Hawk's War? What Southern Indians became troublesome? How were 
the difficulties with the Cherokees adjusted? What do you know of the 
Seminole War ? What was the fate of Dade? How did the Seminole War 
end? What do you know of the United States Bank? What useful 
purpose did it serve ? What controversy arose between Jackson and the 
Bank? For what is Jackson's administration remarkable? What political 
system did he introduce? What is the Spoils System? 

CHAPTER IX. 

The American System. 

The most important of the political controversies that 
characterized Jackson's administration, was that which 
arose between the government of the United States and 
the State of South Carolina. It was occasioned by the 
measures adopted by this State to nullify what to her was an 
oppressive and extortionate tariff act passed by Congress in 
1832. Before we consider this controversy let us understand 
something of the nature of a tariff. 

Every citizen is interested in the maintenance of a good 
government, and should contribute to its support in propor- 
tion to his means. To this end he pays taxes, and the 
manner in which a government levies these taxes is either 
direct or indirect. The former is that employed by local 
and State government; the latter is that by which the Federal 
Government derives most of its revenues. 

The principal method of taxing indirectly is by levjdng a 
tariff upon imports, collected by customs officers at what 
are called ports of entry. When a tariff is levied solely for 
the support of the government it is called a Tariff for 
Revenue. Thus, if a tariff of twenty-five cents be levied on 
a yard of cloth sold for one dollar in England, its selling 
price, when imported to this country, is increased to one 
dollar and twenty-five cents, and the citizen who buys it 



326 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



practically pays one dollar for 
the cloth and twenty-five cents 
tax to the general government. 

A tariff upon foreign goods, 
besides yielding revenue to 
the government, may encour- 
age incidentally the manufac- 
ture of such goods at home; 
for if the cost of production 
be the same at home and 
abroad, the domestic manu- 
facturer is enabled either to 
undersell his foreign compet- 
itor in the American market, 
or to sell at the same price and 
increase his profits to the 
amount of the tariff that the 
foreign maker is compelled to 
pay to pass his goods into this 
country. When a tariff is 
levied solely for the encour- 
agement of American manu- 
factures, it is called a Pro- 
tective Tariff, and the 
American industry in whose 
favor a discrimination is made 
against foreign competition is 
said to be protected. 

England has always been 
one of the greatest of manufac- 
turing nations, and her goods 
are to be found in every market 
of the world, We have seen 



Tariff Classification. 

Originally instituted as a means of 
revenue, it has come to be considered 
that tariff may have for its object either 
revenue or protection. Strictly speak- 
ing, a tariff for revenue can be levied 
only upon such goods and materials as 
are not produced in this country ; other- 
wise protection will form an incidental 
feature of it. A tariff whose sole ob- 
ject is protection must be high enough 
to render unprofitable the importation 
of such goods as compete with those of 
domestic make ; otherwise there will be 
incidental revenue. Sheet-tin is not 
manufactured in this country, there- 
fore, the tariff upon it is purely a rev- 
enue one ; but the duty on stamped 
or manufactured tinware is so high as 
to prohibit importation, and is, there- 
fore, a strictly protective tariff. Sugar 
is imported in large quantities. It is 
also manufactured in this country to a 
limited extent. The tariff on sugar is, 
therefore, one for revenue with inci- 
dental protection. The import tax on 
manufactured iron is comparatively 
high, but not too high to prevent im- 
portation whenever the demand for it 
is greater than home production. The 
tariff on iron is, therefore, a tariff for 
protection with incidental revenue. 
According to the object they subserve 
tariffs may be classified then under 
four headings: Tariff for REV- 
ENUE; Tariff for Revenue, with 
Incidental Protection; Tariff 
for Protection; and Tariff for 
Protection, with Incidental 
Revenue. 

It will be observed that the largest 
revenue to the government from tariff 
is derivable from the duty on goods 
not manufactured in this countrv, and 
largely imported, embracing luxuries 
and articles not producible here. On 
the other hand, the principal articles 
of necessity are made here, and they 
are generally protected — resulting in 
small importations and consequent 
decrease in revenue to the government. 
The practical application of these two 
principles is the difference existing 
between the two great political parties 
of the present day: one claiming that 
high tariff on articles of necessitv is a 
lax and burden on the people individ- 
ually, the other insisting it is a benefit 
to the country at large and therefore 
to the people as a whole. 



UNION. 



3 2 7 



how her policy had system- 
atically discouraged manufac- 
turing enterprises in her 
American dependencies. 
Long after the Revolution, the 
United States felt the effects 
of this early discouragement, 
and up to the year of 1807 was 
wholly dependent upon Eng- 
land for many of those pro- 
ducts of industry that go to 
make up the 
necessaries, 
comforts, 
and conven- 
ience s of 
life. 

The non- 
intercourse 
policy of the 

United States Government, 
prior to and during the War of 
181 2, demonstrated how in- 
convenient was this industrial 
dependence. With the exclu- 
sion of English goods from 
American markets, domestic 
manufactures arose. The 
commercial interferences of 
France and England had 
rendered the investment of 
American capital in shipping 
and foreign commerce of doubtful profit. Hence this capital 



Development of Cotton Manu- 
factures. 

The invention of cotton spinning by 
machinery had been, to a great extent, 
perfected in England by Arkwright 
and Ilargreaves. Several attempts to 
introduce improved machinery into 
the United States and establish the 
cotton manufacturing industry failed. 
One of these was made as early as 
17S7 at Beverly, Mass. Pawtucket, 
R. I., secured the services of Samuel 
Slater, a skilled machinist, who, in 
1799, established there the first success- 
ful cotton mill. In 1S03 there were 
four in operation. 

Eleven million dollars of English- 
made cotton goods were being import- 
ed annually into this country, when 
commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain was cut off (1S0S). The year 
following the number of American 
mills in operation suddenly sprang to 
sixty-two. The mills first established 
only spun cotton. "Weaving was done 
by hand. In 1S14 Lowell devised an 
improved power loom, and an impetus 
greater than ever was given to the 
cotton industry. Manufacturing towns 
rapidly arose and became centers of 
population. One of the most important 
of these was built on the Merimac 
River, and named after the inventor of 
the power loom. 

The rapid growth of cotton manufac- 
tures was rendered possible only by a 
proportionate increase in the supply of 
raw cotton from the South. Eli 
Whitney had given to the world his 
great invention of the COTTON GIN 
(1797), and the fleecy staple was rapidly 
becoming the most valuable agricul- 
tural product of the country. Thus was 
an inter-dependence established be- 
tween the industrial prosperity of both 
sections. Both advanced steadily, and 
all was harmony until the govern- 
mental policy was instituted to en- 
courage and loster the interests of 
the manufacturing section at the ex- 
pense of the agricultural. Ill-feeling 
and strife then was the natural result. 




ELI WHITNEY. 



3 28 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




A NEW ENGLAND FACTORY 



sought other channels, and that section whose principal 
interest had been commerce, now turned its attention to 
manufactures. 

At the close of the War of 1812 commercial relations 
with England were resumed. Years of manufacturing ex- 
perience had given to English goods and wares a cheapness 
and finish that American enterprise had not yet attained. 
English goods flooded the American markets, and domestic 
manufactures, then in the first stages of growth, found it 
difficult to withstand foreign competition. The industrial 
development of New England was arrested. Mills stopped 
work; labor became idle, and capital was unemployed. 

It is good that a country should be industrially independ- 
ent. Many realized this, and the idea took shape to place 



UNION. 



329 



The American System of Protection. 
Henry Clay was the leading advocate 
of these measures. The dominant idea 
of . this great statesman 
seemed to be that the Fed- 
eral Government should pro- 
mote the general welfare. 
The construction of internal 
improvements and the en- 
couragement of domestic 
manufactures he held to be 
within its province. Pro- 
tective tariff measures were 
passed by Congress chiefly 
through his eloquent ad- 
vocacy of them. His pro- 
tective policy has come to 
be known as The American 
System. 



American manufactures upon a firm basis, so that the United 
States might attain this independence. The feeling to pro- 
tect Infant American Industries steadily gained ground. 
The protective principle was slightly recognized in the tariff 
act of 1816 — a revenue measure rendered necessary by the 
public debt incurred in the War of 1812. In 1824 a tariff 

act was passed that was pro- 
nouncedly protective in its 
features, as were 
also acts passed in 
1828 and 1832. 

These protective 

tariff measures were 

not popular in those 

sections of the 

country devoted to 

agriculture. The 

increase of prices caused by 

high tariff seemed to the peo- 




HENRY CLAY 



pie of these sections extortionate. There was no logic, to 
them, in the idea that the general welfare of the country was 
promoted by building up the interests of one section at the 
expense of another. The cotton gin and slave labor had 
made the South already industrially independent, for south- 
ern cotton had no competitors, and was everywhere in 
demand. In return for much of this cotton they received 
manufactured goods from several countries, and the South- 
ern people held it to be unjust that they should be forced to 
pay the exorbitant prices that a high tariff imposes, for no 
other reason than that a distant section might be benefited. 
Protest after protest went forth, all of which were ignored. 
When the tariff act of 1832 was passed, the State of 
South Carolina determined to oppose its enforcement. She 



33° 



PERIOD uj INDEPENDENCE. 




JOHN C. CALHOUN 



Secession and Nullification. 
The idea grenerally prevailed that 
the Union was a compact between 
sovereign States, and that each had a 
right to withdraw from ihc compact 
for good and sufficient cause. The 
utterances of the great men whose 
labors and eloquence secured the 
adoption of the Constitution; the 
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; 
the acts and deeds of the New England 
Federalists, particularly those legisla- 
tive enactments of Massachusetts and 
Connecticut leading- up to the Hart- 
ford Convention ; all testify 
how generally this opinion 
prevailed. But national 
pride and love of the Union 
had been growing in 
strength, and a school of 
patriotic statesmen arose, 
led by John C. Calhoun of 
South Carolina, who 
Sought a remedy other 
than secession when the 

compact was broken in re- 
gard to any one State. 
These statesmen held that 
a State could NULLIFY 
any law passed by Con- 
gress, if, in its opinion, the 
Federal Government under cover ol 

this law assumed powers not delegated 
to it by the Constitution. Tin ( 
Stitution specifies the right of Congress 
to levy a tariff for revenue, but makes 
no mention of a tariff for protection. 
Therefore, South Carolina, perceiving 

how oppressively a high protective 
tariff was bearing upon her interest, 
chose what to her appeared to be the 
best remedy for her grievance — that of 
nullification. 



considered herself a sovereign State, and she was one of 
the original parties to the con- 
stitutional compact. She had 
delegated certain specified 
powers to the Federal Gov- 
ernment, no one of which, in 
her opinion, was the power to 
levy a protective tariff. 
When, therefore, the general 
government assumed this un- 
delegated power, 
it only remained 
for her to set aside 
its obnoxious mea- 
sures and render 
them inoperative as 
far as her own ter- 
ritory was concern- 
ed. A convention 
was held (Novem- 
ber, 1832) and a Nullifica- 
tion Ordinance adopted, de- 
clining the tariff law null and 
void, and forbidding the col- 
lection of duties at any port 
in the State. 

In taking his office the Pres- 
ident had sworn to execute 
the laws of the United States. With his characteristic firm- 
ness, Jackson, though personally opposed to a high tariff, 
proceeded to overcome the opposition to the authority of the 
Federal Government. The attitude of South Carolina, 
however, was a determined one, and preparations were made 



UNION. 331 

to resist force with force. For a time it appeared as if a 
bloody conflict would ensue, but before such a catas- 
trophe was precipitated, Henry Clay came forward and intro- 
duced a compromise measure into Congress. It was sup- 
ported by Calhoun, and became a law (1833). New England 
strenuously opposed a repeal of the tariff; South Carolina 
was opposed to its enforcement. The compromise provided 
for a gradual reduction of duties, which satisfied both. 
South Carolina then repealed the Ordinance of Nullification, 
and tranquillity was restored without the sacrifice of a prin- 
ciple on the part of either side. 

QUESTIONS. 

What was the greatest political controversy of Jackson's administration ? 
In what is every citizen interested? In what ways may taxes be levied? 
"What is the principal method of indirect taxation? What is a tariff for 
revenue? For protection? Illustrate. What effect has a tariff upon 
domestic manufactures? When is an industry said to be protected? What 
circumstances led to the industrial dependence of the United States ? Under 
what four headings may Tariff be classified ? Illustrate each ? What 
difference of opinion exists between political parties of the present day 
upon the subject of Tariff ? What caused American manufacturing enter- 
prises to arise ? What caused the transfer of capital from shipping to manu- 
factures? What do you know of the development of cotton manufactures? 
Who was Samuel Slater? Lowell? What marked the rapid development 
of cotton manufactures? How was this development rendered possible? 
What invention caused a great increase in cotton production? What inter- 
dependence was established? What resulted from the resumption of com- 
mercial relations with England? What idea soon took shape? Trace the 
growth of the protective idea. What do you know of the American system ? 
Why were not protective tariff measures popular in the South? What 
State opposed the tariff laws? Why? What do you know of the Nulli- 
fication Ordinance ? What idea upon secession generally prevailed at that 
time? What testify to this? Why was nullification resorted to by South 
Carolina rather than secession? Why did Jackson determine to enforce 
the laws of the United States? I low was a conflict averted? What do you 
know of Clay's Compromise of 1833 ? 



33^ 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 



PRINCIPAL EVENTS—ADMINISTRATION OF 

' 1829 Inauguration. 

(Black Hawk War. 
Bank Charter Vetoed. 
Tariff Act. 
1832 \ Nullification Controversy. 

Democratic C. 
Presidential Election.i 



ANDREW 
JACKSON, 

( Tenn. ) 



(ANDREW JACKSON, 
\MARTiN VAN BUR EN. 
{ Henry Clay. 



Republican C. \ John Sergeant. ] 



/pqqj Clay 's Tariff Compromise. 
\ First American Locomotive. 

1834 McCormick's Reaper. 

1835 Seminole War. 

{Screw Propeller Invented. 
[Arkansas Admitted, (June 15). 
{Michigan Admitted, (January 26). 

Democratic C. 






Presidential Election. 



National 
Repui 



MARTIN VAN BUREN. 

R. H. JOHNSON. 
, { W. H. Harrison. 
' , Francis Granger. 



SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

Who was the " Pathfinder of the Rockies " ? What was the Underground Railroad? 
What was " Wild Cat Banking " ? Who was Dr. Whitman and what famous ride did 
he make ? What was the first telegraphic message ? When did the saying " Fifty- 
Four Forty or Fight " become current and why ? What two cabinet officers were killed 
by a "peacemaker " ? Who said "I would rather be right than President "? Who 
weru the " Locofocos " and why so called? Who was "Old Rough and Ready"? 
What was the case of Martin Koszta ? What was the " Know-Nothing Party, ' ' and why 

so called ? 

. »-♦-« 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

TO CHAPTERS X, XI AND XII. 

Definition of Words. — Predecessor, culminating, panic, stimulus, policy, 
specie, ascendancy, consummated, memorial, policy, compliance, legacy, 
decisive. 

Pronunciation of Names. — Coahuila, Saltillo, San Jacinto, Conception, 
Colito, Alamo, San Felipe, Rio Grande, Nueces, Arista, Palo Alto, Resaca- 
de-la-Palma, Chihuahua, Santa Fe, Los Angeles, Monterey, San Gabriel, 
Bracito, Ampudia, Buena Vista, Jalapa, Puebla, Contreras, Chapultepec, 
Cherubusco, Guadalupe Hidalgo. 



union. 333 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — McCulloch's " Men and Measures of Half a Century," Schurz's "Henry 
Clay," Ripley's " War with Mexico," Thrall's " History of Texas." 

General. — Carr's "Missouri " (Chapter x), Coffin's " Building of the Nation" (Chapter 
xxxil), "A Chapter of the Mexican War" (Magazine of American History, December, 
1SS5), Whittier's "Angels of Buena Vista" (poem). 

Topical. — " Van Buren," " The Mormons," " Sub -Treasury System," "Texas," "First 
Telegraph," " Gadsden Purchase," " Texas Cession," " War with Mexico." 

CHAPTER X. 

The Panic of 1837. 

The political opponents of Jackson had come to be known 
as the Whig party. Although Henry Clay was the acknowl- 
edged leader of this party, yet his efforts in behalf of the 
Compromise of 1833 na( ^ caused him to lose the confidence 
of many of his followers who favored protection. It was 
therefore deemed best to nominate William Henry Harri- 
son, the hero of Tippecanoe, as the Whig candidate for 
President to succeed Jackson. 

The Jacksonian or Democratic party nominated Martin 
Van Buren of New York. Van Buren had been Vice- 
President during Jackson's second 
term, throughout which he had enjoy- 
ed the full confidence and friendship 
of his superior. Van Buren was elected 
(1836), but his administration, unlike 
that of his predecessor, was shortened 
to one term. The cause of this was 
the unsatisfactory state of affairs into 
which the country had been placed 
during the latter years of Jackson's administration, culmi- 
nating in a Great Business Panic in the second year of 
Van Buren's term (1837). 

This business panic was due to a number of causes, and 
Was far reaching in its effects. When the funds were with- 




MARTIN VAN BUREN. 



334 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



The Patriot War. 
A rebellion against the British Gov- 
ernment occurred in Canada (1^,57) 
while Van Buren was President. 
Many in the United Slates desired to 
render assistance to the Canada 
patriots, but to this the President was 
averse, not wishing to involve the 
United States in difficulties through 
any act of its citizens. General Scott 
was dispatched to the Niagara frontier, 
where preparations were being made 
to transport a number of Canadian 
sympathizers to the opposite shore. 
His arrival put a stop to further pro- 
ceedings. 



drawn from the United States Bank by Jackson, they were 
distributed, as we have seen, among a number of State 
banks. The immediate result 
of this distribution was a cheap- 
ening of money; for banks are 
institutions whose business it 
is to loan money on interest. 
Money became, therefore, 
plentiful, and was readily 
loaned. The business of the 
country increased rapidly. 
Credit was everywhere given, 
and many debts were con- 
tracted. 

With this artificial stimulus given to business, the number 
of banks multiplied. Many of them were established upon 
an unsound basis. Some were fraudulent in their business 
methods. These banks issued notes and bills whose circu- 
lation greatly inflated the currency of the country. For a time 
everything was prosperous, but the crash soon came. 

The buying of public land and reserving it until its natural 
increase of value rendered sale of it profitable, was one of 
the speculative enterprises engaged in by many. Govern- 
ment agents had been accepting bank bills in payment for 
these public lands, but Jackson issued a circular prohibit- 
ing the acceptance of anything but specie in payment. The 
gold and silver coin of the country thus gradually found its 
way into the public treasury. Much of it also went abroad 
to pay for the expensive importations that prosperity and 
suddenly acquired riches had brought into demand. 

The withdrawal of gold and silver from circulation ren- 
dered it impossible for many of the banks to meet their 
obligations or redeem their notes. They suspended specie 



UNION. 



m 




WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 



payments (1837), an d with this suspension, their notes and 
bills became as worthless as so much paper. Thousands 
who held these notes were ruined. 
Business men every-where went into 
bankruptcy. In New York city alone, 
the loss in the first two months amount- 
ed to one hundred million dollars. 
Even States were affected — a number 
of them could not pay their just debts ; 
and the banks in which the funds 
of the United States had been placed on 
deposit, were unable to return them to the government. 

Van Buren convened Congress in special session to con- 
sider measures of relief. The Whig members advocated 
the establishment of another United States Bank to regulate 
the future financial affairs of the country. The Democrats 
proposed instead a Sub-Treasury System, by which the 
collections of the government were to be made by special 
officers, bonded by responsible men, and the amounts collected 
were to be deposited, not in banks, but in sub-treasuries. 
Three years elapsed before this idea was accepted by 

Congress ( 1840), and although 
the law establishing this sys- 
tem was repealed by the Whigs 
(1841) upon their ascendancy 
to power, it was reenacted in 
1846 and endures to this day. 
The business calamities of 
the country brought no popu- 
larity to the administration, so 
that when again Van Buren 



Sub-Treasury System. 
The establishment of the United 
States Sub -Treasury System was 
perhaps the greatest event of Van 
Buren's administration, for before 
its establishment the business of the 
United States Government was blended 
with the business of the country, both 
being conducted through the medium 
of banks of some kind. The financial 
affairs of the government have since 
been kept separate and distinct, thus 
rendering their administration more in 
accord with the spirit and letter of the 
Constitution. 



and Harrison were presented to the people as presidential 
candidates (1840) the choice fell on the latter. Thus after 



^ 



PERIOD OF INDlll'KNDKNCfi. 




JOHN TYLER. 



forty 3'ears of uninterrupted control of public affairs the 
Democratic party for the first time was compelled to give 
place to a successful opponent. 

Harrison served but little more than a month, when he 
suddenly died (April 6, 1841), and the duties of his office 
fell to the Vice-President, John Tyler of Virginia. 
Although elected by the Whigs, Tyler 
was not in full accord with the princi- 
ples of that party, and upon his ascend- 
ancy to power used the veto against a 
number of their measures. This veto 
power was directed particularly against 
the establishment of another United 
States Bank, and no attempt has ever 
been made in this direction since. 

The acts of the President incurred for him the hostility 
of his party, and his administration was full of minor con- 
troversies. At one time all the members of his cabinet 
resigned, with the exception of Daniel Webster, his 
Secretary of State, he remaining to conclude the Northeast 
Boundary Treaty in progress of 
negotiation at the time. The treaty 
was successfully consummated (1S42), 
Lord Ashburton acting for the British 
Government, and by it the boundaries 
between the United States and the 
Canadian possessions of England were 
satisfactorily established. 

A number of local disturbances occurred while Tyler was 
President. In Rhode Island an effort to overturn an old 
law that restricted the right of voting to property owners, 
resulted in what is known as Dorr's Rebellion (1842), 




DANIEL WEBSTER. 



UNION. 



so named from its leader. The rebellion was suppressed 
without bloodshed, its leader imprisoned, but the principle 
contended for was successfully and peaceably established 

a few years after. In New 
York the descendants of the 
old Patroons still held the 
great estates along the Hudson, 
inherited from their ancestors, 
and had long exacted rents of 
the tenants. Generations of 
these tenants had occupied the 
same land, and a desire for 
ownership and undisturbed 
possession gained strength. 
Willing to purchase, they 
refused to pay rent any longer, 
and disturbances became so 
frequent that the militia of the 
State was called upon to pre- 
serve the peace (1844). 
These Patroon estates were 
subsequently divided up and 
sold. 

To succeed Tyler, the 
Whigs nominated Henry Clay, 
the Democrats, James K. 
Polk of Tennessee. The 
principal event of the campaign 
was the annexation of Texas — the Whigs opposing it, the 
Democrats favoring it. This question will be considered 
in the next chapter. 



The Mormons. 
A peculiar religious sect, culled the 
Mormons, had been founded by Joseph 
Smith of Manchester, N. Y. (1S30). 
Smith organized his first congregation 
at Kirtland, Ohio (1S31), and seven 
years after journeyed westward and 
established himself near Independence, 
Mo., a region of country to which 
many of his believers had migrated. 
Here the practices of the Mormons 
became so offensive to their neighbors 
that they were compelled to leave. 
They next established themselves in 
Illinois, where they founded a city 
named Nauvoo. They lived here for 
some time undisturbed. Rut troubles 
again arose, and the arrest of Smith 
was sought. The Mormons prepared to 
offer armed resistance. At length 
Smith surrendered himself, and was 
taken to Carthage, where he was shot 
by an excited mob (1S44). Another 
emigration now became necessary, 
and under the leadership of BRIGHAM 
Young, more than sixteen thousand 
crossed the western plains and laid the 
foundation of Salt Lake City in Utah. 
Here they have increased in wealth 
and numbers. Mormon missionaries 
visit remote rural districts of different 
States, as well as different countries of 
Europe. Such converts as they win to 
their faith are obtained more through 
promises of material prosperity than 
through conviction of the truth of 
Mormon belief. Morinonism has been 
repeatedly denounced. Many of its 
practices are vicious and the United 
States government has made several 
efforts to suppress its worse character- 
istics. These efforts have been unsuc- 
cessful until recently. 



33§ 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

BLACKBOARD FORM. 



PRINCIPAL EVENTS.— ADMINISTRATION OF 



VAN BUREN, 

(/V. Y.) 



HARRISON, 

{Ohio). 

and 
TYLER, 

'Va.) 



Principal 

Candidates 



1836 Inauguration. 

,o ?7 j Business Panic. 

\ Patriot War (Canada). 

1840 Presidential Election 

1841 Death of Harrison. 

f Dorr's Rebellion, (Rhode Island). 
\ Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 
'Anti-Rent Troubles. (New York). 
Mormon Difficulties, (Illinois). 
l844{ First Telegraph, (see page 343). 



I 



Presidential Election 



Principal 
Candidates 



(Texas Annexed, (March I). 
\ Florida Admitted, March 3). 



Van Buren (Denh). 
HARRISON {Whig). 



JAMES K. POLK,(Dem.) 

Henry Clay, (Whig). 



QUESTIONS. 

Who were the Whigs? Who was their acknowledged leader? Who was 
the Whig candidate to succeed Jackson? Why was not Clay nominated? 
What do you know of Van Buren? To what was the business panic of 
1837 attributable? What effect had the distribution of the government 
funds among the State banks? What multiplied with Ehis artificial stimulus 
to business? What was the character of some of these hanks? What was 
one form of speculation indulged in? What was the effect of the " Specie 
Circular"? What two causes produced a scarcity of coin in the currency 
of the country? What effect had the suspension of specie payments by the 
banks? What do you know of the Sub-Treasury System? Patriot War? 
Who succeeded Van Buren? What do you know of John Tyler? What 
measures did he oppose? What do you know of the "Webster-Ashburton 
Treaty"? Dorr's Rebellion? Anti-Rent difficulties? The Mormons? 
Who were the candidates to succeed Tyler? What was the principal issue 
of the campaign? 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Annexation of Texas. 
Emigration from the older States was rapidly peopling the 
region west of the Mississippi, and at an early day it was 



UNION. 



539 




QEN'L SAM. HOUSTON. 



manifestly the destiny of the United States to occupy the 
broad extent of territory that she now does. 

The treaty of 1819 had defined the boundaries between 
the territorial possessions of the United States and those of 
Spain.* By this treaty the United States relinquished all 
claim to Texas, and Spain, all claim 
to Oregon. The claims of the United 
States to Texas were based upon the 
Louisiana purchase ; those of Spain 
to Oregon, upon original discovery 
and exploration. 

In 1821 Mexico obtained its inde- 
pendence, after eleven years of revo- 
lution. In 1S24 it adopted a consti- 
tution similar to that of the United 
States, under which a federal republic 
was organized. Under this constitu- 
tion Texas was united with the Mexican State of Coahuila, 
south of the Rio Grande, although the former had pre- 
viously existed as a separate province with San Antonio as 
capital. 

The rich soil and delightful climate of Texas had early 
attracted the attention of settlers. The policy of the 
Mexican authorities at first was one to encourage immigra- 
tion. Liberal grants of land were made to men called 
Empressarios, who contracted to locate a certain number 
of families upon the grant, somewhat after the manner of 
the Patroons in the early days of New York. 

One of the first of these empressarios was Moses Austin 
of Missouri; but he dying before his colonization plans 
were matured, the execution of his contract fell to his 
son, Stephen F. Austin. Austin located three hun- 
dred families in the region about the Brazos River (1821- 

♦Sce Page 317. 



31° 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



1825) according to the terms 
of the grant, and subsequently- 
entered into and successfully 
carried out three additional 
enterprises of the same kind 
(1825-1828). This was the 
beginning of an immigration 
from the States of the Union, 
and by 1830 the English- 
speaking residents numbered 
thirty thousand. 

The uniting of Texas and 
Coahuila into 
one State was 
very unsatis- 
factory to the 
Americans, 
for it removed 
the capital 
from San An- 
tonio to the distant city of 
Saltillo, and gave the Mexican 
authorities of Coahuila unlimit- 
ed control of Texas affairs ; 
thus depriving the Texans of 
many of those privileges of 
self-government to which they 
had been accustomed, and the 
continued enjoyment of which 
they had been led to expect 
under the form of government 
by which Mexico was supposed 
to be governed.. 




The Texas Revolution. 
The Lexington of the Texas Revolu- 
tion was the fight ;it Gonzales (October, 
1S35) between General CASTENADO 
and Colonel Moore. Its York- 
town was San Jacinto. It had its 
minute men, its committees of safety, 
and its Declaration of Independence. 
Its heroes were Houston, Fannin, 
Bowik, Crockett, Austin, Milan, 
TRAVIS, BONHAM and hundreds of 
others. Its principal engagements 
besides those given were Conception, 
near San Antonio (October 2S, 1S35); 
capture of San Antonio (December 5, 
1S35), and Colito (March 19, 1S36)— all 
Texan victories. Its progress was 
marked by two of the darkest episodes 
that have ever been chronicled among 
the horrors of war. 
The first of these 
was the fall of the 
Alamo (March 0, 
1836), and theother 
was the massacre 
of brave Colonel 
Fannin and his 
men, near Goliad 
(March 26, 1S36). 
Alter the capture 
of San Antonio, 
Colonel W . B . 
Travis and one 
hundred and forty 
men were left in charge of the city. 
With him were Bowie, Crockett and 
Bonham. The approach of a large 
army under Santa Anna caused this 
historic band to repair to a pecu- 
liar fortre S nearby, called the Alamo. 
Here they were be: ieged by a loir. oi 
four thousand. Day by day the Texans 
sustained the siege, resisting every 
attack, and anxiously awaiting rein- 
forcements. At one time they were 
joined by thirty-two brave fellows 
from Goliad, who cut their way 
through. The Mexican lines were 
drawn closer and closer, and the can- 
nonading was unceasing. The number 
of Texans slowly dwindled, as one by 
one the heroes fell. At last there was 
but a handful to sustain the final attack 
(Marcli 6). Only three persons sur- 



UNION. 



34 1 



A series of oppressions, 
begun in 1830, served to in- 
crease this discontent. Laws 
were passed that in every way 
discriminated against the 
Americans. Further immi- 
gration from the United States 
was prohibited, while immi- 
grants from other countries 
were welcomed ( 1830). This 
kept back many relatives and 
friends of those who had 
already come. Exorbitant 
taxes were levied, ports block- 
aded, and the least manifesta- 
tion of discontent was followed 
by the declaration of martial 
law. 

A convention of Texans at 
last assembled at San Felipe 
(1833), and drew up a strong 
memorial to the Mexican government, praying for a separa- 
tion from Coahuila. Stephen F. Austin bore this memorial 
to Mexico, but his mission proved fruitless, and returning 
by way of Saltillo he was there seized and remanded to 
prison without trial, remaining in close confinement nineteen 
months. 

The determination of the Texans soon changed from one 
of separation to one of independence. A provisional gov- 
ernment was organized (November 12, 1835), with Henry 
Smith as Governor, and J. W. Robertson as Lieutenant- 
Governor. Shortly after a convention assembled at Wash- 
ington (Texas) and formally declared Texas to be a " Free ? 



vived, and these by the merest acci- 
dent. Crockett was one of the last to 
fall, but before he died twenty of his 
enemies lay in death around him. The 
dead bodies of the Texans were muti- 
lated and burned. 

Fannin and his men after having re- 
pulsed the Mexican GENERAL fjRKEA 
at ihe battle of Colito, were surrounded 
by an overwhelming force. With no 
chance of escape they accepted honor- 
able terms that were offered them and 
surrendered. They were taken to 
Goliad, where an order from Santa 
Anna arrived for their execution. All 
unsuspectingly they were marched out 
upon a neighboring prairie, and while 
the bright sun of a Palm Sunday 
morn shone kindly upon them, they 
were shot down in cold blood and 
their bodies consigned to flames. 
Small wonder was it that these atro- 
cities nerved the men of Houston's 
army to deeds of prowess. At San 
Jacinto the battle cry was, " Remember 
the Alamo! " " Remember Goliad! " 
and when the Texan onslaught scat- 
tered the Mexican forces, and pursuit 
of the retreating foe was entered into, 
many a Mexican, realizing how liUle 
was his claim to mercy, would fall on 
his knees when overtaken, and trem- 
blingly repeat, " Me no Alamo!" 
" Me no Goliad ! " 



34 2 



I'ERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Independent and Sovereign Republic " (March 2, 1836). 
A constitution was prepared, and David G. Burnet and 
Lorenzo de ZavALLA assumed the duties of President and 
Vice-President, serving until the close of the year, when a 

popular election was held, resulting in the choice of General 
Samuel Houston and Mirabeau I>. Lamar. 

Meanwhile armed hostilities had been in progress between 
Texas and Mexico, for Texan independence was won, as 
American independence had been won, by revolution and 
force of arms. During the war for Texan independence a 
number of battles were fought, in which Texan valor gained 
the admiration of the civilized world. The last and most 
important of these battles was that of Sax Jacinto (April 
21, 1836), in which the Texans 
under General Houston, in the 
face of overwhelming num- 
bers, won a brilliant victory, 
capturing Santa Anna, the 
Mexican commander-in-chief. 
A treaty with Santa Anna was 
signed at Velasco (May 14, 



536). 



With the establishment of its 
independence, the desire of 
Texas to enter the Union soon 
manifested itself. A treaty of 

cession between the Republic 
of Texas and the United States 
was presented to the United 
States Senate toward the close 



The Beginning of Sectional 
Inequality. 
The division of the sections upon 
the subject of shivery was becoming 
every year more and more marked. 
Slave and free Stales were rapidly 
growing distrustful of each o her. In 
i:''i'..iers they were about equal, for 

the policy had been followed of admit- 
ting a flee State whenever a new slave 
State joined the Union. Arkansas and 
Michigan (1836) were the hist Sta es 
admitted under this policy. 

With the admission of Arkansas 
there remained hut the territory of 
Florida from which to carve a slave 
State, as the Missouri Compromise had 
restricted slavery to south of the 36 

50' parallel, and the region WCSl "I 
Arkansas had been reserved to the 

Indians. There still remained much 
territory north of the line from which 
to form free State <. So the ascendancy 

of the North to power was confidently 
anticipated, cut was deferred by the 
annexation o Texas, which restored 
for the time the balance between the 
two sections. 



of Tyler's administration, but 

was by that body rejected (June S, 1844). The idea of Texas 

annexation was differently reeeived by the American people, 



UNION. 



343 




JAMES K. POLK. 



The anti-slavery sentiment of the North bitterly opposed 
it. The South was earnestly in favor of it. The question 
was introduced into the politics of the country — the Whigs 
opposing, the Democrats favoring. "Polk and Texas" 
and " Clay and no Texas' " became the campaign cries of 
the presidential election of 1844. The 
result showed that there were many in 
the North whose pride in the growth of 
our common country was as strong as 
the desire of the South to extend its 
sectional limits. Polk was elected, and, 
in compliance with the popular verdict, 
measures were framed by Congress to 
annex Texas ; one of the last acts of President Tyler being 
his approval of the measures (March 1, 1845), and later in 

the year the State was consti- 
tuted and admitted into the 
Union (December 29, 1845). 
The annexation of Texas 
involved the United States in 
a war with Mexico, which will 
be considered in another 
chapter. The events connect- 
ed with this war occupied the 
greater part of the attention 
of the country while Polk was 
President. During his admin- 
istration Iowa (1846) and 
Wisconsin (1848) were admit- 
ted into the Union, making- 
three States in all. James 



The Progress of Invention. 
Three important inventions were 
given to the world within a few years 
of each other. The first of these was 
the Electric Telegraph. It was 
invented by Professor S. I'". I>. Morse, 
who, after having obtained a patent 
for it (1S37), put the invention into 
practical use by building a line be- 
tween Baltimore and Washington 
(1S44). In 1 S 1 ( ) Elias Howe of Massa- 
chusetts invented the sewing' machine, 
and in 1S47 11. M. Hoe of New York 
the cylinder printing press. The value 
of these inventions is beyond estimate. 
They are among- the greatest of time 
and labor-saving devices ever designed 
by man. More than two hundred 
thousand miles of telegraph lines are 
now in operation. The improvements 
that have been made to Hoe's press 
render it now possible to print, cut, 
pas'.e and fold fifty thousand sheets an 
hour. 



Smitusox, an Englishman, had left a legacy to the United 
States for the purpose of establishing an institution to aid 



344 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

in increasing and disseminating knowledge. It was founded 
while Polk was President (1846), and is known as the 
Smithsonian Institution. The Northwestern, or Oregon 
treaty, was concluded during the same year with Great 
Britain, the parallel of forty-nine degrees being decided upon. 

QUESTIONS. 

What was the " manifest destiny " of the United States ? What boundaries 
had the treaty of 1S19 denned? Upon what were the claims of the United 
States to Texas based? Of Spain to Oregon? What do you know of Mexi- 
can independence? How was Texas governed under the Mexican constitu- 
tion ? Who were Empressarios ? What do you know of Stephen F. Austin ? 
What did the English-speaking population of Texas number in 1S30? 
What causes for dissatisfaction had the settlers? What resulted from this 
dissatisfaction? What do you know of the Texas Revolution? Its first 
engagement? Its heroes? Its battles? What was its greatest battle? 
What do you know of the Alamo ? The massacre at Goliad? W r ho was 
the provisional Governor of Texas? President? Who was elected President 
and Vice-President of the Texas Republic? What do you know of the con- 
vention of San Felipe? Of that of Washington (Texas)? When was a 
treaty concluded with Santa Anna? What desire did Texas manifest after 
gaining independence? How was this desire received by the people of the 
United States ? What do you know of the beginning of Sectional Inequality ? 
How was the question of Texas annexation introduced into politics ? Who 
favored it? Opposed? What did the election of Polk show? When did 
the President approve the measure of annexation? What were the princi- 
pal events of Polk's administration ? What do you know of the invention 
of the sewing machine? Telegraph? Cylinder printing press? 

CHAPTER XII. 

War With Mexico. 

The independence of Texas, though conceded by Santa 
Anna after the battle of San Jacinto, had never been offi- 
cially recognized by the Mexican government. The annex- 
ation of this territory, therefore, brought the United States 
into controversy with Mexico; for the latter country had re- 
peatedly declared her purpose to regard Texan annexation 
■*s a cause of war. 



UNION. 



345 



Moreover the boundary between Texas and Mexico was 
in dispute. The former claimed the Rio Grande River, and 
the latter the Nueces, as the line of separation. The 
admission of Texas into the Union rendered it incumbent 
upon the United States to protect the newly acquired ter- 
ritory from any threatened invasion. General Zachary 
Taylor was dispatched to the Rio Grande, and upon 
arriving there, erected Fort Brown, opposite the Mexican 
city of Matamoras (March 28, 1S46). 

Taylor's occupation of the disputed territory was soon 
resented by the Mexicans. A force crossed to the east side 
of the river and surprised a detachment 
of sixty-three men under Captain 
Thornton, killing or capturing almost 
the whole number (April 26). Antici- 
pating further hostilities, Taylor fell 
back to Point Isabel, to make prepara- 
tions. As he was a^ain advancing; to 
Fort Brown he found opposing his 
progress an army of six thousand Mexicans under General. 
Arista, near Falo Alto. An engagement followed, and the 
Mexicans were driven from the field (May 8). The next 
day another battle was fought at Resaca-de-la-Palma, and 
Taylor was again victorious, the Mexicans retreating beyond 
the Rio Grande. 

When news of the state of affairs upon the southwestern 
frontier reached Washington, war was declared to be in 
existence "by act of Mexico" (May n, 1846). Money 
was voted by Congress, and the President was authorized to 
issue a call for fifty thousand men. The position of General 
Taylor was regarded as critical, and volunteers hastened 
forward to his assistance from what were then the South- 
western States. 




GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



34^ 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



With the formal opening of war, three distinct campaigns' 
were planned. These were entrusted to Generals Kear- 
ney, Wool and Taylor. The first was directed against 
Santa Fe, New Mexico; the second against Chihuahua: and 
the third, against the Mexican States south of the Rio 
Grande. 

Kearney's expedition, numbering about sixteen hundred 
men, started from Fort Leavenworth. Kansas (June, 1846), 
and alter journeying nine hundred miles over the old 
" Santa Fe Trail," reached and took possession of the . 
Mexican capital with but little 
opposition (August 18). 
Leaving Colonel Doniphan in 
command, Kearney, after 
oru'anizin;>" a territorial <k>v- 
ernment for New Mexico, pro- 
ceeded to California ( Septem- 
ber 25). Doniphan, receiving 
reinforcements from Missouri 
after Kearney's departure, 
determined to push southward. 
Leaving COLONEL STERLING 
Price in command, he set out 
upon a memorable march, his 
object being to join Wool at Chihuahua (December 14, 
1846). Two battles were fought upon the march — Bracito 
(December 25, 1846), and Sacramento Creek (February 28, 
1847) — in both of which Doniphan was successful in the 
face of superior numbers. 

General Wool finding too many obstructions in his path, 
had relinquished his designs upon Chihuahua, and had 
turned south to Saltillo. Nevertheless Doniphan continued 
his march, and the day after the battle of Sacramento Creek 



Conquest of California. 
A emigration to Oregon i 
ready begun, Colonel John C. 
Fremont ot the United States army 
had been engaged for souk- time in 
exploring the Rocky Mountains in 
search of a pass through which emigrant 
trains could make their way. Fremont 
turned south, and, hearing tli .1 war 
had been declared against Mexico, he 
determined to wre t California from 
Mexican rule. In this lie was aided 

by the American residents and Com- 
modores Stockton and Sloat. San 
Francisco, Monterey (Cal.) and Los 
Angeles were captured without much 
opposition, and by the time Kearney 
arrived from New Mexico, the conquest 
had been accomplished. Earl] in 1 "s |- 
the Mexicans rose in revolt, but were 
defeated in the battle at San Gabriel, 
near Los Vnj 



UNION. 



347 



took possession of Chihuahua (March r, 1847). From this 
point the litlle army made its way to Saltillo, where it arrived 
in safety, after having had its endurance and valor tested to 
the utmost (May 22). 




General Taylor's operations began with the capture of 
Matamoras (May 19, 1846). From this point he moved 
westward upon Monterey, and with a much smaller force 
compelled the Mexican General Ampudia with ten thousand 
men to surrender and evacuate that citv ( September 24). 
General, Worth, of Taylor's command, shortly after took 
possession of Saltillo. 

Taylor soon found himself confronted by the experienced 
Santa Anna, who, having collected an army of twenty 
thousand men, confidently counted upon victory, as the 
Americans numbered but little more than five thousand. 
In view of his greatly superior force, a battle seemed useless 
to the Mexican commander, and he suggested that the 
Americans surrender. '■''General Taylor never surrenders" 
was the quiet answer made him. 

The opposing forces met at Buena Vista (February 23, 
1847). No battlefield was ever more hotly contested. 



34« 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Several times during the day victory was within the grasp 
of the Mexicans. At one of these times the day was saved 
for the Americans by the intrepidity of Colonel Jefferson 
Davis and his regiment of Mississippi riflemen ; at another by 
Captain Braxton Bragg and his artillery. Valiant service 
was rendered by the Arkansas and Kentucky cavalry under 




" GENERAL TAYLOR NEVER SURRENDERS." 



Colonels Yell and Marshall. After ten hours of 
fighting the Mexicans withdrew from the field, and by day- 
light the next morning were in full retreat. 

As the war progressed, it was seen that to be decisive, 
military operations must be directed against the Mexican 
capital. These operations were entrusted to General 
Winfield Scott. Landing near Vera Cruz, Scott attacked 
that city with a force of twelve thousand, and compelled its 



UNION. 



349 



Surrender (March 27, 1847). Marching inland, he encoun- 
:ered a large Mexican army under Santa Anna at Cerro 
Gordo, and administered to it a crushing defeat (April 18). 
rhe next day he took possession of the city of Jalapa, from 
which he pushed on to the city of Puebla. Scott here 
waited for reinforcements. These soon arriving, he again 
took up his line of march for the city of Mexico (August 7). 



CAMPAIGN OF GEN. SCOTT 











On the 20th of August a series of attacks upon the posi- 
tions of the enemy were successfully executed. Generals 

Pillow and Twiggs stormed 
Contreras, driving the Mexi- 
can general, Valencia, from 
his fortifications, and followed 
up the victory the same dav by 
carrying the heights of Che- 
rubusco, near by, defeating 
Santa Anna. 

The next advance was upon 



The Success of Scott's Army. 
The defense; of the citv were many 
in number, and Santa Anna wa i a 
skilled and sagacious commander, with 
more than thirty thousand men under 
his direction. The successes of the 
American army were therefore remark- 
able, and were no doubt due to the 
great array of military talent among 
the subordinate officers in coinin uul, 
many of whom were to come to 
the front as commanding generals in 
another war, and win undying fame 
hv their achievement'. 



Chapultepec. Molino del 
Rev, one of its outer defenses, was gallantly carried by 
General Worth (September 7), and shortly after the strongly 
fortified citadel of Chapultepec itself was brilliantly and 



$5° 



PERIOD (J!-' EX-DEPENDENCE. 



successfully stormed (September 13). The next day Scott 
entered the city of Mexico in triumph. 

The Mexican Government now gladly acceded to terms of 
peace. The treaty was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo 
(February 2, 1848). By the terms of this treaty Mexico 
relinquished all claims to upper California and New Mexico, 
accepting the Rio Grande as its northeast boundary. In 
consideration of this relinquishment the United States paid 
fifteen million dollars to the Mexican Government, and 
assumed all debts due by it to citizens of the United States. 

California had scarcely 
come into possession of the 
United States when a dis- 
covery was made that brought 
a rush of settlers to its terri- 
tory. A laborer cutting a mill- 
race for Captain Sutter's mill, 
in one of the small branches of 
the Sacramento River, found 
particles of gold in the sand. 
The news spread throughout 
the country, and the rush of 
gold-seekers and fortune- 
hunters began. Those who 
first arrived, alluded to them- 
selves with pride for main* 
years after as " Forty-niners." 
In 1850 San Francisco had 
sprung up into a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, and in 
the same year the State of California was admitted into the 
Union. 



The Texas Cession and the Gadsden 
Purchase. 
The territorial claims of Texas ex- 
tended to the Rio Grande River and 
included much of what is now New 
Mexico. In 1^)^ it was attempted u> 
extend t he jurisdiction of Texas over 
this newly-acquired territory. Officer.; 

were appointed and sent to take [ins- 
session, but these found the territory 
already organized, for Kearney had 
instituted a form of government im- 
mediately alter taking possession of 
Santa Fe (i^|o). A conflict of author- 
ity thus arose, hut the controversy was 
settled by the payment of $10,000,000 
by the United States (1850). Half ol 
this amount went to liquidate the debt 
of the old Republic of Texas. The 
boundary line established by the Treaty 
of Guadalupe Hidalgo was so indefi- 
nite that a dispute arose between the 
United States and Mexico over the ter- 
itory south of the Gila River. A set- 
tlement was effected by the United 
States paying an additional ten million 
dollars for the territory in dispute, 
General Gadsden effecting the pur- 
chase (1S52). 




cNGhAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U.S. 



UNION. 



351 



QUESTIONS. 

What controversy arose with the annexation of Texas? What boundary 
was in dispute? What do you know of the causes of the Mexican War? 
Taylor's occupation ot the disputed territory? Thornton's massacre? 
What two battles did Taylor fight before the war was declared? What 
campaigns were planned ? What do you know of Kearney's expedition ? 
Doniphan's march? Conquest of California? What do you know of 
Taylor's operations? Battle of Buena Vista? Who particularly distin- 
guished tbemselves in this battle.'' Who led the expedition against the city 
of Mexico? Where did it land? What was its first battle? What two 
battles were fought in one day? What two battles caused the surrender of 
Mexico? To what was the success of Scott's army in part attributable? 
What do you know of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? Texas cession ? 
Gadsden purchase ? What event led to the rapid settlement of California? 



TOPICAL OUTLINE 



' Causes 



'Annexation of Texas. 
Disputed Territory. 



(May 



1 I Thornton's Massacre {April 26,1846), 

I Mexican A n, ■ r:le of Pa '° A ' t0 (/Wa ^ 8 ' to4f)) ' 

^Mexican a gres^.ons ] BaWe pf Resaca de la Palma (A 

I 9, 1846). 

'Leaves L 1 ■..; th (June , 1846). 
Arrives at Santa Fe (August 18, 1846). 
Kearney's Camnaidni Departs for California (September 25, 1846), 

I March begins ( December 14, 1846). 
I Battle of Bi actio {December 25, 1846). 
Doniphan's Marchi Battle of Sacramento {Feb, 28, 1847). 
y ' \ Capture of Chihuahua (March I, 1847), 

[Arrives at Saltillo (May 22, 1847). 

Capture of Matamoras ("May i9, 1846). 
Battle of Monterey (September 24, 1846). 
Capture of Saltillo (November 15, 1846). 
Battle of Buena Vista (February 23, 1847). 
{Capture of Vera Cruz (March 27, 1847). 
Battle of Cerro Gordo (April Id, 1847). 



Taylor's Campaign < 



Scott's Campaign < 



Battles of \ Contreras ' 
\ Cherubusco, 



August 20, 1847. 



Battle of Mo/ino del Rey (September 8, 1847). 
Battle of Chapultepec (September 13, 1847). 
[Capture of Mexico (September '.4, 1847). 
^Result, Accession of Territory. 



3^i i'KRion of ixi>i:im;ndkxck. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

The Development of Sectional Antagonism. 

The twelve years immediately following the administration 
of Polk, were years leading up to a crisis in American 
affairs. This crisis was the terrible sectional conflict known 
as the Civil War, which began in 1861, lasted four years, 
and resulted in the abolition of slavery and the preservation 
of the Union from the evils of dismemberment. The causes 
which led to this war, like those which have led to other 
great conflicts, were of slow growth and long standing. It 
may be said that when the United States emerged from the 
gloom of the Revolution, it entered the shadow of Civil War. 

The differences between North and South, developed in 
colonial times, had become more and more marked as years 
wore on. As these differences strengthened, we see, with 
the understanding that has come to us in recent years, how 
there grew up on American soil two distinct peoples, each 
evolving a civilization of its own, each bound to the other 
by the mutually constituted Federal Government. The social 
institutions and characteristic features of one were wholly 
unlike those of the other; the interests of both were not 
always identical. The constituted authority governing 
them was at times in position to wield power detrimental 
to one or the other. The control of national affairs 
was therefore an object with each at an early day, and 
many rivalries and discords arose. The halls of Congress 
became the arena where representatives of North and South 
met in forensic combat. The eloquence of these representa- 
tives echoed sectional sentiments, stirred up sectional pride, 
and strengthened sectional feeling. We have seen how this 
feeling became at times one of bitterness, threatening the 
dissolution of the Union, but disappearing before the peace- 
makings of a pacific policy or of a compromise. 



UNION. 



35; 



The sentiment with which the system of slavery had come 
to be regarded by the North and South divided irreconcila- 
bly the sections. This system, as we have seen, was closely 
interwoven with the welfare and prosperity of the South, 
and the four million slaves found there, represented a value 




A SOUTHERN COTTON FIELD. 



of twenty-five hundred million dollars. In the North the 
anti-slavery sentiment, from feeble beginnings, grew to such 

proportions that it was made a 
leading issue in politics. The 
party of anti-slavery principles 
became in time dominant in 
the affairs of the national gov- 
ernment. The coming into 
power of this party caused the 
withdrawal from the Union of 
the slave States, in order to 
subserve what at the time ap- 
peared to be their best inter- 
ests, their interpretation of the 
constitutional compact justify- 



Opposition to Slavery. 
A change of conditions had come 
upon the country. In the colonial 
days conscientious opposition to 
slavery had been stronger in the South 
than in the North. The New England 
colonists had few scruples against 
selling into slavery the captives taken 
in their Indian wars; and the profitable 
slave trade that arose with the general 
introduction of slavery into the south- 
ern colonies was almost monopolized 
by New England vessels, manned hy 
New England crews. On the other 
hand, the strongest advocates of 
emancipation were found among the 
gentry of colonial Virginia, the colony 
into which slavery had fust been intro- 
duced, the voluntary liberation of 
slaves being ol frequent occurrence. 



ing them in the act, 

V 



354 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

We have seen how the development of agricultural condi- 
tions in the South at an early day rendered profitable the emi 
ployment of unskilled labor, if such labor was intelligently 
directed. No industrial system answered the conditions of 
the time to better purpose than that of chattel servitude — a 
system in which the interests of master and slave were iden- 
tical. However objectionable the system may now be 
generally regarded, no facts stand out clearer in American 
history than that the steady and directed toil of the Southern 
slave first placed the United States among the great eommer- 
mercial nations of the world; and that the systematic 
training bestowed upon him during his period of servitude, 
and his contact with higher intelligence, have given to the, 
negro an impulse to civilization that neither his inhere; 
clinations nor his native environment would of themselves 
have bestowed. 

The admission of Missouri, as we have seen, brought the 
North and South into direct issue with each other, but the 
differences were settled by compromise. The acquisition of 
new territory after the war with Mexico, renewed the slavery 
agitation with a violence that revealed how far apart the sec- 
tions had drifted in feeling, ami how inevitable was the 
approaching conflict. At the first intimation that new terri- 
tory was about to be acquired, David Wilmot of Pennsyl- 
vania, moved in Congress to appropriate money to purchase 
the territory in question, with the proviso that slavery be 
not permitted therein (1846). The measure failed to pass, 
however, and the territory was acquired without it. 

The rapid settlement of California, alter the discovery of 
gold, enabled that territory to apply soon for admission as a 
State. A controversy arose which, with other causes of dis- 
cord, did much to strengthen sectional antagonism. The 
Missouri Compromise line divided the proposed State, and 



UNION. 



355 



the question arose, Was California to be a free or a slave 
State? Henry Clay, who had retired from public affairs, 
was called forth from his Kentucky home, elected to the 
United States Senate, and again, by a compromise measure, 
did the great pacificator postpone sectional conflict. This 
compromise is known as Clay's Compromise of 1850, and 
from the number of features embraced in the one measure 
it is frequently referred to as the Omnibus Bill. 

The Omnibus Bill provided for the admission of California 
as a free State, and stopped the buying and selling of slaves 

within the limits of the District 
of Columbia. This was to 
satisfy the demands of the 
North. To satisfy the South 
the rest of the Mexican cession 
was divided into two territories 
— Utah (including Nevada) 
and New Mexico (including 
Arizona) — and no stipulation 
was made prohibiting slavery 
within the limits of either, 
although the former lay almost 
wholly north of the Missouri 
Compromise line. This feature of the bill, together with 
another providing for the passage of a 
more efficient Fugitive Slave Law 
than the one passed as early as i793> 
was perfectly satisfactory to the South. 
The remaining feature of the bill was 
that which settled the claims of Texas 
to its new Mexican territory.* 

The next controversy upon the ques- 
tion of slavery in the territories arose when it became neces- 

*See page 350. 



The Dred Scott Decision. 
A celebrated case, known as the 
Dred Scott Case, that had been 
pending in the Supreme Court of the 
United States, was decided in 1S57, 
and increased the slavery excitement. 
Dred Scott was a slave who, having 
been brought by his owner into free 
territory, sued for his freedom. The 
court decided that slaves were property, 
that under the Constitution all prop- 
erty must be protected, that the taking 
of a slave into a free State or territory 
did not forfeit ownership, and that 
Congress had no power to forbid 
slaveryinthe territories. This decision 
would have nullified the Missouri 
Compromise had not the Kansas- 
Nebraska Rill already done so. 




MILLARD FILLMORE. 



35^ 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



The Anti-Slavery Movement. 
The Fugitive Slave Law provided 
for the arrest and return of slaves 
escaping from their owners into free 
Stales, and empowered United States 
officers lo make the arrest and return. 
This measure caused inicn e di : atis- 

faction in the North. Personal 

Li BEKTY BILLS were passed by several 
States, in direct oppo: ition to the law 
of the United States, and these bills 
placed every obstruction possible in the 
way of the United States officers, who 
sought to perform their duty under the 
Fugitive Law. Many of the Northern 

people were opposed to slavery, but 
did not believe that the national 
government had a right to abolish 
it. Others believed in nothing more 
nor less than total aboli hmenl of 
slavery within the limits of the 
United Slates. These were termed 
Abolitionists. At first the Abolil onists 

wile tew in number. The most promi- 
nent founder of the movement was 
William Lloyd Gakkison, who in- 
stituted an anti-slavery society as early 
as 1S31. For a long time the Aboli- 
tionists were regarded in the North 
with disfavor, as a band 01 agitators, 
endangering the peace ami tranquillity 
ol the country. Theirmeeting 
often broken up, their halls burned to 
the ground, their public spi 
mobbed. Tint in later years, sectional 
animosity and the passage of the Fugi- 
tive and oilier laws caused many to 



sary to organize the territories of Kansas and Nkbraska. 
For this purpose a bill was introduced into Congress by 
Stephen -V. Douglas of Illinois, recognizing the principle 
of what has been termed Squatter Sovereignty, 
The Kansas-Nebraska Bill authorized the people of those 
territories to decide for themselves, as soon as their States 
were organized, whether slavery should exist within their 
limits or not. The bill passed (1854), ant ^ as ^ was a virtual 
repeal of the Missouri Compromise, the North was aroused 
to anger. For many years 
from that time there was to be 
an absence of all peace. 

The beginnings of sectional 
conflict took place upon Kan- 
sas soil. With the passage of 
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill it 
became an object with each of 
the sections to have as many 
representatives among the emi- 
grants to the territory as pos- 
sible, so that one could outvote 
the other when the question of 
slavery came up for decision. 
Two separate governments 
were organized, and in the 
conflict of authority that 
ensued much blood was shed. 
neral lawlessness prevailed 
until 1S5S, when the opponents 
of slavery were successful, 
although Kansas was not ad- 
mitted until 1861. 



UNION. 



157 



join their ranks. In 1S40 the Aboli- 
tionists entered the domain of Ameri- 
can politics :is the LIBERTY PARTY, 

and nominated for President James 
G. BlKNEY who received 7,509 votes. 
Birney \v;is again a candidate in iS|-|, 
and received 02,300 votes, a marked 
increase for the short space of time. 
In i^p the Abolitionists, with cer- 
tain Ami -Slavery elements of the 
Democratic and Win;; parties, formed 
themselves into the Free Soil 
Party, whose motto was " Free Soil, 
Free Speech, Free Labor ami Free 
Men" and nominated ex-President 
Van Buren, he receiving 291,263 votes. 
In the presidential election of 1S52 this 
party lost ground, but before the next 
(1856) the slavery agitation had drawn 
to its ranks so many, that, under 
name of the Republican party, it polled 
i ,341 1.264 votes for its presidential candi- 
date. John- C. Fremont, and emerged 
from the succeeding contest with suc- 
cess (1S60). 



The four Presidents that fol- 
lowed Polk were ZACHARY 
Taylor, Millard Fillmore, 
Franklin Pierce and James 
Buchanan. Taylor was elect- 
ed by the Whigs (1848), and, 
dying the next year after his 
inauguration, was succeeded 
by Vice-President Fillmore. 
Pierce and Buchanan were 
Democrats. 

The events that character- 
ized the administrations of 
these Presidents were for the 
most part those given in con- 
nection with the slavery asfita- 




FRANKLIN PIERCE. 



tion. During Pierce's term a treaty was 

successfully established between Japan 

and the United States (1854), and during 

the administration of Buchanan the first 

successful ocean cable was laid across 

the Atlantic (1S58), though a series of 

mistortunes prevented its practical and / 

general use until 1S66; Minnesota (1858), 

Oregon (1859) anc ^ Kansas (1861) were admitted; and the 

secession of seven Southern States from the Union occurred 

(1861). 

QUESTIONS. 

To what crisis in American affairs did the years following Polk's adminis- 
tration lead? What can you say of the difference existing between the 
North and South? How were they unlike? How was sectional feeling 
strengthened? How had sectional bitterness been at times allayed? What 
was interwoven with the prosperity of the South? How was slavery regarded 
in the North? What happened when the anti-slavery party attained power? 



358 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



What do you know of the change of opinion with which slavery was 
regarded? What industrial system answered the conditions of the South? 
Why? What placed the United States among the commercial nations of 
the world? Upon what is our industrial structure founded? What acquisi- 
tion of territory led to a renewal of the slavery agitation settled by the 
Missouri Compromise? What was the "Wilmot Proviso"? What con- 
troversy arose with the admission of California? How was it settled? 
What do you know of the Omnibus Bill ? Fugitive Slave Law ? Personal 
Liberty Bills ? Trace the growth of the anti-slavery movement. What do 
you know of the Kansas-Nebraska Controversy ? When was Kansas, 
admitted? What four Presidents followed Polk? By what party was each 
elected? What events characterized their administrations ? When was the 
Japan treaty consummated? Minnesota admitted? Oregon? Kansas? 



BLACKBOARD FOR 



PRINCIPAL EVENTS- 

1 845 ) l nau 9 ura ^ on - 

Texas Admitted. 



-ADMINISTRATION OF 



POLK, 

( Tenn. ) 



TA YLOR, 

(La). 

and 
FILLMORE. 

(N. Y.) 



PIERCE, 

(N. H.) 



BUCHANAN, 

(Pa.) 



C Mexican War Begins. 
i oad J Iowa Admitted. 

I Smithsonian Institution Founded. 
I Oregon Boundary Treaty. 
t Wisconsin Admitted. . 

| Mexican War Ends, ( Treaty J 

1848 -t signed February 2). 
Gold Discoverd. 
(Presidential Election < 



i J Lewis Cass. 

1ates.\ Wm. 0. 

Free -Soil 
Candidates, 



Inauguration. 
C Omnibus Bill. 

Death of Taylor, (,' 
I California Adi>> 



1849 



350 



Presidential Election... 

1853 i l nou 9 u ration, 

i ' . ten Purchase, 

IOFA I Japan Treaty. 

braska Bill. 

1856 Presidential Election . . . 
inauguration, 
Dred Scott Decision. 

1858 ' M ' nr)esota Admitted, 
Atlantic Cable. 
Oregon Admitt 
Presidential Election .....< 
Secession of South Car- 
olina (Dec, 20). 






Demo.v 



Martin Van Beuren. 
(Anti-Slavery) ( Chas ' Francis Adams. 
Whig \ ZACHARY TAYLOR. 

\ MILLARD FiL 
Democratic ] FRANKLIN PIERCE. 

• i H '.'. R. KING. 
Anti-Slavery { John P. 

"field Scott. 

,. i . ■ 

BUCHANAN, 
IRIDGE. 
Republican , ont 

(Anti-Slavey i i Wm - L Oayion. 

i " A. Douglass. 
H. V. Johnson. 

{Jo h n C. Breckenridge. 
Joseph Lane. 

I John Ecll. 
Const tut'onal-Umon i _ , 

,.:ora Everett 

Republic ji i A BRAHAV LINCOLN. 

I HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 

( Missi: ■■ . ■ i 

, o P i (Secession of I Alabama, Geonia. 

lovl J Organization of Southern Confederacy, \ , _ ' 

I Kansas Admitted. { Louisiana, Texas. 



185/ 



1859 
I860 



~ 2 Norther 

o' 5 { 

I 1 Southei 



union. 359 

search questions. 

What was the " Underground Railroad " ? What political party was deridingly referred 

the " Locofocos " and why ? What is meant by naturalizing a foreigner ? What 

was the "Kitchen Cabinet"? What was the "Pony Express"? What cavalry 

ent of the regular army of the United States is remarkable for having been 

ed by some of the most celebrated generals that America has produced ? Name 

some of these olTicers. 

—^» 

PREPARATORY NOTES. 

Geography. — Upon a map of the United States note the relative position of 
the following cities: Washington, Montgomery, Charleston, Richmond, 
lit. Louis, Cairo, Paducah. In what part of Missouri is Carthage? Spring- 
field? Lexington? Belmont? In what part of Kentucky is Columbus? 
Bowling Green? Mill Springs? Mumfordsville? Richmond? Perryville? 
In what part of Arkansas is Bentonville? Batesville? Des Arc? Fort 
Smith? Little Rock? Helena? In what part of Mississippi is Corinth? 
Iuka? Vickshurg? Beginning at Norfolk Va., trace the coast line of 
the United States southward, noting the following: Hatteras Inlet, 
Roanoke Island, Wilmington, Charleston, Port Royal, Savannah, Jackson- 
ville, Pensacola, Mobile, Ship Island, New Orleans, Sabine Pass, Galveston, 
In what part of Tennessee is Murfreeshoro? Chattanooga? Knoxville? 
Nashville? Franklin? In what part of Georgia is Dalton ? Atlanta? 

Definition of Words. — Preclude, crisis, erroneously, rancor, discrimina- 
tion, imbued, allegiance, recipient, convictions, colleagues, interpretation, 
subsequent, apprised, concentrate, transcendently, aggressive, incendiarv, 
tenacity, obliterated, emancipation, irreparable, strenuously, impeachment, 

tenure. 

PARALLEL READINGS. 

Reference. — Slephens' "War between the States," Davis' "Rise and Fall of the Con- 
federate Government," "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" (Century War Book), 
Soley's " The Blockade and the Cruisers," Ainmen's " The Atlantic Coast," Mahan's " The 
Gull and the Inland Waters," Draper's "History of the American Civil War," Greelev's 
"American Conflict," J. E. Johnston's ".Narrative of Military Operations," "Southern 
Historical Papers." 

General.— Johnston's "Life of Albert Sidney Johnston," Cooke's " Life of Robert E. 
Lee" and "Life of Stonewall Jackson," Grant's "Memoirs," Sherman's "Memoirs," 
Hood's " Advance and Retreat," Taylor's " Destruction and Reconstruction," McCulloch's 
"Men and Measures of Half a Century," Pollard's "Lost Cause" and "Lee and his 
Lieutenants." 

Topical. — " Secession of the Southern States," "The Blockade,'] "Confederate 
Cruisers," "The War in Virginia," "The War in Tennessee," "The War in Missouri," 
" The War in Kentucky," " The War in Arkansas," " The War in Mississippi," " The War 
in Louisiana," "The War in Texas," "The War in Alabama," " The War in CeorLjia,'. 
"The War in South Carolina," "The War in North Carolina," " The War in Florida,'' 
" The War on the Coa t," " Gunboat Operations." 



DISUNION. 



\6i 



Disunion. 



chapter i 



The Secession of the Southern States. 

The question of slavery, as we have seen, had become the 
principal issue before the country. It had caused the 

organization of a powerful 
political part}', whose avowed 
purpose was the prohibition of 
slavery in the territories by 
act of Congress. This party 
had assumed the name Re- 
publican. It had already suf- 
fered one defeat (1856), but 
by the close of Buchanan's 
administration it had increased 
greatly in strength and num- 
bers. In the election of a suc- 
cessor to Buchanan (i860) its 
candidates were : for President, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, of Illinois; for Vice- 
President, Hannibal Hamlin, of 
Maine. 

The nominating convention of the 
Democratic party assembled at Char- 
leston (April 23, i860). In this con- 
vention were Northern Democrats and 
Southern Democrats ; but they enter- 
tained different opinions relative to slavery in the terri- 
tories. The former regarded it as a domestic institution 
to be regulated by each State, and believed that "squatter 
sovereignty" should decide whether slavery, after having 



John Brown's Raid. 
An ardent advocate of slavery aboli- 
tion named John Brown took a promi- 
nent part in the Kansas troubles, and 
as " Ossawatomie " Brown attained 
some notoriety in connection with the 
many deeds of violence committed 
during the agitation of the slavery 
question in that territory. In October, 
1S59, Brown, with twenty friend', in- 
vaded Virginia with the avowed pur- 
pose of arming the slaves and inciting 
them to insurrection. The arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry was surprised and 
taken (October 16), but Virginia mili- 
tia and United States marines appeared 
promptly upon the scene and took 
most "i the party prisoners. Brown 
was found guilty of trea on and hanged 
Dec ember j, 1S59. 




JAMES BUCHANAN. 



362 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



The Cause of Secession. 
As union did not assure domestic 
tranquillity, it was by many, regarded 

as a failure. The North wished t<> 
right the so-called wrong of slavery ; 
South to protect an interest. 



the 



been introduced into a territory, should cease 1 continue, 
when that territory became a Stale. The latter desired 
to meet more squarely the issue presented by the Repub- 
licans, and insisted that Congress should not, by prohibiting 
slavery in the territories, discriminate between northern 
and southern settlers in the protection of property guaranteed 
to both under the Constitution. 

Unable to agree, the Demo- 
cratic Convention adjourned, 
and finally, two separate Dem- 
ocratic conventions were held 
at Baltimore. One conven- 
tion, in which Southern mem- 
bers predominated, nominated 
John C. Breckenridge, of 
Kentucky, and Joseph Lank, 
of Oregon. The other nom- 
inated Stephen A. Douglas, 
of Illinois, and Benjamin 
FiTZPATRiCK, who, declining, 
was substituted by IIerschel 
V. Johnson, of Georgia. 
Meanwhile a remnant of the 
old Whig party had nominated 
John Bell, of Tennessee, 
and Edward Everett, of 
Massachusetts, as Constitu- 
tional Union Candidates; and thus four presidential tick- 
ets were presented to the consideration of the American 
people. 

Although a majority of votes was cast against Lincoln he 
received more than any one of his three opponents, and was 
consequently declared elected. The South now found itself 



Slavery existed when the constitutional 
compact was entered into, and was by 
it recognized. It could not heforcihly 
abolished without a violation of this 
compact. Breach of compact was 
cause for dissolution of the Union ; 
and the South had long insisted upon 
strict adherence to the terms of the 
Constitution. When events indicated 
that these terms relative to slavery 
were becoming more and more dis- 
regarded by the North, the South de- 
cided to withdraw. South Carolina, 
shortly alter the election of Lincoln, 
belli a convention, as she had done in 
the days of the nullification controver- 
sy, and passed the Okdi nance of 
Secession. Had some "great pacifi- 
cator" arisen in Congress as in the 
past, it is believed by some that an 
adjustment of difficulties could have 
been reached without war. But this 
is doubtful, as antagonism had grown 
so strong between the sections as to 
preclude all hope of harmonious com- 
promise. The issue was made, and 
the greatest crisis in American affairs 
had arrived. 



DISUNION. 



1 hi 



confronted by an alarming state of affairs. The election of 
Lincoln was a purely sectional one, the vote making him 
President having been cast solely by the Northern States. 
The party coming into power with his inauguration was that 
into which all the elements of the North antagonistic to the 
interests of the South had been drawn. The domestic 
tranquillity guaranteed by the Constitution had not been en- 
joyed for many a day, and an interminable continuance of 
strife and discord seemed to be in store for all. 

The idea had been slowly shaping itself in the Southern 
mind that, notwithstanding the affection for the Union that 
the South had felt and manifested since the founding of the 
government, tranquil existence without the Union was pre- 
ferable to continued disturbance within. The election of 
Lincoln stirred the South to action. South Carolina took the 
first step. A convention of her sovereign people passed an 
Ordinance of Secession, dissolving the bonds existing be- 
tween the State of South Carolina and the 
rest of the Union (December 20). Com- 
missioners were dispatched to Washing- 
ton to adjust the new relations between the 
two governments upon an equitable basis. 
Ordinances of secession were also passed by 
Mississippi (Jan. 9, 1861 ), Florida (January 
10), Alabama (January 11), 
Georgia ( January 19 ) and 
Louisiana (January 26). 
Delegates from the seceded 
States then met in convention, 
presided over by Howell 
Cobb of Georgia, at Mont- 
gomery, Alabama (Feb. 8). 




HOWELL COBB. 



The First Confederate Cabinet. 
President Davis' cabinet, as first con- 
stituted, consi: ted of Robert Toomhs, 
of Georgia, Secretary of State; Lekoy 
P. Walki;k, of Alabama, Secretary of 
War; Stephen B. Mallory, of 
Florida, Secretary of the Navy; Ciias. 
G. Memmixgeh, of South Carolina, 
Secretary of the Treasury; Jidah P. 
Benjamin, of Louisiana, Attorney- 
General; J. II. Reagan of Texas, 
Postmaster General. 



3 6 4 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




MONTGOMERY, ALA. "NIGHT OF DAVIS' INAUGURATION. 



A- provisional government for The Confederate States 
OF AMERICA was organized, and JEFFERSON Davis, of Mis- 
sissippi, was elected President and ALEXANDERH. STEPHENS, 
of Georgia, Vice-President (February 9). The inaugura- 
tion of Davis and Stephens occurred amid scenes of the 



DISUNION. 



365 



wildest enthusiasm, and demonstrations of loyal support of 
the new government were everywhere manifested (Feb- 
ruary 18). 

Texas adopted the Ordinance of Secession (February 23, 
1861), and was admitted to membership in the Confederacy 
(March 2). Meanwhile the authorities of the seceded 
States had been taking possession of forts, arsenals and 
government property within their limits. The garrisons of 
Fort Sumter, in 
Charleston Harbor, 
and Fort Pickens, 
near Pensacola, Flo- 
rida, however, re- 
fused to give up 
these fortifications 
when the demand 
was made. The for- 
mer was commanded 
by Major Ander- 
son ; the latter by 
Lieutenant Slem- 

MER. 

The refusal of 
Anderson to sur- 
render Fort Sumter 
placed South Carolina in the position of having, without 
her consent, a foreign power domiciled within her borders, 
and within threatening distance of her largest city. It 
was therefore determined to insist upon a withdrawal of the 
United States troops. Batteries were erected at various 
points, and General P. G. T. Beauregard assumed com- 
mand. The steamer Star of the West arriving with sup- 
plies for the garrison, was fired upon by these batteries and 
compelled to return. 




ALEXANDER H. STEP 



366 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER. 



Expecting reinforcements, 
Anderson persisted in his 
refusal to surrender. The 
authorities at Washington had 
given a verbal pledge that 
reinforcements would not be 
sent, and that the troops 
would be withdrawn from Fort 
Sumter. As long as the pledge 
was kept there was nothing 
done by the besiegers in the 
way of offensive military ope- 
rations. The Washington 
authorities, however, soon 
changed their mind, and dis- 
patched troops by sea to the 
assistance of the fort. Upon 
the appn >ach of these it became 
necessary for Beauregard to 



War Preparations. 
The secession of the Southern States 
was differently regardeti in the North. 
There were some who, in preference 
to an armed controversy, were willing 
to let the Southern States go in peace. 
There were others who denied the 
right of a State to secede, but who 
held that the United States Govern- 
ment had not the right to coerce a 
State back into the Union. Of this 
number was Buchanan. But by far the 
greater number believed that the Union 
should be preserved at any cost, and as 
the time to inaugurate Lincoln drew 
near, it soon became evident that a 
determination of this kind was form- 
ing. In anticipation of the use of 
force, the Confederate States began 
to prepare for resistance. Several 
efforts were made by commissions and 
peace congresses to bring- about an 
amicable adjustment of affairs between 
the two governments; but the authori- 
ties at Washington held the people of 
the Southern States to be in rebellion, 
and would extend no official recogni- 
tion to the Confederate Government. 
Bvents therefore hastened on to an 
armed conflict. 



DISUNION. 367 

take prompt action. A bombardment was begun. At 
4:30 A. m., April 12, 1861, the first gun was fired from 
the battery on James Island. This proved to be the first gun 
of the great Civil War that was to continue for four years. 
For thirty-four hours the bombardment continued, the 
garrison making a defense so gallant as to win the respect 
and admiration of their assailants. At length Anderson was 
compelled to surrender, and, without the loss of a single man 
on either side, the contest ended (April 14, 1861). 

QUESTIONS. 
What was the avowed purpose of the political party called into organiza- 
tion by the anti-slavery feeling ? What candidates did this party put forth 
for President and Vice-President? What occasioned a division in the 
Democratic party? What candidates were nominated by each division? 
Who were the candidates proposed by the Constitutional Union party? 
What do you know of Lincoln's election? What action did the Southern 
States take upon Lincoln's election? Why? What State first seceded? 
When? How? What five States followed? When did Texas pin the 
Confederacy? What do you know of the organization of the Confederate 
Government ? Who were its officers? How was the secession of the 
Southern States regarded in the North? How did the authorities at Wash- 
ington regard it? Why did South Carolina insist upon the surrender of 
Fort Sumter? What followed Major Anderson's refusal to withdraw? 
Why was Fort Sumter bombarded ? When was the first gun fired? What 
do you know of Anderson's surrender? What do you know of John 
Brown's raid? The cause of Southern secession? 

CHAPTER II. 

The Advance on Richmond. 

The fall of Fort Sumter occasioned intense excitement 
throughout the country. Congress not being in ses- 
sion at the time, President Lincoln, impelled by the rapidly 
rising war feeling of the North, took immediate steps to 
assert by force the power of the Union. A call for seventy- 
five thousand men was issued by him, and to this call the 
governors of the Northern States promptly responded, rais- 
ing, equipping, and sending forward their quotas of men to 
Washington with rapidity. 



3 68 



TERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




JEFFERSON DAVIS. 



As soon as it became evident that force was to be em- 
ployed to bring the Gulf States back to the Union, four 
more States seceded and cast their destinies with the Con- 
federacy. These were Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (May 
6), Tennessee (June 8), and North Carolina (May 20). 
The people of Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri were 
divided in their sympathies, and prompt action upon the 
part of the Federal authorities prevented these three States 



DISUNION. 369 

rom following the examples of the other four. The Con- 
ederate capital was now removed from Montgomery to 

Richmond, where the perma- 
nent organization of the Con- 
federate Government was 
completed. 

The Confederate authorities 
were soon as busy preparing 
for war as the Federal. Had 
the American people foreseen 
the horrors, strife, and waste 
of resources that were to fol- 
low in the approaching con- 
flict, they might well have 
paused before meeting one 
another upon the first battle- 
field in fratricidal strife. But 
the destiny of the nation had 
to be fulfilled. The causes 
had long been sown, and the 
reaping of the effects was to 
inevitably follow. The old 



The Call for Troops. 
The call for troops met with a differ- 
ent response from the Southern States 
that still remained in the Union. 
These States recognized the right of 
any State to secede, and denied the 
right of the general government to 
coerce. GOVERNOR RECTOR of Ar- 
kansas, Govek NOR Harris of Tennes- 
see, Governor Magoffin of Ken- 
tucky, Governor Ellis of North 

Carolina, GOVERNOR LETCHER of 
Virginia, and Governor Jackson of 
Missouri declined to furnish troops. 
Their refusals showed the general 
opinion held in the South relative 
to the right of a State to leave 
the Union; for, after all that may 
he said, the contention for this right 
on the part of the South was the 
direct cause of the Civil War, and 
not slavery, as has hecn frequently 
and erroneously given. Slavery and 
tariff agitation were incidental to that 
sectional antagonism whose steady 
development rendered possible the 
settlement of differences only by 
tinned conflict, and not bv pacific 
measures and compromises, as in lite 
oast. 



American spirit of resistance was now born again. North 
md South, divided in their opinion as to what was right, 
were ready to fight for it as their forefathers had done. 
The patriotism of the Southern people impelled them to 
sontend for the principles of local self-government and to 
defend their States. The people of the North were as earn- 
est in their desire to rally to the assistance of the govern- 
ment held by them to be superior to that of the States, and 
to preserve the Union. There can be no questioning of the 
motives of either without impeaching the integrity of a now 
united people. 



37° 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE 



After seceding, Virginia took 
immediate steps to organize 
her forces, and General 
Robert E. Lee was called to 
the command. When Virginia 
joined the Confederacy these 
troops were transferred to the 
Confederate Government. 

In response to Lincoln's call 
for troops, bodies of men 
began to assemble near Wheel- 
ing, W. Va., under General 
George B. McClellan; at 
Chambersburg, Pa., under 
General Patterson; and at 
Washington, under General 
Winfield Scott. A body of 
Massachusetts troops, on their 
way to Washington, passing 
through Baltimore against the 
remonstrances of its inhabit- 
ants, encounted some resist- 
ance in the streets, during the 
course of which a number of 
citizens and soldiers were 
killed ( April 19, 1S61). 

The Confederates hastened 
to establish a line of defense. 
Troops had been sent for- 
ward into Western Virginia to 
repel McClellan's advance; 
while forces were collected 
near Harper's Ferry, under 



The Question of Loyalty. 

When tin- passions ami prejudices 

awakened by the war between t he 

States were still fresh in the minds of 

the people much rancor and bittcr- 

nCSS went on record in the writings 

"t those who chronicled the events 
of our country's history. In review- 
ing these chronicles the student 
will tmd his powers <>t discrimination 

taxed to the utmost. As the years 
roll on, truths become more and 
more clear. The terms rebels and 
traitors, once applied to the men of 
the Southern armies, are now no longer 

current. These terms cause the question 

of loyally to government to arise, and 
here again North ami South were hon- 
estly divided in their opinions. The 
North had received a gTeat tide of 
immigration from Europe since the 
Revolution. These people came to 
the "United States," ami when ihcy 
and their descendants became itnlmed 
with the spirit of American institutions, 
their patriotism and allegiance were 
yielded to the Government of the 

United States rather than to that of 
any particular Stall-. The South had 
received few ol these immigrant . and 
had preserved intact to a great extent 

the traditions and opinions ol govern- 
mental allegiance current when the 
Union was first formed, lis spirit w ts 
decidedly that ol LOCAL SEI.F-GOV- 
ernment, manifesting itself in the op- 
position of the colonies lo the rule ol 
England, manifesting itself whenever 
the functions of the general govern- 
ment seemingly or actually overlapped 
those ol a sovereign rclf-governing 
Slate. The State was the recipient of 
the loyalty and patriotism ol the 
Southern people; the Union shared 

with it their affection, Duty, however, 
moved them when choice came to he 
made between tin- two. This duty was 
interpreted according to convictions. 
With tho e officers from the South who 
held po itions in the regular army of 
the United States, before the secession 

ol the Southern Stales, the choice was 
indeed sorrowfully and thoughtfully 

made. Sine, like ROBERT K. LEE, 

of Virginia, an officer who stood 



DISUNION. 



371 



the highest in military capacity of all 
in the United States' service, feeling 
that their hands could only be raised 
in defense of their States, resigned their 
commissions when their States se- 
ceded. Others, like Geokge H. 
Thomas, of Virginia,— "the general 
who never lost a battle" — found the- ties 
attaching them to the government 
stronger than those binding them to 
their State. The Senators and Con- 
gressmen from the South severed their 
connections with the United States 
Government in sadness. The farewell 
address of Jefferson Davis of Missis- 
sippi to his colleagues in the United 
States Senate will ever stand as the 
grandest expression of that earnest 
conviction entertained in the South, 
that the step taken in seceding 
was legal; that this step was taken 
with reluctance and for no purpose 
but that of terminating the turmoil 
into which the country had, for a long 
time, been plunged. The spirit that 
animates traitors was not such as was 
displayed by Southern men upon many 
an historic battlefield. The impulses 
of a causeless rebellion could never 
have sustained them through the weary 
years of conflict and suffering, and 
when from physical exhaustion, they 
ceased to fight, the terms of peace were 
accepted ingood faith, and nothing can 
rob them of the glories the)- achieved ; 
and the consciousness that they did 
but show themselves Americans, con- 
tending for their interpretation of right, 
resisting what was 10 them oppres- 
sion, remains to them Should tin,' 
restored Union ever be imperiled, or 
the American people be called upon to 
maintain before the world the dignity 
becoming to a mighty nation, (he first 
to take up arms— be it 10 defend or to 
maintain — will be the sons and grand- 
sons of those who submitted the cour- 
age of their convictions to the trying 
ordeals of the great sectional conflict. 



Scott, being 
too old to take 
the field, was 
succeeded by 
General Irvin McDowell. The army 
that advanced from Washington consisted of 
eighteen thousand men. So confident were 



General Joseph E. John- 
ston; at a place called Manas- 
sas Junction, near Washington, 
under General Beauregard; 
under General J. B. Magru- 
der at Yorktown ; and under 
General Benjamin Huger 
at Norfolk. 

The Union advance into 
Western Virginia was marked 
by successes over small bodies 
of troops at Piiieippi (June 3, 
1861), Falling Waters 
(July 2) and Rich Mountain 
(July 11 ) ; but it soon became 
evident that the first important 
battle was to be fought at some 
point between Washington 
and Richmond. The idea 
generally prevailed in the 
North that the capture of the 
Confederate capital would 
bring hostilities to a speedy 
termination ; so the cry went 
up, " On to Richmond" 

General 




GtN. IRVIN MC DOWELL. 
(FEDERAL). 



372 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCES. 




WE WILL GIVE THEM THE BAYONET 



these forces of success that they had hardly given any 
attention to the serious business of war, but looked upon 
their march as something of a holiday excursion. At Bull 
Run Creek, near Manassas Junction, they encountered the 
Confederates. Johnston had joined Beauregard with a 
part of his army, leaving the rest to follow. 

The battle that took place was gained by the Confederates, 
owing to two fortuitous circumstances. The first of these 
was the presence upon the field, in command of pari of the 
forces, of General Thomas Jonathan Jackson, a skilled 
and experienced military commander. The second was 
thc^ arrival of the remainder of Johnston's army, under 
General E. Kircy Smith, in time to turn the tide of 
victory against the Unionists. The defeat of the Union 



DISUNION. 



373 



"Stonewall" Jackson. 
Attack, p.fter attack was sustained 
by Confederate forces under Gen- 
erals Evans and Bee in one part 
of the field, and at last they were 
compelled to fall back. But help had 
come ; for, in the rear, drawn up in line, 
within supporting- distance stood the 
" First Brigade," commanded by Gen- 
eral Jackson. Bee had done all he 
could to rally his retreating men, and 
had counted the battle lost. Rushing 
up to Jackson, whb stood coolly await- 
ing the oncoming and victorious forces 
of the North, he exclaimed in despair, 
" General, they are beating us back." 
" Sir," quietly responded Jackson, 
" vje -vill giz'e them the bayonet." The 
effect of his words was electrical. Bee 
iralloped back to his men shouting, 
"Look, there is Jackson, standing 
like a stone wall ! Let its deter/nine 
to die here and toe -vill conquer!" 
Bee's men rallied and formed on the 
right of Jackson. Here they were 
joined by Colonel Wade Hampton. 
The long glittering line of bayonets 
checked the wave of battle and turned 
it back, and when the arrival of rein- 
forcements under Smith decided the 
day for the Confederates, victory had 
been snatched from defeat, and Stone- 
wall Jackson's career, in all its in- 
vincibility, had begun. 



forces was followed by a panic, 
and, utterly demoralized, the 
army that had set out to capture 
Richmond, abandoned all mu- 
nitions and accoutrements, and 
hastily retreated to Washing- 
ton. 

QUESTIONS. 
What call was issued by Lincoln? 
Why ? What Governors complied ? 
What Governors did not? What was 
the direct cause of the Civil War ? 
What bearing had the slavery and 
tariff agitations upon this cause ? What 
States now joined the Confederacy? 
Why ? What States were prevented 
from doing so? What became the 
Confederate capital? How were the 
Northern and Southern people divi- 
ded in opinion as to what was right? 
What idea of governmental loyalty 
prevailed in the South? North? How 
did this difference come to exist? 
What address expressed the conviction 
of the South? What do you know of 
Robert E. Lee? George H. Thomas? 
Where did Federal troops assemble in 
response to Lincoln's call? What 
preparations were made by the Confederates ? What three successes had 
Union troops in Western Virginia? What do you know of the battle of 
Bull Run ? " Stonewall " Jackson? 



CHAPTER III. 



Early Battles in the West. 

The result of the battle of Bull Run filled the South with 
great exultation, and its people reposed for some time in 
fancied security, fully believing that Southern valor was 
invincible. Upon the North the effect was altogether differ- 



374 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 





GENERAL E. KIRBY SMITH. 
(CONFEDERATE). 



GENERAL A. P. HILL. 
(CONFEDKBATK). 




GENERAL FITZHUQH LEE. 
(CONFEDERATE). 




general wade hampton. 
(confederate). 



ent. The people there were brought to a sudden realization 
that the conflict precipitated upon the country was to be one 
of great magnitude. All the resources of the Federal 
Government were now brought into activity. Thousands of 
men and millions of money were voted by Congress, and 
there was soon assembled, equipped and organized, at Wash- 
ington, one of the largest armies of modern times. 



DISUNION, 



!75 



Operations in the Southwest. 
Shortly after the battle of Bull Run 
General H. H. Sibley was com- 
missioned to repair to Texas, raise a 
brigade of troops and proceed to the 
conquest of New Mexico. With three 
regiments he set out from San Antonio, 
and by way of the Rio Grande valley 
arrived at the scene of his operations 
after having performed a memorable 
march. Battles were fought with the 
Union forces already in possession of 
the territory at Valverde (February 21, 
1S62), Glorietta (March 27), and Pe- 
ratta (April 23), in all of which the 
Texans displayed their proverbial 
valor. To hold the country, however, 
was found to be impracticable and the 
men of " Sibley's Brigade " returned to 
take part in other and more important 
scenes. 



This army consisted of more 
than one hundred and fifty 
thousand men, and General 
George B. McClellan, a man 
beloved by his whole army, 
and one of the most skillful 
military organizers upon the 
Union side, was placed in 
command. A number of 
months elapsed before it began 
active operations, and in the 
meanwhile important events 
were happening in the West. 
Missouri had been held in the Union chiefly through the 
decision and energy of Captain Lyon. The Missouri State 
troops, in sympathy with the South, were 
compelled to retreat to the southwestern part 
of the State, not without having won a victory 
over the Federal General Sigel, at Car- 
thage (July 5, 1861). Here, under their 
commander, General Sterling Price, they 
were soon joined by reinforcements from 
Arkansas, under Generals Ben McCul- 
loch and N. B. Pearce. Lyon — now Gen- 
eral — advancing with an army, attacked the 
combined forces at Wilson's Creek, near 
Springfield, Mo. (August 10, 1861), but was 
killed in the action and his army defeated. 
That part of the combined Confederate 
forces consisting of Missourians, then ad- 
vanced upon Lexington and compelled the 
Federal Col. Mulligan to surrender the place with a great 
quantity of stores and munitions of war (September 20). 




GEN. H. H. SIBLEY. 
(CONFEDERATE). 




gen. sterling price. 
(confederate). 




376 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

In its preparations to resist invasion, the Confederate 
Government entrusted the Western defenses of the Confed- 
eracy to General, Albert Sidney Johnston, an experienced 
officer and one of the ablest soldiers of his time. Johnston 
made such a disposition of his forces as to establish east of 
the Mississippi a line of defense whose prin- 
cipal points were Columbus, Ky., Forts 
Henry and Donelson, Tenn., Bowling Green 
and Cumberland Gap, Ky. ; while General 
Earl Van Dorn was placed in command 
west of the Mississippi. Powerful Federal 
armies were organized under Generals II. 

GEN. EABL VAN DORN. 

(conkkderatf). \V. Halleck and D. C. Buell. In all, these 
forces numbered more than two hundred thousand men. 
The people of the South were slow to realize the necessity of 
preparing to resist the threatened invasion from the North- 
west, and Johnston, with but few men and limited supplies 
at his disposal, was unable to hold his line intact. 

Halleck, from his headquarters at St. Louis, directed a part 
of his forces, under General Curtis, to Southern Mis- 
souri to operate against Van Dorn. The remainder were 
collected at Cairo, 111., under General Ulysses S. Grant, 
and at Paducah, Ky., under General C. F. Smith. 
Buell's forces were assembled at various points in Eastern 
Kentucky. 

To resist Curtis, Van Dorn gathered the forces of Price 
andMcCulloch, and was joined by General Albert Pike 
with several regiments of Indians, whom 
he had succeeded in winning to the cause 
of the Confederacy in the Indian Terri- 
tory. The combined forces attacked Curtis 
at Elkhorn Tavern, near Bentonville, in 
Northwestern Arkansas, and the battle that 
took place is known as Pea Ridge (March ^^TJ^T 




DISUNION. 



377 



5-8). A part of the attacking forces was routed with the 
loss of two of the bravest officers on the Confederate side — 
McCulloch and McIntosh. The remainder maintained 
the action with energy, but with the defeat of their com- 
rades were compelled to fall back. 

General Leonidas Polk, in command of Johnston's 
forces at Columbus, established a camp across the river at 
Belmont, Mo. General Grant descending the river from 
Cairo landed and attacked this camp, but reinforcements 
sent by Polk crossed the river 
and drove him back to his gun- 
boats (November 7, 1861). 
Grant's next operations, how- 
ever, were more successful. 
Uniting forces with General 
Smith, he, with the aid of a 
powerful fleet of gunboats 
under Commodore Foote, ob- 
tained possession of the Con- 
federate strongholds of Fort 
Henry (February 6 ) and Fort 
Donelson (February 16). 

The loss of Fort Donelson was a severe blow to the South, 
for with it more than twelve thousand men were forced to 
lav down their arms (February 16). In its capture General 
Grant first manifested the indomitable qualities that were 
destined to make him the greatest general on the Northern 
side. Meanwhile the Confederate forces in southeastern 
Kentucky, under Generals Crittenden and Zollicoffer, 
had been defeated by a part of Buell's forces under General 
George H. Thomas, near Mill Springs (January 19), Gen- 
eral Zollicoffer losing his life in the action. The disasters 
of Fort Donelson and Mill Springs compelled Johnston to 




gen. leonidas polk. 
[confederate!. 



r 



373 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




GEN ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON. 



fall back from Bowline 
Green and establish a new 
line of defense. 

Upon the capture of Fort 
Donelson, Grant moved 
south up the Tennessee 
River as far as Pittsburg 
Landing, near the State line 
of Mississippi. Mere Buell 
was ordered to join him. 
Johnsto i mined upon 

an attack before the two 
armies could unite, and to 
thr.t end, by skillful general- 
ship, concentrated the different divisions of his command 
under Generals Polk, Hardee and Breckinridge, at 
Corinth, Miss., where he was joined by Generals Beauregard 
and Bragg. 

A part of Johnston's plan was the complete surprise of his 
antagonist. In this he was successful. Advancing quietly 
upon his unconscious foe, he fell upon the Federal camps, 
near Shiloii Church, about two miles from the Tennessee 
River (April 6), and although he was greatly outnumbered, 
and the resistance encountered was stubborn in the extreme, 
he forced the Federals back to the river before the day was 
ov :r, capturing many prisoners and stores. But the victory 
was dearly won, for Johnston, while directing his men, 
received during the course of the day a wound to which in 
the heat of battle he gave little attention. An artery was 
severed, and before the extent of his injury was realized he 
had bled to death. The fall of Johnston largely determined 
subsequent events in the West. 



DIsUXION. 



379 




CATTLE OF SHILOH. 



On the night that the field was won, and while Grant lay 
under the protection of his gunboats, Buell's army arrived. 
With this heavy reinforcement the Federals were enabled 
to renew the engagement the next day, and win back the 
ground lost. The Confederates, now commanded by Beau- 
regard, fell back to Corinth, where they were joined by 
reinforcements under Van Dorn and Price, who had crossed 
the Mississippi from Arkansas after having 
lost the battle of Pea Ridge. ; 

Halleck now arrived and assumed com- 
mand of the Federal forces. Among his 
subordinate officers, besides Grant and 
Buell, were Sherman, Thomas, Sheridan, 
Pope, Rosecrans, Logan and McClernand. 
Beauregard, having but little more than 
fifty thousand men to encounter the one 
hundred thousand of his antagonist, deemed it best to with- 
draw from Corinth upon Halleck's approach. 




GEN. w J. HARDEE. 

(confedehatk). 



3 8o 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




GENERAL JOSEPH H. 

WHEELER. 

CO.SKEDERATK CAVALK1 

LEADER. 



A change of commanders now occurred on both sides. 
Halleck was called to Washington as commander-in-chief of 
the armies of the United States; Beauregard was compelled 
by ill-health to entrust the command of the Confederate 
army to Bragg. Both armies then divided, 
Buell and Thomas proceeding northeastward 
into Tennessee, while Grant and Rosecrans 
remained around Corinth. Bragg with his 
forces moved into Tennessee to operate 
against Buell. After Bragg's departure, 
Price was unsuccessfully attacked by Rose- 
crans (September 19) at Iuka, Miss., but 
retreated upon being apprised that Grant was approaching 
with large reinforcements. Van Dorn and Price then 
united forces and attacked Rosecrans at Corinth, but were 
severely repulsed (October 3-4, iS6j). 

Upon reaching Tennes- 
see, Bragg proceeded north- 
ward into Kentucky with the 
evident design of reaching 
Louisville, defeating on the 
way a Federal force at 
Mumfordsville (Septem- 
ber 17). He was soon 
joined by General E. Kirby 
Smith from East Tennessee, 
who, on his way, had won 
a victory at Richmond, Ky. 
(August 30). Buell hasten- 
ed to oppose him with an 

army that had been heavily reinforced, and the advance of 
both armies toward Louisville took the form of a foot race. 
Buell arrived first. Falling back, Bragg was overtaken at 




GEN. P. Q. T. BEAUREGAHD. 
(CONKEDERATK). 



DISUNION. 



33l 



Perryville (October 8). A severe engagement followed, 
but the Confederates, gaining a decided advantage, with- 
drew unmolested with the long wagon trains of spoils they 
had acquired. 

QUESTIONS. 

What effect had the battle of Bull Run upon the South? North? What 
do you know of the equipment of McClellan's army ? Through whose 
energy was Missouri held in the Union? What events led up to the battle 
of Wilson's Creek? What were the results of this battle? When and by 
whom was Lexington taken? What do you know of General Albert Sidney 
Johnston? General Van Dorn? What was his western line of defense? 
What Union forces prepared to invade the South from the Northwest? 
Under whom? What do you know of General Curtis? Of the battle of 
Belmont? Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson ? Battle of Mill Springs? 
Shiloh? Pittsburg Landing? Pea Ridge? What effect had the fall of 
Fort Donelson upon the Confederate line of defense? What change did 
each army undergo after the capture of Corinth? What do you know of the 
battle of Iuka? Corinth? Bragg' s march into Kentucky ? Kirby Smith's? 
Battle of Perryville? What cavalry leader rendered great assistance to 
Bragg? 

CHAPTER IV. 

The War in Virginia 

The disasters that befell the Con- 
federacy in the breaking of its west- 
ern line of defense were followed 
bv a series of achievements in Vir- 
ginia, whose parallel, taking into 
consideration disparity of forces and 
numbers engaged, it is difficult to 
find. After the battle of Bull Run, 
General J. E. Johnston remained in 
charge of the Confederate forces 
near Manassas, while General 
*' Stonewall " Jackson was sent to 
take command in the Virginia valley 
through which the Shenandoah 
River runs. 

THE CONFEDERATE FLAQ. 




382 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




G7""-iLS THOMAS, GRANT AND MEADE 
(FEOKBAL8). 



Both commanders soon found the military abilities for 
which they subsequently become famous taxed to their 
utmost. McClellan was organizing his army at Washington 
for a descent upon Richmond. Forces under General 
Banks were making preparations to enter the Shenandoah 
Valley from the North, while troops now under General 
Fremont were advancing from the victorious fields of North- 
western Virginia. 

In place of marching upon Richmond directly and en- 
countering Johnston's forces, McClellan determined to 
approach by way of the historic peninsula between the York 
and James Rivers, and for this purpose transferred his great 
army by boat to the scene of his proposed operations. That 



DISUNION. 



333 



Chambersburg 

n n s f Y L 

.Gettysburg 



Washington might not be endangered, General McDowell, 
with about forty thousand men, remained in defense of 
that city. The army 
that landed upon 
the peninsula num- 
bered more than 
one hundred and 
five thou 
men. Nothin 
interposed 




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\ *\\« ».,,„ Nj^WASHINQTOg 




1 

= >£ * CEeaiP-wi J^iS- \ Cedar I ,^-v^v^ 



lexandrial 



)-"-;- 



Staunton;; 



/-iff-. Gap 

»*' Gordonsville 



^SSSprinj 

.Coyingtonf \ ^SjlP^ / L 

/\> S ^*#® • / ScottsvUleJ. 
^iTgwtLovingston 

Lgi&gtonl?!*^ 



SpottsylvanTa^ 

c.jt 



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"Safe^ " > Lynchburg^ 

st- 



ep 



Appomattox C.H. 

- '"$* , 
* Burkeville 



H S 1»- ^«fom Br,^> ^, 



Amelia 
C.H. 



MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE WAR IN VIRGINIA. 



Five - For ks' 5 <^SJ**' 

V 



A 



■Ate 



Portsmc 



between this army and Richmond but 
ten thousand men under General Magruder. Yet so skill- 
fully were these few troops handled, and such a semblance 
of force was made, that the overcautious McClellan was 
delayed a month, calling in the meanwhile for reinforcements. 
This delay gave Johnston time to move his troops from 
Manassas to the peninsula. For the purpose of further delay- 
ing the invading arm)*, resistance was offered at Williams- 
burg ( May 5, 1862 ), and having accomplished their purpose, 
the Confederates fell back to Fair Oaks. To reach this 



3^4 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




g£n. j. b. magruder. 
(confederate). 



point McClellan was compell- 
ed to cross the branch of the 
James called 
the Chicka- 
hominy, and 
while his 
army was 
divided by 
its waters he 
was attack- 
ed, and the 
battle of Seven Pines, lasting 
two days, was fought (May 31- 
June 1). The advantage was 
with the Confederates the first 
day; with the Federals the 
second. During the battle 
Johnston received a wound 
that disabled him for some 
time, and the command of the 
army fell to General Robert 
E. Lee. 

Meanwhile Jackson had ex- 
ecuted his brilliant "Valley 
Campaign," and had prevent- 
ed McDowell from advancing 
on Richmond or reinforcing 
McClellan. He now arrived to 
take his place in Lee's army 
as the commander-in-chief's 
strong right arm . Seven Days 
of Battle now followed 
(June 25 -July 1 ), during 



The Valley Campaign. 
Shortly after assuming command in 
the valley, Jackson hurled his little 
army of thirty -five hundred against 
seven thousand men of Banks' armv 
under General Shields at Kernstown 
(March 23, 1S62). Though unsuccess- 
ful, the bold aggressiveness of this ] 
movement awakened such consterna- 
tion that reinforcements designed for 1 
McClellan's army on the Peninsula 
were retained for the defense of | 
Washington. In moving to con- 
front McClellan, Johnston had lett 
a few troops under General Ewell 
to oppose any advance made by 
McDowell. A division of Fremont's 
forces under Colonels Milkoy and 
Schenck advancing from Western Vir- 
ginia had taken post at a place called 
McDowell, situated without the valley, 
about forty miles west from Staunton. 
Here they were opposed by a few Con- 
federate troops under General Edward 
JOHNSON. The genius of Jackson for 
making rapid and skillful military 
combinations now shone forth. Sum- 
moning Ewell to confront Banks, so 
as to conceal his own movements, 
he marched his men up the valley, 
with incredible rapidity, a distance 
of one hundred miles, joined forces 
with Johnson, drove Milroy and 
Schenck out of McDowell, chas- 
ing them for two days, and before 
Banks knew that the Confederate 
commander bad disappeared from his 
front, he had performed another march 
of one hundred and twenty miles, and 
was back again. Joining forces with 
Ewell, he administered a crushing 
defeat to Banks at Front Royal (May 
23), and pushed him northward to 
Winchester. Here Banks was again 
defeated (May 25), and after the battle 
took refuge beyond the Potomac. 
Active effort was now made to capture 
the intrepid Confederate leader. Mc- 
Dowell was ordered to cross the moun- 
tains into the valley, Hanks and Fre- 
mont to advance, and thus by a con- 
vergence of columns, surround him. 
In all, the forces opposed num- 
bered about sixty thousand. Jack- 
son, however, was too quick for his 



DISUNION. 



385 



adversaries. Falling rapidly back 
from Banks, and burning the bridges 
over the Shenandoah, so that Fre- 
mont and McDowell's forces — the 
latter under Shields — could not unite, 
he reached a point within striking dis- 
tance of each, and fell upon them at 
Cross Keys (June S) and Port Republic 
(June 9) in rapid succession, gaining an 
additional victory in each instance. Be- 
fore his bewildered antagonists awoke 
to a realization of what had happened, 
Jackson had slipped out of the valley 
in safety, with all the spoils of his vic- 
tories, and was on his way to join 
Lee in the Seven Days' battles, having 
in three months marched four hundred 
miles, defeated four armies, captured 
thirty-five hundred prisoners, and with 
forces at no time exceeding seventeen 
thousand, had occupied the attention 
of sixty thousand. 



which McClellan was ham- 
mered and driven from point 
to point, and only upon the 
last day at Malvern Hill, when 
under the shelter of his gun- 
boats, did he succeed in 
checking the victorious ad- 
vance of Lee. But the Penin- 
sula Campaign was a disas- 
trous failure. McCle Han's 
army returned to Washington, 
and Richmond was saved. 

Halleck now arrived from 
the West and assumed charge 
of Federal military operations. Another army was organ- 
ized, and under General John Pope took the field. An 
advance division of his army under Banks was met by a part 
of Lee's army under Jackson, 
at Cedar Mountain, not far 
from Culpepper Courthouse. A 
rapid and severe engagement 
followed, in which the Confed- 
erates were victorious (August 
9). Jackson then gained the 
rear of Pope's main army and 
captured many of his stores at 
Manassas. The Union com- 
mander was compelled to face 
about and return. A battle oc- 
curred in which Jackson held 
his own until General Longstreet, with another portion of 
Lee's army arrived, and though the combined forces num- 
bered but forty-nine thousand, and Pope's army seventy 




GEN. GEORGE B. MC CLELLAN. 
(FEDERAL). 



3 86 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




thousand, the latter was forced from the field (August 30) 
by skillful and timely combinations on the part of the Con- 
federates. This brought the third campaign against Rich- 
mond to an unsuccessful end. 

Lee now determined to trans- 
fer the war to Northern territory. 
I lis army advanced northward 
in three divisions, under Gen- 
erals Jackson, Longstreet, and 
D. H. Hill, while the Confed- 
erate cavalry was led by General 
J. E. B. Stuart, one of the 
most famous cavalry leaders of 
the war. McClellan was again 
placed in command of the 
Northern army, and he hastily 
made a disposition of his forces 
to meet the Confederate advance. Lee crossed the Potomac 
into Maryland, sending Jackson to Harper's Ferry, where 
a Federal force of thirteen thousand was stationed. Jackson 
laid siege to the place, and perfecting his plans, stormed and 
captured it, taking the whole garrison prison- 
ers (September 15), General D. IT. Hill at 
South Mountain (September 14) having 
delayed reinforcements from advancing to 
the assistance of the town sufficiently long 
to enable Jackson to consummate its capture. 
The opposing forces of Lee and McClellan 
met at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, 
Md. The attack came from the Federals 
and was stubbornly met. At one time Federal troops on 
the right were swept from the field, but were reinforced; 
at another the Confederate line was broken, but the 



QEN. JOHN POPE 
fPEDEKAL}. 




GEN. J. E. B. STUART. 
CONFEDERATE CAVAL8Y 



DISUNION. 



3S7 




AMBROSE E BURNSIDE. 



Washington Artillery of New Orleans and Boyce's South 
Carolina Battery defended the gap successfully (Sept- 
ember 17). The next day Lee awaited another attack, 
but none came. To have re- 
mained longer would have en- 
abled McClellan to gather fresh 
reinforcements; so on the day 
following Lee, recrossed the 
Potomac, and, unmolested, re- 
turned to Virginia. As a battle, 
Antietam was indecisive ; as a 
campaign, Lee's march into 
Maryland was a failure. 

McClellan was deprived of 
command for the second time, 
and under General Ambrose 

E. Burnside the heavily reinforced army of the North 
advanced for the fourth time to take Richmond. Lee and 

Burnside met at Fredricks- 
burg (December 13 ), and again 
the Union forces sustained a 
terrible defeat. Burnside was 
superseded by General Joseph 
Hooker. With an army of one 
hundred and thirty thousand, 
the Union commander advanced, 
coniident that the fate of his 
predecessors was not to be his. 
A part of his forces under 
General Sedgwick crossed 
the Rappahanock at Fredricks- 
burg to occupy the attention of Lee, stationed there with 
sixty thousand men to meet the Union advance. The main 




GEN. JOSEPH HOOKER. 
(FEDERAL). 



188 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




THE NIGHT BEFORE CH ANCELLOHSVILLE--LAST MEETING OF LEE AND JACKSON. 

body crossed the Rappahanock some miles further up, and 
took position at a place called Chancellorsville. 

The design of Hooker was to surround and destroy Lee's 
army. Cavalry under General Stoneman was sent toward 



DISUNION. 



3 80 




Death of Stonewall Jackson. 
Although the Confederate successes 
of the Chancellorsville campaign were 
brilliant in the extreme, they neverthe- 
less proved dearly bought victories. 
Jackson's attack upon Hooker's right 
(lank ended at twilight, and he rode 
forward with several members 61 his 
staff tn reconnoitre. Returning, they 
were in the gloom mistaken for Federal 
cavalry, and a body of Confederate 
soldiers fired upon the returning party. 
Jackson received a wound that directly 
afterwards hastened his death. Sur- 
rounded by weeping friends and 
relatives, the illustrious sol 
dier passed away (May 10). 
His thoughts were with 
his men to the last, and « 
in his delirium he fought 4 
his battles anew: ^ 
"Order A. P. Hill 
to prepare for 
actio)i." "Pass the 
i nfa 11 1 ry to the 
front!" "Tell Major 
Hawks to send for- 
ward provisions for 
the men ! " issued 
from his lips at in- 
tervals. " Let its 
cross over the river 
and rest under the 

shade of the trees ! " *J$$~^''~ 

were the last words '£'. \ 

he uttered before he %? ... /^gOT :: ' 

himself crossed the '%, 

dark river that sep- 
arates this life from QEN •• ST0NEWALL .. jac kson 
the beyond. His loss (cokfkdkbatb). 
was irreparable to the Confederacy. 
A man of pure and spotless character, 
the North and South unite in honor- 
ing his memory. His life was given 
to the service of his State. As a 
teacher, he instructed her youth in her 
military institute at Lexington. As a 
patriot, lie hastened to her defense at 
the first indication that she was to be 
attacked. As a devout Christian, he 
never failed to render to the Almighty 
the prayerful tribute of a strong and 
earnest nature, after every battle. As 
a general, he inspired unlimited confi- 
dence in the hearts of his men, and 
they had come to believe that where 
he was defeat could not be. As a mil- 
itary genius, he stands next to the 
immortal Lee. 




Gordonville to cut off its prob- 
able line of retreat. A daring 
plan, however, was conceived 
by Jackson, and its execution 
authorized by Lee. In place 
of attacking Fredricksburg, as 
the Union general confidently 
expected, Jackson with his 
division of the army, 
made a wide detour; 
his movements con- 
| cealed by dense 
p forests and shrub, 
. bery surrounding 
f Chancellorsville. 
I Coming upon 

I ':^ the right 
fl a n k of 
BJli|:< Hooker's 
a r m y — the 
\ ::: - side furthest 
away trom 
F r e d r i c k s b u r g — he 
fell upon General Howard, 
who commanded that part of 
the field. The surprise was 
complete. Nothing could stay 
the resistless energy with which 
the Confederate ranks 
emerged from the woods and 
advanced upon the Union 
works, and Howard was driven 
back in' confusion. The 



390 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

next day Lee, having left a small force to face Sedgwick, 
attacked Hooker in front and administered to him a crush- 
ing defeat. Sedgwick advancing, drove hack the few 
troops opposed to him, but Lee, returning from his success 
at Chancellorsville, fell upon Sedgwick, and gained a third 
victory. This completed the rout of the whole Union army, 
causing them to retreat to the other side of the Rappahanock 
(May 3). This ended the fifth Union campaign against 
Richmond. 

Lee now determined, for the second time, to cany the war 
into the North, and by advancing into Man land and Penn- 
sylvania cause the withdrawal of Hooker's 
army from the Rappahanock. Skillfully 
deceiving Hooker as to his intentions, he 
moved his army in three divisions, under 
Generals Ewell, Longstreet and A. P. 
Hill, to the Shenandoah Valley, and pro- 
ceeded northward into Pennsylvania, taking 
possession of Chambersbur<>' and York. 

QEN. RICHARD S. EWELL. r ~ 

(.onkkdkhatk.:. Philadelphia, Harrisburg and Washington 

were thus threatened, and the Union forces, now com- 
manded by General George G. Meade, lost no time in 
hastening from the Rappahanock to the new scene of opera- 
tions, being reinforced by Pennsylvania militia. 

A battle, lasting three days, was fought at Gkttykburg 
( Julv 1, 2, 3). Strongly posted upon a line of hills called 
Cemetery Ridge, Meade awaited the Confederate attack. 
On the first day the forces of Ewell and Hill gained a decided 
advantage, but waited until Longstreet should arrive before 
following it up. Meade, in the meanwhile, succeeded in 
concentrating his whole strength. The second days attack 
resulted in the Confederates gaining a number of temporary 
successes, and encouraged them to make a supreme effort 
upon the day following (July 3). 




DISUNION. 



39* 



The plan of attack upon this day was to pierce the center 
of the Union lines. To do this an open space, three-quarters 
of a mile wide, had to be crossed, upon which the fire from 




THE LAST CHARGE AT GETTYSBURG. 



all the Federal artillery could be directed. The men selected 
for the purpose, numbering four thousand nine hundred, 
were commanded by General Pickett, and were arranged 



392 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




GEN. GEORGE D. PICKETT 
(OONPBOI KAT1 I. 



in three columns, led by Generals Armistead, Kemper 

and Garnett. Crossing the open space, unshaken by shot 
and shell that worked sad havoc to their 
ranks, they charged upon the Union lines 
with a gallantly that won the cheers of 
friends and the admiration of foes. Over 
the earthworks they poured only to find 
overwhelming numbers ready to receive 
them. A deadly lire was rained upon their 
rapidly thinning ranks. Garnett and 
Armistead fell dead, and Kemper, wounded. The charge 
was repulsed with terrible slaughter, as was that of General 
Wilcox, who, moving up to Pickett's support, attacked an- 
other part of the Federal lines. The brave fellows, having 
attempted the impossible, made their way back with many 
comrades missing, their only success that of furnishing to 
the world an example of man's heroism which has never 
been equaled. 

The battle of Gettysburg 
ended with the third day. On 
the fourth, Lee waited in posi- 
tion for Meade to advance, but 
that general remained well 
satisfied with having repelled 
the attacks of his antagonist. 
The Confederates then pro- 
ceeded to fall back to the 
Potomac, Meade following 
leisurely without venturing an- 
other battle, and the seat of 
war was again transferred to Virginia. Like his Mary- 
land campaign, Lee's Pennsylvania invasion had met with 
failure. Henceforth his military operations were to be 
strictly defensive. 



Lee at Gettysburg. 

Never ili<l Lee show the attributes oi 
a great commander more unmistakably 
than when he rode out to meet the 
men returning from the memorable 
Gettysburg charge. 1// tass •'/ 

come right in the end. * * * All 
good nun must rally. We want all 
mod and true men just now," said he 
in his kindly tone as he rallied them. 
No shifting- of the responsibility oi 
failure was there with him as h 
the case wiih other commanders on 
several occasions. ToGeneral Wilcox 
who rode np and almost sobbed as 

he told of the loss of almost all of 

his nun. Lee held out his hand and 
said: " Never mind, Gi neral, all this 
has been my fault. It is I who have 
lost this fight, and you must help me 
out of it the best way you can." 



disunion. 393 

QUESTIONS. 

Who held command at Manassas? Who commanded in the Shenandoah 
Valley? How did McClellan advance upon Richmond? What battles wer^ 
fought during the " Peninsula Campaign " ? After what battle did Lee 
take command of the Confederate army? Why? What do you know of 
the Seven Days' battles? Of Jackson's Valley Campaign? Of the second 
battle of Manassas? Cedar Mountain? What do you know of Lee's 
Maryland Campaign? Capture of Harper's Ferry? Battle of South Moun- 
tain? Antietam ? What do you know of Burnside's campaign ? Hooker's 
campaign? Battle of Chancellorsville? Jackson's flank movement? 
Repulse of Sedgwick? Death and character of Jackson ? Lee's invasion of 
Pennsylvania? Why did Lee advance northward? What do you know of 
the battle of Gettysburg? Pickett's charge? How did Lee show the 
attributes of a great commander? Where was the war transferred after' the 
battle? 

CHAPTER V. 

Coast, River and Sea. 

There are two ways in which a nation may be overcome. 
One is by conquering its standing armies ; the other, by 
weakening or destroying its resources, so that these standing 
armies cannot be sustained. The first few battles made the 
fact manifest that the subjugation of the Confederacy was 
to be no small undertaking. Union military operations then 
began to be planned with more system. 

One of the earliest of these plans to be developed was the 
blockading of all Southern ports. This blockade was estab- 
lished, first by proclamation of President Lincoln, afterwards 
by presence of Federal ships of war along the Southern 
ports. A second of these plans was the opening of the Mis- 
sissippi to Federal control, thereby dividing the Confederacy 
and rendering difficult the exchange of aid, encouragement, 
and supplies between the eastern and far western sections. 

At first the blockading vessels were stationed outside the 
entrances to the principal harbors, or were made to guard 
the coast from point to point. The vigilance of these was 



394 



PERTOD OF IXDKI'KNDKNCE. 




RUNNING THE BLOCKADE. 



often evaded, however, by 
swift little vessels that would 
slip out of harbor and speed 
off before the wind, unper- 
ceived until too late for attempt 
at capture to be made. 

To render the blockade more 
efficient it was determined to 
gain possession of the harbors 
themselves. As many of these 
were defended by forts, a 
number of coast operations 
were undertaken. The forts 
at Hatteras Inlet, a command- 
ing entrance to Pimlico Sound, 
N. C, were taken by naval 



The Blockade and What It Teaches. 

The blockade demonstrated in a 
forcible manner that the main strength 
of a nation consists in diversified in- 
dustries and development of resources. 
The South had for years purchased 
every necessary, convenience, and lux- 
ury with the millions of bales of cotton 
shipped annually abroad. Now that 
the shipment had ceased, its principal 
source of wealth was destroyed. As 
importation of foreign commodities 
became more and more restricted, 
articles once looked upon as necessi- 
ties became luxuries. Inconvenience, 
in time, became positive suffering; and 
this suffering was far reaching in its 
extent. The men of the Southern 
armies received scantier and scantier 
supplies of food, clothing, and medi- 
cines, and went upon the last battle- 
fields of the war gaunt and in tatters, 
sustained only by a spirit that drew 
forth admiration from every generous 
foe. 



DISUNION. 



395 




PHIL. H. SHERIDAN. 
(FEDERAL). 



and land forces under Commodore Stringham and General 
Benjamin F. Butler (August 29, 1861), and Roanoke 
Island, lying between North Carolina's two principal sounds 
was captured by Commodore m 
Goldsborougii and General 
Burnside (February 8, 1862). 

Shortly after the capture of 
Fort Hatteras, Commodore Du 
Pont and General Thomas 
W. Sherman, overcoming gal- 
lant opposition, gained posses- 
sion of the harbor of Port Royal 
S. C. ( November 7 ), from which 
point much of the coast between 
Charleston and Savannah was 
controlled by the Unionists. 
Fort Pulaski, defending the latter city, fell April 11, 1862; 
but repeated and long-continued attempts upon Fort Sumter, 
defending the former, failed; as did also an attack upon Fort 
McRae, in Pensacola Harbor (November 22-23, 1861). 

To open the Mississippi, Union operations were instituted 
from two different directions. The first of these was in the 
upper portion of the river. When Grant was ascending the 
Tennessee River upon his Shiloh campaign, General Pope, 
with a fleet of gunboats, was descending the Mississippi. 
Upon Island No. 10, opposite New Madrid, Mo., the Con- 
federates had strongly entrenched themselves. Here Pope 
encountered his first opposition, but succeeded in carrying 
the Confederate works (April 7, 1862), manifesting such 
military skill in the undertaking that he was called to the 
command of the Union army in Virginia ; but his good for- 
tune lasted only until the second Bull Run battle. 



39^ 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



By the fall of Island No. 10 the Federal gunboats were 
enabled to proceed further. Opposition was encountered at 
Fort Pillow, upon the first Chickasaw Bluff, and Confederate 
gunboats endeavored without success to impede their course. 
Pushing on, they reached 
Memphis, which surrendered 
(May 30). The Federals soon 
held uninterrupted possession 
of the river as far south as 
Vicksburg, the strongest and 
best defended point on the river. 




IWiii 

BATTLE BETWEEN THE VIRGI 



Meanwhile operations had 
begun in another quarter. 
Commodore David G. Far- 
ragut had been entrusted 
with the undertaking of open- 
ing the lower Mississippi. Ar- 
riving at Ship Island, near the coast of Mississippi, he there 
landed a force of seventeen thousand men, who, under Gen- 
eral Butler, had accompanied the expedition, and proceed- 



The Monitor and the Virginia. 
The presence of armed vessels :ilong 
the coast caused the Confederates to 
devise heavy iron-plated vessels called 
rains. The most celebrated of these 
was constructed out of the Mem- 
mac, a Federal frigate thai the Con- 
federates had obtained on taking 
possession of the Norfolk Navy Yard. 
After altering her to suit their purpose 
she was named the 
Virginia. Under Cap- 
tain Buchanan this 
vessel steamed outin- 
to Hampton Roads, 
and attacked the 
Federal fleet there 
stationed (March S, 
1S62). The guns of 
the fleet had no effect 
upon her, an d she 
soon destroyed two 
of the principal ships 
opposed to her — the 
Cumberland and the 
Congress. The next 

day she proceeded to 
renew the battle, but 
in the night there had 
arrived from New 
Yorkavessel id novel 
construct i< >n called 
the Monitor, designed 
Captain John Ericsson. She, too. 



was constructed of iron, sat low in the 
water, and had upon her deck a revolv- 
ing turret, in which her guns were 
located. One of the most remarkable 
battles of naval history ensued (March 
9). The engagement was indecisive, 
and the Virginia withdrew up the 
river. 



DISUNION. 



397 



ins with his naval armament alone, he began the ascent of 

the river. 

Thirty miles above the mouth, upon opposite sides of the 
river, stood Forts Jackson and St. Philip. These forts had 
been rendered almost impregnable. Chains had been 
stretched across the river to prevent the passage of hostile 
fleets, and rafts of combustible materials had been prepared, 
which, when set afloat and fired, were to drift down the stream 
and endanger any shipping with which they might come in 
contact. Nevertheless, New 
Orleans itself, seventy-five miles 
above these forts, was inade- 
quately supplied with men and 
means of defense, as the city 
had promptly responded to Pres- 
ident Davis' call for troops, and 
many of her citizens were fight- 
ing upon the distant battlefields 
of Virginia and Tennessee. 
Farragut bombarded the forts 



for a week, and finding it im- 
possible to reduce them, deter- 
mined upon a plan, the boldness and success of which place 
him among the greatest naval commanders of history. The 
Confederate harbor defense fleet, consisted of few vessels, 
poorly equipped for battle, but the fire from the forts was 
formidable. This fire Farragut determined to brave. 
Selecting a dark night for the purpose, he had the chains 
cut, and forming his vessels in line of battle, he led them 

up the river. 

His intentions were soon discovered, and shot and shell 
from fort and fleet soon poured upon him. Encountering 
the ramming attacks of the boldest and best prepared of the 




commodore farragut. 
(federal). 



39« 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Confederate vessels, as well as the messengers of fiery 
destruction that were sent drifting down upon him, he forced 
his way up the river, making the passage in safety. Upon 
his arrival before New Orleans, the city surrendered (April 
25, 1862), and shortly after, the forts. Farragut ascended 
the river until he met the gunboats from above. Soon there 
were but two points — Vicksburg, Miss., and Port Hudson, 
La. — retained in possession of the Confederates. 




RUNNING THE FlftE OF THE FOFVTS. 



Butler arrived and took military possession of New 
Orleans, but was soon replaced (December 17, 1862), by 
Banks, a general singularly unfortunate in the number and 
extent oi reverses encountered by him during the war. 
Instances of these reverses were given in his several endeavors 
to extend Union conquest into Texas. 

The Texas coast had for some time been blockaded by 
the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, and through the efforts 
of Farragut the three important ports of Corpus Christi, 
Galveston and Sabine Pass had passed under Federal con- 



i 



DISUNION. 



399 





T. SHERMAN. 



(federal;. 



GEN. W. S. ROSECRANS. 
(FEDERAL). 



trol. But the Confederate 



Fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. 
The opening of the Mississippi was 
completed by the capture of Vicksburg 
and Port Hudson by land forces. The 
campaign against the former place was 
planned by Grant shortly after the 
battles of Iuka and Corinth. General 
Sherman was to proceed from Mem- 
phis, and General Grant from Holly 
Springs. Grant, having set out, was 
soon obliged to return to Holly 
Springs in consequence of the capture 
by Van Dorn of the supplies left 
there. Sherman, reaching the 
vicinity of Vicksburg attacked the 
Confederate forces under General 
Stephen D. Lee at Chickasaw Bayou 
(Dec. 29, 1S62), but was repulsed. 
Grant then crossed his troops over the 
Mississippi, and proceeding down the 
west bank, reached a point opposite 
the city. Here is to be found one of 
the sharp bends peculiar to the river, 
and across the narrow tongue of 
land he attempted to cut a canal, but 
failed. Proceeding down further, 
while the gunboats cooperating with 
him, ran the fire of the Confederate 
batteries (April 16, 1S63), he crossed to 
the east side, some distance below, and 
advanced northward. Opposition was 



General, J. B. Magruder, was 
placed in command of the 
department, and his energy 
made itself felt. The Federal 
land and naval forces at Gal- 
veston were attacked by him 
with such success that one of 
the Union vessels was destroy- 
ed, another — the Harriet 
Lane — captured, the garrison 
forced to surrender, and an 
abandonment of the blockade 
compelled for a time (January 
1, 1863). Shortly after this 
Confederate success, two cot- 
ton-clad, steamers darted out 
of Sabine Lake and captured 
two of the Federal blockading 
vessels — the Morning Light 
and the Velocity — stationed 



400 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



outside the Pass (June 21). 
Banks' first attempt against 
Texas was to send General 
Franklin by sea with five thou- 
sand men to Sabine Pass. 
Here they were to effect a 
landing, march upon Beau- 
mont and Houston, and com- 
plete the conquest of the State. 
Sabine Pass was defended by 
a fort of primitive construc- 
tion, in which was posted a 
company of forty-two men 
under Lieutenants R. W. 
Dowling and N. II. Smith. 
The attack 



resulted in a 
most flatter- 
ing victory 
for the Con- 
\ federates. 
Two vessels 




QEN. N. P. BANKS. 
( FEDERAL). 



overcome at Port Gibson (May i), and 
the Confederates were compelled to 
evacuate Grand Gulf also. A Confed- 
erate force was defeated at Raymond 
(May 12), and General J.E.Johnston, 
advancing to the assistance of Vicks- 
burg, was met and repulsed at Jackson 
(May 14), the city falling into the hands 
of the Unionists. General J. C Pem- 
UEKTO.M had been entrusted with the 
defense of Vicksburg. Grant, imme- 
diately after his victory at Jackson, 
forced him back from Champion llills 
(May 16), and, on the next day, from the 
Black .River Bridge, compelling- him to 
take refuge behind the fortifications of 
the city. All Union assaults upon 
these fortifications were repulsed, and 
finally Grant settled down to asicye of 
the place. For forty-seven days the 
siege of Vicksburg continued; the gar 
rison and the people of that historic 
city, shut in from the outside world, 
endured all the horrors of starvation 
and terrors of bombardment. At 
length the surrender was made, and 
on July 4, 1S63, the day after the last 
charge at Gettysburg, the city, with 
thirty thousand prisoners, was yielded 
up to Grant. 

Port Hudson was not long in follow- 
ing. It had been making a similar 
defense against the besieging army of 
Hanks, and July S it was also sur- 
rendered. 



of the attack- 
ing fleet were disabled by well-directed fire from the fort, 
and the remainder retired (September 8, 1863). With the 
abandoned vessels there fell into the hands of the Con- 
federates a number of guns, much ammunition and one 
hundred and fifty prisoners. 

At the beginning of the war neither North nor South 
possessed ships sufficient to undertake extensive naval 
operations. Merchant vessels were at first purchased 
or pressed into sen-ice. The developed industries and 
resources of the North enabled it to place fleets of war upon 



DISUNION. 



4OI 



the sea with great rapidity. 



Red River Expedition. 
After his failure at Sabine Pass, 
Banks next attempted to gain a foot- 
hold on the southwestern coast. He 
occupied Brazos Island (November 2) 
and Point Isabel (November S), and 
captured Fort Esperanza, at the head 
of Matagorda Bay, (December 30). 
At this point he was ordered by 
the authorities at Washington to 
return to New Orleans and direct 
his further operations by way of 
the Red River, which 
would enable men 
and supplies to be 
transported to North- 
east Texas with great 
facility. The Confed- 
erate department of 
Louisiana was com- 
manded by Gene- 
ral Richard Tay- 
lor, son of Zachary 
Taylor, twelfth presi- 
dent of the United 
States. Banks' forces 
to the n u m b er of 
thirty-one thousand, 
were encountered by 
Taylor at S abine 
Cross Roads, near 
Mansfield (April 8, 
1S64), and the Union 
army was driven back to a place 
called Pleasant Hill, where another 
battle was fought (April 9), compelling 
Banks to abandon the campaign. 
Banks' boats were detained by low 
water, and would have fallen into the 
hands of the Confederates, had not 
the skill and ingenuity ot Colonel 
Joseph Bailey devised a dam by 
winch they were enabled to float down 
in safety. 



The South was greatly retarded 
by the limited manufacturing 
facilities at its disposal, and 
when the blockade rendered 
intercourse diffi cult with 
foreign countries, these facili- 
ties became fewer still. 

American inventive talent 
was called into exercise on both 
sides. The 
Confederates 
crave to the 
world the prin- 
ciple of the iron- 
armored vessels 
exemplified in 
their celebrat- 
ed rams; the 
Unionists that 
of the revolving 
turret, as e m- 
ployed by their famous moni- 
tors. These principles have 
revolutionized the construction 
of modern war vessels; for, 
until their efficiency was 
demonstrated, ships were built 
of wood. Now, no modern 




ship of war of the first class is built without embodying both 
principles. 

The establishment of the blockade compelled the Con- 
federate Government to obtain or construct vessels abroad. 



4-02 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




The approach of these vessels to the American coast was 
extremely hazardous, owing to the fleets and squadrons 
there stationed; so they did little else than cruise in foreign 

waters, and engage in warfare 
against the United States by 
crippling its commerce. The 
most celebrated of these Con- 
federate cruisers was the Ala- 
bama, built in England and 
commanded by Admiral Ra- 
phael Semmes. 

Semmes frequented the waters 
of many portions of the world, 
taking many prizes and mak- 
ing the name of the Alabama 
*ro^mi^TK) EMMES ' a terror to Federal commerce. 

i [is two principal engagements were with the United States 
war steamer Hat/eras (1863) off the coast of Galveston, 
Texas, and with the Kearsarge off the coast of Cherbourg, 
Fiance (June 19, 1864). The Hatteras was one of a fleet 
of five blockading vessels. Before engaging her in battle 
Semmes, enticed her beyond reach of the others, and in 
an engagement, in which both vessels were about equallv 
matched, sank her in thirteen minutes. 

In his conflict with the Kearsarge, Semmes was defeated 
and his vessel destroyed. He had sailed into the port of 
Cherbourg, France, for the purpose of refitting his vessel 
and landing his prisoners. The Kearsarge having appeared 
off the harbor/, Semmes, with much spirit, made hasty prep- 
arations and steamed out to meet her. Here again the 
vessels were about equally matched; but the Kearsarge had 
been carefully armored by suspended iron chains, so skill- 



DISUNION. 



4°3 




THE ALABAMA SINKING THE HATTERAS 



fully concealed by thin planking, that Semmes, 
in his belief that his antagonist's vessel was wooden, like his 
own, was completely deceived. The Alabama's shots took 
no effect, and the Confederate vessel was sunk. Semmes 
and some of the crew were picked up and carried to England 
by an English yacht. 

QUESTIONS.' 
In what two ways may a nation be overcome? What two plans were early 
instituted to weaken the Confederacy? What was the object of each of 
these plans? How was the blockade established? What was the effect of 
the blockade on the South? How was it evaded? By whom was Ilatteras 
Inlet taken? Roanoke Island? Port Royal Harbor? What was the result 
of repeated attacks upon Fort Sumter? What do you know of the Monitor 
and the Virginia? Capture of Island No. 10? Farragut's passage of the 
forts? Grant's campaigns against Vicksburg? Fall of Port Hudson? 
Magruder's victory at Galveston? Dowling's defense of Sabine Pass ? 
Banks' Red River expedition ? What do you know of the naval equipments 
of North and South? What revolution in naval architecture followed the 
construction of the Virginia and Monitor? Why were Confederate cruisers 
built abroad? What do you know of the Alabama? Where and when 
was she finally overcome? What were the most important of her engage- 
ments? 

SEARCH QUESTIONS. 
What European nations recognized the Confederate States as "Belligerents " ? 
What general was called " Fighting Joe " ? Who called themselves " Lee's Miserables, " 
and how did they obtain the name ? What general dated a number of his letters 
from " Headquarters in the Saddle " ? What general was called "the superb " ? 



4°4 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



CHAPTER VI. 



Lights and Shadows of Appomattox. 




After the battle of Perryville, 
freesboro, Tenn., and here 
he was followed by the Union 
a r m y no \v 
comma n ded 
by Rose era ns, 
who had su- 
]K p e r s e d e d 
Buell. Near 
Stone's River, 

GEN. T. C. HINDMAN. 

fCOHFEUKBATE). ft feW r UllleS 

from Murfreesboro, the 
Confederates were attaeked 
(December 31, 1862), and a 
furious battle was fought, 
which continued the whole 
day. A part of the Union 
army w a s 
almost de- 
stroyed, but 
on the next 
day there 
was no fight- *^ 
ing, and Ros- 
ecrans rallied 
his men. On the day after he 
renewed the battle with better 
success, forcing Bragg back 
as far as Chattanooga (Janu- 
uary 2, 1863). 



Bra^ir had retired to Mur- 




GEN. FREDERICK STEELE. 
(FK1.ERAL). 



Arkansas Military Operations. 
After the battle of Pea Ridge, Van 
Dorn and His men fell back to Des 

Arc. Here he received orders to join 
A. S. Johnston at Corinth, Miss., hut 
arrived too late to take part in the 
battle of Shiloh. This left Arkansas 
almost defenseless, and the Federal 
( rENERAL CURTIS soon advanced as far 

as Batesville (May 3, 1S62). General 
T. C. Hindman, whose gallant con- 
duct upon the field ot Shiloh had won 
for himself promotion, was sent to 
oppose the Federal invasion, and so 
vigorously did he set to work that he 
soon had an efficient army of twenty 
thousand nun organized, with which 

he compelled Curtis to retreat through 
the swamps to Helena GENERAL T. 

II. Holmes now assumed command 
of the Trans- Mississippi Department, 
with headquarters at Little Rock. 
Hindman was directed to concentrate 

In . forces near Fort Smith, alter which 
he was ordered to Little Rock to help 

organize the troops there assembled. 
In his absence his men encountered suc- 
cessfully the Federal General Salo- 
mon at Newtonia (September 30), but 
fell back upon approach of heavy 
Federal reinforcements. Hindman 

was now directed to send ten thousand 
of his men to the assistance of Vicks- 
bury;. Before complying he determined 

to give battle to the Federal General 

BLUNT, who had then advanced as far 

as Fayetteville. In making the attack 

Hindman found he had two forces to 
contend with, and in attacking one 
under General IIerron, near Prai- 
rie Grove Church, he was himself 
attacked by the other under Blunt, and 
was compelled to retire (October 7, 
1S62). The next Confederate reverse 
was the surrender of ARKANSAS POST 
to that part of Grant's army that 
descended from Memphis to the Vicks- 



DISUNION. 



4°5 



burg campaign (January II, iS63). 
Later in the year Holmes made an un- 
successful assault upon Helena (July 
4, 1S63). The lall of Vicksburg enabled 
the Federals to reinforce this point, 
and the Federal GENERAL FREDERICK 
Steele advanced upon Little Lock 
by way of De Vall's Bluff, on the 
White Kiver. Little Rock was de- 
fended by General Price unsuccess- 
fully (September 10, 1S63), and as the 
Confederate forces were greatly weak- 
ened by the departure of a large body 
of Arkansas troops who, under Gen- 
eral Thomas J. Churchill, was 
sent to Louisiana to cooperate with 
General Taylor in opposing Ranks' 
.Led River expedition, the Federals 
soon held possession of a large part of 
the State, which they retained until the 
close of the war. 




gen. t. h. holmes. 
(confkdkkate). 



Rosecrans continuing to ad- 
vance, Bragg retreated farther, 
and having been reinforced by 
Lo ngstreet 
f r o m V i rgi- 
nia, he took 
a stand at 
Ciiickamau- 
g a Creek, 
Ga. I n the 
battle that fol- 
lowed Longstreet pierced the 
Union lines, turned aside, and 
struck his antagonist on the 
flank. The Union forces were beaten, and the order was 
soon given to retreat. But in another part of the field, 
General Thomas stubbornly refused to comply with the 
order to fall back, and held his ground against every fierce 
assault until night, when he deliberately retired. This alone 
saved the army of Rosecrans from total destruction. 

The retreating forces were followed to Chattanooga, 
wheTe they were soon besieged, the Confederates erecting 
fortifications upon Missionary Ridge and Lookout Moun- 
tain, near by. The siege continued two months, and 
meanwhile Longstreet was dispatched to eastern Tennessee 
to operate against Burnside, whom he soon surrounded and 
besieged at Knoxville. 

Grant's great victory at Vicksburg had elevated him in 
the estimation of the Washington authorities, and he was 
placed in command of all the Union forces in the West, east 
of the Mississippi River. Taking command at Chattanooga, 
he drew to his assistance heavy reinforcements under 
Sherman and Hooker, and sallying out, assaulted and 
carried the Confederate works on Missionary Ridge and 



406 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Invasion ot Florida. 
In the early part of the year (1S64 . 
for the double purpose ol reclaiming 
Florida for the Union in time to partici- 
pate in the Presidential election of that 
year, and tocut off an important ource 
of Confederate stores and supplies, a 
force numbering seven thousand, 
under General Tri man Si \m>h k, 
departed from Port Royal, S. C. — a 
base of Federal operations established 
in the early part of the war — landed at 
mville (February 7^ and pro- 
ceeded inland to a point near Lake 
City. Forces under Gi neral Joseph 
Finnegan were collected to oppose 
him, ami reinforcements arrived from 
Georgia, under General A. ll. 
Colquitt, increasing the number of 
Confederates to about live thousand 

lour hundred. A battle was fought 

at Olustee or Ocean Pond (February 
), in which the Confederates were 
eminently successful, winning de- 
served praise by holding their lines 
intact atter their ammunition was 
exhausted, and standing tirm in the 
lace ot a galling tire until a supply 
was brought up from a distance, when 
they advanced and won the victory. 



Lookout Mountain (November 23, 24, 25), forcing Bragg to 
abandon the siege and retire to Dalton, Ga. Here Bragg 
was superseded by General J. E. Johnston. The retreat of 
Bragg caused Longstreet to abandon the siege of ECnoxville, 

and cross the mountains into Virginia, where he rejoined 
Lee. 

Grant was now appointed commander-in-chief of all the 
armies of the United States 
(March. 1864), and leaving 
Sherman in command in Ten- 
nessee, he proceeded to Vir- 
ginia to begin his campaign 
against Lee. All the Union 
forces that had taken part in 
the Vicksburg, Murfreesboro 
and Knoxville operations were 
now concentrated, and with 
an army now numbering one 
hundred thousand, Sherman 
entered Georgia, where he 
was opposed by Johnston. 

whose reduced forces now 

numbered scarcely fifty thou- 
sand. 

Both generals were skilled 
military tacticians. The coun- 
try was mountainous, and the mamvuvers of both armies 
were intricate. Sherman's superior numbers enabled him 
several times to reach around Johnston and compel him 
to rearrange his men in new lines of defense. Diirin<x the 
course ot' these movements the battles of Resaca, Dallas 
and Kennesam Mountain were foueht. 



DISUNION. 



407 



Johnston was acting with 
great prudence, his object being 
to draw Sherman so far away 
from his base of supplies that 
a decisive battle might be fought 
with some probability of Con- 
federate success. But the ad- 
vance of Sherman into the heart 
of the Confederacy was awak- 
ening much apprehension, and 
it was determined to put J. B. 
Hood, a general transcendently 




qen. j. b. hood. 
(confederate). 



brave, but who proved to be recklessly aggressive. 



in 




John- 

o n ' s 

Three 

ttacks 

Hood 



showing area devastated BY Sherman's troops- upon Sherman near 



Atlanta (July 20, 22, 28), all of which were repulsed. In the 
last of these the Union forces suffered a great loss in the 
death of General McPiierson. Atlanta could now be 
defended no longer, and it fell into the hands of the Fed- 
erals (September 2, 1864). 



4 o8 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




MC PHERSON. 



Hood now proceeded to put 
into execution a bold plan that 
Ke had con- 
ceived. This 
plan was to re- 
turn to east- 
ern Tennes- 
see, crush the 
Union forces 
that had re- 
mained there, cross into Vir- 
ginia, join forces with Lee, 
enabling him 
to repel Grant, 
after whose re- 
pulse the com- 
bined armies 
could march 
southward and 
overcome Sher- 



GEN. JAS. 




QEN. JOHN H. MORGAN. 
CONFEDERATE CAVALRY 



Sherman's March to the Sea. 
With no army to oppose him, after 
Hood's departure, Sherman burned 
Atlanta, destroyed the railroads in the 
vicinity, cut loose from his base of sup- 
plies and set out upon his memor- 
able inarch to the sea. His vast army 
advanced in four columns, whose 
foraging operations covered a strip of 
territory Go miles in width. Before 
them went terror and consternation; 
behind them followed woe and deso- 
lation. The fierce avarice of the in- 
vaders despoiled women and child- 
ren, the aged and the infirm. The 
homesteads of non-combatants felt the 
malice of the incendiary, and when 
the army had passed, there seemed 
little of future promise to retrieve 
present disaster. Sherman's army 
reached Savannah, captured Fort Mc- 
Allister (December 13, 1864), its outer 
defense, and took possession of the 
city, turned northward into South Car- 
olina, burning on the way its beautiful 
capital, Columbia, and arriving a' 
Fayettevillc, N. C, found Johnston — 
restored to command — at the head of 
a small force ready to oppose him. 
Engagements followed at Averysboro, 
N. C, (March 15, 1S65), and Henton- 
ville (March iS), making* manifest the 
fact that the Confederates could ac- 
complish little witli their limited re- 
sources. At length news came of Lee's 
surrender, and Johnston and his men 
laid down their arms, (April 26). 



man. Leaving leader. 

a force of cavalry under the 
celebrated cavalry leader, 
General Joseph II. Wheel- 
er, to harass Sherman, Hood turned back, the divisions of 

his army being led by Generals A. P. 

Stewart, B. F. Cheatham and Stephen 

D. Lee. 



Reaching Tennessee, he was joined by 
a cavalry force under General N. B. 
Forrest. At Franklin a Union army, 
under General Schofield, was encountered 




GEN. N B FORREST. 
CONFEDERATE CAVALRY LEAI1EB. 



and compelled to retire (November 30, 



DISUNION. 



409 



Cavalry Leaders. 
The Civil War was characterized by 
the number and brilliancy of achieve- 
ments of cavalry leaders. The most 
famous on the Union side were Kil- 

PATRICK, PLEASANTON, SHERIDAN, 

Stoneman,Grierson and others. Of 
the Confederates were J. E. B. Stuart, 
the prince of cavalry generals; Fitz- 
hugh Lee and Wade Hampton, in- 
valuable to General Lee in all the 
Virginia campaigns; Turner Ashbv, 
who fell in the great "valley cam- 
paign " ; Joseph II. Wheeler, whose 
services in the armies of Bragg, John- 
ston and Hood brought him the lustre 
of renown and promotion to one of the 
most exalted positions in the Confed- 
erate army; N. B. Forrest and John 
Morgan, famous for their raids in the 
West, the formei extending even be- 
yond the Ohio, and many others. 



1864), but in the action the 
Confederates lost one of the 
most gallant generals that had 
ever aided their cause — Gen- 
eral Pat Cleburne. Hood 
continued to advance, and with 
thirty-seven thousand he laid 
bold siege to Nashville, 
where Thomas had concen- 
trated fifty-five thousand to 
oppose him. While Hood 
awaited reinforcements that 
had been promised him from 
beyond the Mississippi, 
Thomas perfected a plan of battle, sallied out, forced the 
Confederates in utter rout from their position, and but for 
the gallantry of Stephen D. Lee, Ran- 
dall L. Gibson, H. D. Clayton, E. C. 
Walthall and other Confederate gene- 
rals who covered the retreat, would have 
destroyed Hood's army altogether (Decem- 
ber 16). 

Meanwhile Grant had been conducting 
the sixth campaign against Richmond. 
Lee's army consisting of about sixty-two 

thousand men was in position on the Rapi- 
dan River, near Fredricksburg. Grant's 
advance was made overland with a force 
of one hundred and twenty thousand. To 
cooperate with the Union commander-in- 
p^^V'-^l^ chief, forces under General Sigel entered 
the Shenandoah Valley, while thirty thou- 

GEN E C WALTHALL. , 1 ,/-1 1 T> ,l1 ~ 

(confederate). sand men under General .butler were 




pen. pat cleburne, 
(confederate). 




4-io 



PERIOD OK INDKl'KMM- . M. K. 





* 


>'^ ; fiJ 


\ 




















- ^ 






H 


H 


• 


fe' 


^ffiw%B 


f? ijS*-* 







gen. jubal a. early. 
(confederate). 



ordered to proceed against 
Richmond by way of the James 
River. These auxiliary move- 
ments, however, availed noth- 







\ 




m_ 


. Hi 








^ 


l» 








1 

..:■'■•': 


i SSk 


W 




"^I^B 


hhp^ 





GEN. J. B. GORDON. 
(COHFKDEB mi.. 



ing. Butler was forced into 
the little peninsula of the James 
River at Bermuda Hundred by 



Valley Operations. 
Sigel, proceeding down the valley, 
was met :it New Market (May 15, 
186 1 1 by General Breckinridge, and 
routed. A remarkable feature of thi : 
battle was the presence upon the field 
hi a corps of cadets from the Vii 
Military Institute at Lexington, These 
cadets— mere boys — underwent the 
trials of a toilsome march, held un- 
flinchingly one of the most important 
positions in the line of battle, left their 
young dead upon the field, to the 
prmid sorrow of many a mother's 

heart, and deported themselves 
throughout with an air that became 

veterans, leaving the scenes of war 
to return to their studies with great 

reluctance. 

Hunter and Averill replaced Sigel ; 
and Generals Jubal A. Earli and 
John II. Gordon were sent to rein- 
force Breckinridge. The Union forces 
were driven in confusion out of Lynch- 
burg, to which place they had ad- 
vanced (June iS), and Early, crossing 
the Potomac into Maryland, defeated 
General Lew Wallace at Mon- 
Inlya). Returning to the \ alley 
he di icaicd another Union force under 
General Wright at Winchester, after 
which the Confederate commander in- 
vaded Pennsylvania, captured Cham- 
bersburg and spread such consterna- 
tion for the safety of Washington that 
Grant was compelled to dispatch 
heavy forces under General Sheri- 
dan to intercept him. Sheridan and 
Early met at Winch) sti r (Septera- 
bei to), ami again at Fisher's Hill 
(September 22), both battles resulting 
to the advantage of the Union 
Hut at Cedar Creek (October 19) 
Early attacked Sheridan's forces and 
administered to them a crushing de- 
feat. The pursuit, however was stayed, 
in order that the victors might take 
possession of the abundant and much 
needed stores that had been aban- 
doned. This gave Sheridan, who was 

away at Winchester during the attack, 
time to reach the retreating forces, and, 

rallying his men, lie returned and sur- 
prised the Confederates, depriving 
them of the principal fruits of their 
victory. 



DlStJ N I ( ) N . 



4 ir 



General Beauregard, and there kept inactive — fc " bottled 
up," as Grant expressed it. 

In his advance upon Richmond, G rant crossed the 
Rapidan and encountered Lee in the Wilderness, the region 
of country in which the battle of Chancellorsville had been 
fought. The fighting was terrible, and continued for three 
days (May 5, 6, 7, 1864). Grant then tried to move by Lee's 
right flank, but at Spottsylvania, C. H., found his skillful 




antagonist again in his 
lowed a bloody strug- 
characterized by sub- 
on both sides. Here 
thrilling episodes 
Angle, in which 
forces under 
Winfield S. 
by a daring , ...-.:' 
tured an ad- 
tion of the 
lines, and 
sonal courage 
erate comman- 
vented them from 
So fiercely was the 



' h 



front. Here again fol- 
gle (May 9-12), 
lime heroism 
occurred the 
of the Death 
the Union 
General 
Hancock, 
charge, cap- 
vance po si- 
Confederate 
only the per- 
of the Confed- 
§F der-in-chief pre- 
advancing further, 
position contested 

, . , GEN. ROBT. E. LEE. . . .. 

that a tree eighteen (co OTBDE bat E ). inches in diameter, 

standing between the opposing forces, was cut to the ground 
as with a woodman's ax by the bullets that flew thick and fast. 
Grant again moved to the left in his endeavor to out- 
flank Lee. These tactics were lengthening the opposing 
lines. Grant, with all necessary forces at his command, 
could well pursue this plan ; but with Lee it was different. 
The Confederacy had been defending itself for four years. 
The elements of population, from which its soldiers were 




412 



PERIOD OF IMJKl'KNDK.VCK 



drawn, had become exhausted, and the Southern armies had 

been growing smaller and smaller. The veterans that fell at 

Gettysburg were never replaced. The longer Lee's line of 

defense was made, the thinner it became. 

The downfall of the Confederacy could only be effected 

by the destruction of Lee's arm}-. To compass this 

destruction the Union 
commander could afford 
to sacrifice men, if, in 
the sacrifice, he could 
inflict a corresponding 
loss upon his antagonist. 
Crossing the Pamun- 
key River he twice fell 
upon Lee at Cold Har- 
bor, but met with a terri- 
ble repulse in eaeli in- 
stance. With Grant, 
however, repulse was 
neve r de mo r ali z ati o n . 
Reverses seemed but to 

strengthen tenacity of purpose. 

Moving his army around to the 

James River, he drew to him 

Butler's forces from Bermuda 

Hundred, and marched upon 

Petersburg. A siege was laid, 

continuing throughout the fall 

and winter ( i864~'65). At 

one time, in order to break 

into the Confederate intrench- 

ments, a mine which had 

been secretly dug under them 




Attack Upon Mobile. 
While Grant's army lav around 
Petersburg, Commodore Farragut was 
conducting naval operations against 
Mobile, Ala. The bay upon which tlie 
city is situated, was defended by Fort 
Gaines and Fori Morgan. Thi 
federates had submerged a numberof 
torpedoes in tin- bay, and in addition 
had constructed a powerful iron-clad 
called the Tennessee. Farragut forced 
his way into the bay, destroyed the 
Tennessee and captured tin- forts, but 

Could not train possession of the city, 

which heroically declined to sun. nder. 

Xot until the last months ol the war 

w .is Mobile ca] I d, and only by 

superior land forci 



DISUNION. 



4 r 3 





gen james longstreet 
confederate). 



gen d h hill. 
(confederate). 



by tunnelling from the Union lines, was exploded (July 30). 
The Union assaulting column, attempting to enter the breach 
immediately alter, met with terrible disaster. 

Grant's attacks now became incessant. All the country 
south of Petersburg fell into his hands by the end of the 
year. In the spring a severe engagement occurred at Five 
Forks (April 1, 1865), the Confederates losing heavily. 
The intrenchments around Petersburg were carried by 
assault the next day ( April 2), the Confederates falling back. 
The Confederate capital, so long and gallantly defended, 
now fell (April 3), Grant having taken a year to effect its 
capture. 

The Confederate army retired toward the southwest, 
closely pursued. At Appomattox C. H., it was decided 
to end the struggle, as further sacrifice of life was useless. 
What could the little remnant of an army, numbering scarcely 
twenty-nine thousand, do against four times its number? 
An honorable surrender was made, in conceding the terms 
of which Grant showed all the magnanimity of a great 
soldier (April 9th). There was nothing of bitterness mani- 



4*4 



PERIOD OK INDEPENDENCE. 



fested between victors and vanquished with the ceasing oi 
hostilities. Men of blue and men of gray came together 
around the same camp fire, the one sharing the rations of 
the other: in war, enemies — in peace, friends. The fight had 
been well fought. The tribute of respect that the brave 

always yield to their 
kind, was given and re- 
ceived in a spirit which 
honored all, robbing 
defeat of its stings, 
softening triumph from 
exultation into content- 
ment. 

The issue as decided 
by the surrender of 
Lee's army was accept- 
ed in good faith, and the 
organized Confederate 
forces in various parts 
of the South, laid down 
their arms. General Johnston, in North Carolina, surren- 
dered (April 26, 1865), General Taylor, in Alabama, Gen- 
eral E. Kirby Smith, in Texas (May 26). The last fight 
of the war occurred at Brazos Santiago, Texas (May 
13. 1865). 

The South had built up one civilization; but all its old 
lines were now obliterated, and the men of the Southern 
armies were to return to face its ruins. From these 
ruins is arising another in full accord with new condi- 
tions — in the adaptation of itself to which, the South is 
again pressing onward. But the old civilization can never 
be forgotten. As long as the sons of the South bear its 
earlier traditions, its later memories, to heart, just so long 




oem. jos. e johnston. 
(confederate). 



bisuNioN; 413 

will there be a source — undefiled and pufe^-of patriotism, 

once local, now national, supplying inspiration to maintain a 

restored Union. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who succeeded Bueli after the battle of Perryville? What do you know of 
the battle of Murfreesboro ? Chickamauga ? Siege of Chattanooga? 
Knoxville? Bragg's repulse at Chattanooga? By whom was Bragg suc- 
ceeded? What do you know of Arkansas Military Operations ? Battle of 
Pea Ridge? Steele's expedition against Little Rock? What do you know 
of the invasion of Florida in the early part of 1864? Battle of Olustee? 
To what position was Grant appointed after the battle of Chattanooga? 
Whom did he leave in command in Tennessee? What do you know of 
Sherman's campaign against Johnston ? Against Hood? Of his march to 
the sea? Of Hood's return to Tennessee? What Union loss was sustained 
near Atlanta? Confederate loss at the battle of Franklin? What disaster 
befell Hood? How did Grant advance upon Richmond? What auxiliary 
movements were planned in connection with this advance? What were the 
results of each? What do you know of the battle of New Market? Cedar 
Creek? Wilderness ? Spottsylvania ? Cold Harbor? To what condition 
had the Confederate army been reduced? Why? What do you know 
of the siege of Petersburg? Attack upon Mobile? Appomattox surrender ? 
How did the soldiers of opposing armies meet each other after the surrender? 
What issue was decided when Lee's soldiers laid down their arms? 



SEARCH QUESTIONS. 

What General was Called the " Young Napoleon of the West"? "Old Pap"? 
" Marse Robert " ? "The Rock of Chickamauga" "Black Jack"? What body of 
troops was called the "foot cavalry " and why ? What eminent Union general fell at 
Gettysburg? What relation was General Robert E. Lee to Light Horse Harry ? Where 
was General J. E. B. Stuart killed? General A. P. Hill? General Kearney? What 
was the "Swamp Angel"? What was Farrogut's first naval battle? What Union 
generals in the Civil 'War subsequently became President ? What was the "Anaconda 
plan " of President Lincoln ? What celebrated Union general resigned the presidency 
of a Southern State Military Academy at the outbreak of the war? What vessel first 
unfurled the Confederate flag ? Name four Confederate generals who became presidents 
of universities after the war. Where and what was Libby Prison ? Camp Douglas ? 
Where and how long was Jefferson Davis imprisoned ? What eminent editor signed 
his bond ? Why was Davis imprisoned ? Was he ever tried ? Why ? What was the 
Sanitary Commission ? What State of the Confederacy furnished most troops ? Of 
the Union? How many men took part in the war, in round numbers? How many 
were killed ? 



416 



l'KRIOD OF" IMIKI'KNDENCE, 



TOPICAL OUTLINE. 

PRINCIPAL BATTLES AND GENERALS OF THE CIVIL WAR. 



UNION COMMANDERS AND DECISIVE VICTORIES IN ITALICS. 
CONFEDERATE, IN THIS TYPE. 

i APRIL 13 FORT SUMTER (S. C.) BEAUREGARD ANDERSON, 

H I JULY 2, BULL RUN (Va.) j J^gg^*:?™;; J McDOWELL. 

AUG. 10 WILSON'S CREEK (Mo.) price" L ° CH " LY0N - 

SEPT. j.i LEXINGTON (Mo.) PRICE . ".'.'.'.. ""'.'.'".'.""L..MULLIGAN. 

NOV. 7 BELMONT (Mo.) POLK GRANT. 

rJAN. 19 MILL SPRINGS (AT.) CRITTENDEN THOMAS. 

FEB. 16 FORT DONELSON (TENN.) BUCKNER GRANT. 

MARCH 5-8... PEA RIDGE (ARK.) j PMCE DOR ^ ( CURTIS - 

M \i.-< n .1 Monitor and Virginia BUCHANAN WORDEN. 

APRIL (1 SIIILOH (Miss.) JOHNSTON (A. S.) GRANT. 

APRIL 7 PITTSBURG LANDING (MISS.) BEAUREGARD \bUELl' 

APRIL 25 . NEW ORLEANS (LA.) LOVELL FARRAGUT. 

M \\ J Williamsburg (Va.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) McCLELLAN. 

May ,i Seven Pines (Va.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) McCLELLAN. 

(BANKS. 



CDJ 

CD 
H 



|[ A N \ ; ;; j VALLEY CAMPAIGN (Va.) .... JACKSON I SHIELDS. 

[FREMONT, 

JULY i S ( SEVENDAYS' BATTLES (Va.) LEE McCLELLAN. 

AUG.30 SECOND BULL RUN (Va.) LEE POPE. 

Sept. 17 Antietam (Md.) LEE McCLELLAN. 

IUKA (MISS,) PRICE R03ECRANS. 

OCT. 3-4 . ...CORINTH (MISS.) . J VAX 'l)ORN I ROSECRANS. 

OCT. 8 PERRYVILLE (Kv.) BRAGG ..... ... BUELL 

DEC.13 FREDERICKSBURG (Va.) LEE BURNSIDE. 

DEC. 31 MURFREESBORO (TENN.) BRAGG ROSECRANS. 

. [ [AN. 1 GALVESTON (Tex.) MAGRUDER RENSHAW, 

CO ! MAY 2-3 CHANCELLORSVILLE (Va.) LEE HOOKER. 

m I JUL) 1-3.. GETTYSBURG (PA.) LEE MEADE. 

qq) , .. .VICKSBURG (MISS.).... PEMBERTON GRANT. 



H 



SEPT. i9-20..CHICKAMAUGA(Ga.) BRAGG ROSECRANS. 

CHATTANOOGA (TENN,) BRAGG GRANT. 

FEB. jo OLUSTEE (Fla.) j co^qmTT ( SEYM0UR ' 

APRIL s MANSFIELD (La.) TAYLOR .-.."."."...i™!..!"... BANKS. 

MAY 5-7 ...WILDERNESS (Va.) LEE GRANT. 

MAI 8-18 .SPOTTSYLVANIA, C H. (Va.) LEE GRANT. 

May 1 (.-15 . RESACA (Ga.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN, 

MAY25-28 ..Dallas (Ga.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN. 

|UNE * COLO HARBOR (Va.) LEE GRANT. 

JUNE 19 ALABAMA AND KEARSARGE SEMMES WINSLOW. 

[1 m. .7 Kennesa-w Mountain (Ga.) ..... JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN. 

JULY 20-28. ..ATLANTA (GA.) HOOD SHERMAN. 

M ... ,. j f BRECKINRIDGE SIGEL. 

October , ^alle\ Campaigns (Va.) { [HUNTER. 

OCTOBER I) lEARLY j WALLACE, 

1 WRIGHT. 

[SHERIDAN. 

NOV. jo FRANKLIN (Tenn.) HOOD SCHOFIELD. 

[DEC. 15-16 NASHVILLE (TENN.) HOOD THOMAS. 

•TMarch 15 A.VERYSBORO (N. C.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN. 

"J M \k. n is Bentonville (X. C.) "JOHNSTON (.J. E.) SHERMAN, 

(0 \PRIL I FIVE FORKS (VA.) LEE GRANT. 

CO I <L2 • PETERSBURG (VA.) LEE GRANT. 

H l i 'RIL9 APPOMATTOX (VA.) . ..LEE GRANT. 



CO 
CO 
H 



DISUNION. 417 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Readmission of the Southern States. 

While the Civil War was in progress a number of events 
connected with the political history of the country occurred, 
which we must now note. The first of these was a contro- 
versy with England occasioned by the seizure upon the high 
seas of John Slidell, and James M. Mason, Confederate 
commissioners to Europe. These commissioners had taken 
aassage upon the English steamer Trent, from which they 
were forcibly taken by the United States ship of war San 
Jacinto (November 8, 1861). The affair was regarded by 
England as an outrage upon her flag, and war was averted 
imly by the release of the commissioners. 

A controversy, based upon a violation of the Monroe 
Doctrine, also arose. While the attention of the American 
Deople was distracted by the war, occasion was taken by 
France to gain a foothold in Mexico. A French army was 
sent over, which, with the cooperation of some Mexican 
•evolutionists, instituted a monarchical form of government, 
with Maximillian, Grand Duke of Austria, as Emperor. 
After the war the United States insisted upon French non- 
interference with Mexican affairs, and in compliance with 
:his insistance, the troops were withdrawn. Maximillian 
rashly remained, believing that he had made himself an 
acceptable ruler to the Mexicans ; but with the withdrawal 
:>f his support, his subjects rose in revolt, took him prisoner, 
ind executed him (June 19, 1867). 

The war had settled the question of slavery, and it was 
never to arise again as a disturbing element in the politics of 
the country. President Lincoln had issued, as a war meas- 
ure, his celebrated Emancipation Proclamation (January 
1, 1863), declaring the freedom of those who had once been 




ANDREW JOHNSON. 



418 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

slaves. This act of the President was subsequently ratified 
and made a part of the Constitution by adoption of the 
Thirteenth Amendment (December iS, 1865). Two States 
had been admitted during the war. 
These were West Virginia (1863) and 
Nevada (1864). The people of the 
northwestern counties of Virginia had 
remained loyal to the Union, and these 
counties, coming under Federal con- 
trol, established for themselves a 
separate State Government. 

Lincoln was elected to a second term (1864), with 
Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-President, the unsuc- 
cessful opposition candidates being George 13. McClellan 
and John H. Pendleton. The end of the war was received 
with great rejoicing, and a speedy return to peace was 
promised. But this rejoicing was of short duration, for but 
six days after the Appomattox surrender, the nation was 
called upon to mourn an irreparable loss in the death by 
violence of its Chief Executive (April 15, 1865). The deed 
which led to his death occurred in a Washington theatre, 
where the President was peacefully enjoying the play, and 
was committed by John Wilkes Booth, an actor. The 
assassin sought to escape,- but was pursued, caught and 
put to death, as were several others implicated in the crime. 

As subsequent events proved, the death of Lincoln was a 
calamity to the South. His plan was to restore the Union 
by peacefully extending the civil authority of the Federal 
Government over the Southern States. His reelection had 
given him a stronger hold upon the government, and its 
policy was under his perfect control. This control did not 
pass to the hands of the Vice-President who was called to 
succeed him. Johnson was a Southern man — one ol the lew 



DISUNION. 



419 



prominent Southern politicians 
that had unswervingly adhered 
to the Union. He desired to 
take up the work o f 
restoration as begun by 
Lincoln. When Con- 
gress assembled, it op- 
posed the measures in- 
stituted by Johnson, 
and claimed for itself 
the right of deter- 
mining how the 
Southern States 
should again 
become mem- 



bers of the Un- 
ion. There 
arose there- 
fore a contest 
as to which of 
two poli- 
cies should 
have prece- 
dence. The 
Presi- 
dent's 
Policy was 
to regard the 
Southern States as never hav- 
ing been out of the Union, 
inasmuch as the right to secede 
had never been conceded. 
The Policy of Congress was 
to regard them as having sepa- 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN 



Abraham Lincoln. 
Abraham Lincoln will ever hold a 
foremost place among those eminent 
Americans whose names and lives 
have become a part of history. His 
career may well be studied, for it ex- 
emplifies in the highest degree how 
the conditions of American life 
enable one to rise from the humblest 
circumstances to the most exalted 
011s. Starling out in life illiter- 
ate and uneducated, the oppor- 
tunities of his frontier environ- 
ment characteristically mea- 
;re, we: ee him rising, step by 
step, by his own efforts, to an 
honored place in the esteem 
and re: pect of the nation. 
Splitting the rails to fence 
h^s father's frontier farm, 
flat -boating down the West- 
ern rivers, clerking in a 
country store, leading a 
company of volunteers in 
the Black Hawk War, 
serving as member of the 
i Illinois Legislature, 
meeting and vanquish- 
ing the great Stephen 
A. Douglas in public 
debate, representing 
his State in the United 
States Senate, direct- 
ing the destinies of 
the Union at the most 
critical period of its 
history— these were 
the significant 
steps of a career 
typically A m e r - 
ican. Called to the 
helm of govern- 
ment when all was 
^^sr - turmoil and uncer- 

tainty, the ambi- 
tions of a politician 
gave place to the 
strong, earnest de- 
votion of a patriot. 
His election had placed the Union in 
danger, and from this danger he la- 
bored earnestly, patiently, sorrowfully 
to save it. Self-aggrandizement and 
love of power formed no part of his 
motives. He adhered to the right "as 
God gives us to see the right." Amidst 
the passions and prejudices of the 
mighty conflict, in which he was the 



420 



PERIOD OF tNDEPENDENCE. 



central figure, he was frequent] 
understood, and often but fair 
couraged. As time passed, 

■ and singleness of purpose in 
his character made themselvi fel 
with quiet insistence; and now that 
these prejudices and passions have 
pas id away, we contemplate, in all 
their i implicity, the elements of great- 
ness thai make his lite and charac- 
ter heroic. His death was a calami y 
to the South; for, inasmuch as the re- 
storation of the Union was the prayi 1 
of his heart, his expressed purpose 
wa : to bring about tin.; restoration in 
a way that would occasion but few 
hitler memories, and " achieve and 
cherish a lasting peace among our- 
selves." 



rated themselves and thereby 
forfeited all rights as member.- 
of the Union. It insisted on 
compliance with its conditions 
before readmitting them. 

The President believed it 
to be only necessary for each 
Southern State to rescind 
Ordinance of Secession, rene . . 
its obligations to the Constii :- 
tion, and accept the provision., 
of the Thirteenth Amendment. 
This the Southern States did 
many of them forming new State Constitutions, under which 
new State Governments were organized and representative;; 
sent to Congress. But Congress met later in ( I065), op 
ed the measures of the President, refused admission to the 
newly elected representatives from the Southern States, and 
formulated its Reconstruction Policy in opposition to the 
one of Restoration decided upon by the President. 

This policy not only provided for the reconstruction of the 
Pinion by considering that the South had been out of it, but 
for the forming of a political constituency in the Southern 
States different from that existing when the Union was first 
formed. This was finally accomplished by the adoption of 
the Fourteenth (186S) and Fifteenth (1870) Amendments to 
the Constitution; the former, conferring citizenship upon the 
ne«ro and debarring many Southern whites from holding 
olFiee under the government; the latter, making- voters of 
those made citizens by the Fourteenth Amendment. 

The President strenuously opposed these measures, hold- 
ing that under the Constitution, the State alone could deter- 
mine as to who should be its citizens, and that assumption of 
this power by Congress was usurpation. He used the veto 
repeatedly, but the advocates of these RADICAL measures had 
sufficient majority in both houses to overrule the President's 



DISUNION. 421 

veto bv the necessary two-thirds vote. Among the principal 
acts passed over the veto of the President, were the Civil 
Rights Bill, enacted April 19, 1866, and the Military 
Act, which went in force March 2, 1867. The former pre- 
ceded the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, which 
embodied most of its features ; the latter divided the South 
into five military districts. Under military rule the Southern 
States adopted the new amendments, organized their local 
governments anew, and were readmitted to the Union. All 
but three had accepted the conditions imposed, by the year 
1868, and participated in the presidential election of that year. 
Virginia, Mississippi and Texas were not readmitted until 1870. 

During Johnson's administration Nebraska was admitted 
as a State (1867), and Alaska was purchased from Russia, 
for seven million two hundred thousand dollars ( 1867 )• The 
most important event, connected with Johnson's reconstruc- 
tion controversy, was his impeachment by Congress. His 
sturdy opposition to the arbitrary measures of that body had 
incurred its hostility ; and when in violation of the Tenure of 
Office Act he removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary 
of War, charges were preferred against him for " high crimes 
and misdemeanors.'" He was tried before the the Senate, 
but was adjudged " not guilty" (May 16, 1868). 

In the presidential election of 1868 the Republican candi- 
dates were, Ulysses S. Grant, and Schuyler Colfax. 
The Democratic candidates were Horatio Seymour and 
Francis P. Blair. Grant and Colfax were elected. 

QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of the "Trent affair"? French invasion of 
Mexico? What question was settled by the war? \ How was slavery 
abolished? What two States were admitted while the war was in progress? 
Why was Virginia divided? Who were the candidates in the election of 
1S64? What do you know of the death of Lincoln ? Why was his death a 
calamity to the South? What differences were there between the "Presi- 
dent's Policy" and the Reconstruction Policy of Congress? Which finally 
prevailed? What measures did President Johnson veto? What new class 
of voters was created by Constitutional amendments? What do vou know 
of the Civil Rights Bill? Military Act? Fourteenth Amendment? Fif- 
teenth Amendment? What three States were last to be readmitted? What 
do you know of the Alaska purchase? Impeachment of Johnson? When 
was Nebraska admitted? Who succeeded Johnson? 





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424 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

Reunion. 

CHAPTER T. 

Recent Events . 

With the readmission of Virginia, Mississippi and Texas 
(1870), the reunion of the States was made complete. 
Since then the events that have transpired are of too recent 
occurrence to have passed fully into the domain of history. 
Brief mention, therefore, will be made only of the more im- 
portant ones. 

Grant served two terms as President. The principal 
events that marked his administration were the completion of 
the first railroad — the Union Pacific — across the continent 
(1869): the Treaty of Washington (1871): war with the 
Modoc Indians (1871), and with the Sioux (1876): the 
great Centennial Celebration at Philadelphia (1876): the 
admission of Colorado as a State ( 1876). and the Chicago 
(1871) and Boston fires (1872). 

The Washington treat}- settled several disputes that had 
arisen between the United States and England. The north- 
western boundary, and the damage done to the com- 
merce of the United States by Confederate war vessels 
built in England, were the principal points at issue. 
The treaty referred the boundary question to the Emperor 
of Germany as arbitrator, who decided in favor of the 
United States. It also referred the claim for damage to a 
board of commissioners, which, assembling at Geneva, 
Switzerland, awarded the United States fifteen million live 
hundred thousand dollars. This award lias taken the name 
of the place in which it was made, and the money awarded 
is known as the Alabama Claims. 

The war with the Modocs was caused by attempts to 
remove these Indians from their lands in Southern Oregon. 



REUNION. 



4 2 5 




CUSTER'S LAST RALLY. 



discovery of gold in the Black Hills 



That with the Sioux was caused by the great influx of whites 
into the Sioux reservation in Montana immediately upon the 



The leader of the Modocs was Captain 
Jack, who was captured and hanged for 
having murdered General Canby, the 
commissioner sent to treat with him before 
the war was instituted. The leader of the 
Sioux was Sitting Bull, and his tribe 
was a powerful one. A sad episode con- 
nected with this war was the massacre of 
a regiment of soldiers under General Custer. They had 
unwisely penetrated too far into the country of the hostiles, 
were surrounded near the Bio- Horn River by the whole tribe, 
and put to death. Sitting Bull and his band were subse- 
quently driven northward into the British possessions. 




GEN. CUSTER. 



426 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

The debt of the United States Government incurred by 
the war amounted to about two thousand seven hundred and 
fifty million dollars. Tariff and internal revenue taxes were 
levied, and the decrease in the public debt, while Grant was 
President, was marked. A part of this debt consisted of 
bills — called from their color " green-backs " — which the 
government had obligated itself to redeem in coin. The 
great number of these bills put into circulation inflated the 
currency of the country, and produced an effect (1873) 
similar to that produced in 1S37. 

In the election of a successor to Grant, the Republicans 
nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and for Vice- 
President, William A.Wheeler, of New York. The can- 
didates of the Democrats were Samuel J. Tilden, of New 
York and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The contest 
was very close. A number of fraud- 
ulent and corrupt practices in several 
departments of the government had 
been brought to light during Grant's 
administration. The President him- 
self was a man of integrity, but had 
been unwise in the choice of several 
of his subordinates. These proved 
false to the trust reposed in them. 
The discovery of these frauds greatly weakened the Repub- 
lican party, and the desire of change was so widely felt 
that enough rallied under the campaign cry of T/Idcii and 
Reform to make it seem, immediately after the election, that 
the Democratic party had vanquished its antagonist. 

The votes of three States, Louisiana. South Carolina and 
Florida, were claimed by both parties, and for a time excite- 
ment ran high, and bloodshed and conflict seemed imminent. 
But the Civil War had taught its lesson, and temperate coun- 




RUTHERFORD B. 



REUNION. 427 

cilings prevailed. To determine the result of the election, an 
Electoral Commission was created. This consisted of 
fifteen persons, five of whom were judges of the Supreme 
Court; live, Senators; and five, Representatives. As consti- 
tuted, eight were Republicans and seven Democrats. The 
returns from each of the contested States were examined; 
and upon every matter coming up before the commission 
the decision was reached by a strictly partisan vote — eight 
to seven. Hayes and Wheeler were declared elected ( 1876). 

Hayes served one term of office. In the first year of his 
administration, war with the small tribe of Nez Perce Indians 
in the Northwest arose ; it was brought to an end by 
General O. O. Howard, who pursued the hostiles fifteen 
hundred miles, and compelled them to surrender. Several 
calamities befell the country during the course of this 
administration. These included great railroad strikes 
and yellow fever epidemics. The railroad strikes (1877) 
extended over wide areas, and occasioned dangerous riots in 
Pittsburg, Chicago, St. Louis and other places. In the first 
named city more than one hundred lives were lost, and three 
million dollars worth of property was destroyed. 

The yellow fever epidemics occurred in 1878 and 1879. 
Many places in the South were visited by the fatab disease, 
the portion suffering the most being the Mississippi Valley. 
Science has of late demonstrated that this dread scourge 
originates in the warmer latitudes, and that it can be excluded 
from this country by disinfection and quarantine, a most 
perfect system of which is now in successful operation at 
a station, established by the State of Louisiana for the pur- 
pose, near the mouth of the Mississippi River. 

In the presidential election of 18S0 the principal candidates 
were James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and Chester A. Arthur, 
of New York, proposed by the Republicans; Winfield 



428 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Scott Hancock, of New York, and William H. English, 
of Indiana, by the Democrats. The Republican candidates 
were elected by an unquestioned majority. The newly 
elected President was a man of unusual ability, and his 
administration bid fair to be as wise and well directed as 
any with which this country has been blessed. But 
scarcely had he served four months when he was stricken 
low by the bullet of an assas- 
sin. The murderer was one of 
many who had gone to Wash- 
ington expecting to share in 
the spoils of office 
distributed by even- 
President since the 
days of Jackson. 

Called to the high- 
est office in the land. 
Vice-President 
Arthur manifested 
unexpected ability 
in the administration of its 
affairs. The country was now 
entering upon an era of great 
industrial prosperity. In 1881 
there was held at Atlanta an 
exposition that revealed to an astonishing extent how rapidly 
the South was conforming to new industrial conditions. At 
New Orleans, three years after, a World's Exposition was 
opened, exceeding in magnitude anything of the kind ever 
held in the world before. President Arthur at Washington 
set in motion the massive and intricate machinery con- 
nected with this exposition by directing a current of electricity 
over a telegraph wire between Washington and New Orleans. 




JAMES A. GARFIELD 



Death of Garfield. 
Garfield had been opposed to de- 
grading the public service by making 
appointments to office of trust and 
honor a reward for party services. In 
consequence of this, many were disap- 
pointed. In his efforts to 
purify politics of some of its 
evils he incurred the dis- 
pleasure and opposition of 
many leaders of his party. 
Two of these, SENATORS 
CONKLING and PLATT, of 

New York, resigned their 

seats, returned to their con- 
stituents for reelection, but 
were not sent back. Charles 
J. Guiteau, a lawyer of Chi- 
cago, of uncertain mental 
balance, was among those 
who shared in the animosity 
against the President, ami it \\ as by 
In- art that the death ot the President 

was accomplished. The deed was 
committed at a railroad depot in 
Washington (July .-, iss,,,, and after 
eighty days of suffering the President 
passed away, at Elberon, X. J. 
(September 19, 1881). 




REUNION. 429 

In the election of a successor to Arthur, the candidates of 
the principal parties were, of the Republicans, James G. 
Blaine, of Maine, and John A. Logan, 
of Illinois; of the Democrats, Grover 
Cleveland, of New York, and Thos. 
A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The elec- 
tion was again very close, and the 
contest was narrowed down to the -^iJfPt 
State of New York, which was found ' 
to give a small majority for the Demo- 
cratic candidates. Thus, after an Chester a. Arthur. 
interruption of twenty-four years, a Democratic President 
was again called to administer the executive affairs of the 
government. 

QUESTIONS. 

When was the reunion of States completed? What were the principal 
events of Grant's administration ? What do you know of the Washington 
Treaty? Modoc War? Sioux War? The debt incurred by the war? 
*' Green-backs? " Who were the candidates in the election of Grant's suc- 
cessor? What do you know of the disputed election of 1876? Electoral 
commission? What had strengthened the Democratic party? What were 
the principal events of Hayes' administration ? What do you know of the 
Nez Perce War? Railroad riots of 1S77? Yellow fever epidemics of i878-'79? 
Election of Garfield and Arthur? Death of Garfield? What two exposi- 
tions were held during Arthur's administration? What do you know of the 
election of Cleveland and Hendricks? 

CHAPTER II. 

The United States of To-Day. 

The administration of Cleveland will always be remem- 
bered for the firm and conscientious manner in which the 
President discharged the duties of his office. He had served 
the people of New York in several official capacities — Sheriff 
of Erie County, Mayor of Buffalo, Governor of the State, 



43° 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Cleveland's Cabinet. 

Cleveland's cabinet consisted <>t 
Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, 
Secretary ot State ; Daniel Manning, 
of New York, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury; Lucius Q. C. Lamar, of Missis 
sippi, Secretary of the Interior; W.M. 
C. Endicott, of Massachusetts, Secre- 
tary of "War; Wm. C. WHITNEY, of 
New York, Secretary of the Navy; 

Wm. !•'. Vilas, of Wisconsin. Post- 
master-General; and Augustus II. 
Garland, of Arkansas, Attorney- 
General, 



and in all had served them 
well. His call to the highest 
office in the land was a mark 
of confidence inspired by the 
record he had made for integf- 
rity and capacity ; and when he 
became a presidential candi- 
date, many who were not of 
his party, had been drawn to 
his support. 

With the ascendancy of the Democratic party to power, 
for the first time in twenty-four years, it was thought that 
the precedent established by President Jackson would be 
followed, and that a general discharge of officeholders would 
ensue. But Cleveland soon proved himself a staunch 

friend of Civil Service Reform. 
"Public office is a public trust'* 
he declared, and his highest en- 
deavor was to administer the affairs 
of government in a thoroughly busi- 
ness-like-manner, honestly and 
economically. His removals from 
office were comparatively few, and 
these were made for cause. Ap- 
pointment to place in the Federal 
service was based upon efficiency. 
This policy of the President dis- 
pleased many of his political fol- 
lowers who were imbued with the idea. " To the victors belong 
the spoils." A sufficient number of these withdrew their 
support to prevent his reelection. His defeat for a second 
term was also due to the position taken by the Democratic 
party upon the tariff question. For many years this question 




GROVEFt CLEVELAND. 



REUNION. 431 

had almost disappeared from the politics of the country, as 
the more disturbing ones of slavery and secession had 
engrossed public attention; but it had now again arisen. 

The heavy debt into which the country had been plunged 
by the Civil War necessitated the levying of a high tariff 
for revenue, which practically served many of the purposes 
of protection. The revenue thus derived was rapidly 
decreasing the public debt, and was more than was 
necessary to pay these debts as they matured. In conse- 
quence of this, a great surplus of money, for which the 
government had little need, was accumulating in the public 
treasury. 

Cleveland presented this matter to Congress in a remark- 
able and masterly message. He took the position that the 
tariff was a tax, and that the accumulation of a surplus was 
evidence that the people were being unnecessarily taxed, 
and he advocated a reduction of the tariff. In this he was 
sustained by his party, and revenue reduction became one 
of the issues in the political campaign of 1888. 

The high war tariff had given an immense impulse to 
various American industries. The wool interests of Texas, 
the sugar interests of Louisiana, the iron interests of Penn- 
sylvania, the lumber interests of Michigan, in addition to 
the manufacturing interests of different parts of the country, 
all felt the benefit of protection, and, therefore, the friends 
of protection had greatly increased in numbers, and were 
more widely distributed than when tariff first became a 
political issue. 

The Republican party opposed any reduction that should 
interfere with the protective features of the existing tariff. 
The candidates of this partv were, for President, Benjamin 
F. Harrison, of Indiana; for Vice-President, Levi P. Mor- 
ton, of New York. For President, the Democrats renominated 



43 2 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Grover Cleveland, and placed 
with him upon the presidential 
ticket Allen G. Thurman, of 
Ohio, as Vice-President. The 
deciding of the contest a<jain 
fell to New York. By a re- 
markable change of sentiment 
in an otherwise strongly Dem- 
ocratic count)- of that State, 
Harrison and Morton were 
elected. 

The period during which 
Cleveland served as President 
was remarkable for the num- 
ber of eminent Americans who 
died. Among these were 
Grant, McClellan, Hendricks, 
Tilden and Hancock. The 
Indian difficulties in the West 
that claimed the attention of 
the government were those 
arising with the warlike Apa- 
che Indians of Arizona. These 
Indians had always been trou- 
blesome, and had committed 
many atrocities and depreda- 
tions. General Crook, a 
famous Indian lighter, was 
sent against them. He pur- 
sued the hostiles into Mexico, 
followed them persistently for 
many days, and at last sur- 
rounding them in a secluded 



The " Educational Campaign." 
The masses of the people are con- 
sumers of articles protected by the 
tariff, and consumers receive little 
direct benefit from an increase of 
prices. Of these consumers, two 
classes, the laborer and the Western 
farmer, have had to be won over by 
argument to the side of protection. It 
could hardly be said now that Ameri- 
can manufactures were in their in- 
famy, so protection for infant indus- 
tries had ceased to be advocated by the 
time the tariff question again entered 
politics. The argument now was that a 
protective tariff benefited the laborer 
and the farmer, inasmuch a>- the pro- 
tected manufacturers were able to pay 
higher wages to their workmen, who. in 
turn, were able to pay the farmers better 
prices for the necessaries of life. On 
the other hand, it was urged that pro- 
tection had caused an unhealthy in- 
crease in the number of factories, that 
overproduction and competition were 
causing a decrease of profits, render- 
ing necessary a lowering of wages; 
that the multiplication of producing 
agents in the various industries had 
brought into operation the public evil 

called Trusts, which are powerful 

combinations to control the products 
ot an industry, and by limiting the 
supply, cause prices to rise above 
values, to the injury of the consumers. 
This limiting of production has been 
accomplished in many instances 
by closing down a number ot the 
factories organized into a "Trust." 
whose owners lose nothing by the 
Stoppage, as they share in the in- 
creased profits of the combination. 
but whose workmen are thrown out oi 
employment, Thus it would seem that 
for every benefit afforded by protection 
there is a corresponding evil. As to 

which of the two — benefit Or evil — pre- 
dominates, it yet remains for the Amer- 
ican people to fully understand. The 

presidential contest of t ssv; has been 
termed an " educational campaign," 
for never before had American thought 
been so awakened to the consideration 
oi wages, profits, consumption, ex- 
change, the inter-relations oi an indus- 
trial people, and other subjects pertain- 
ing to the study of political economy. 



REUNION. 



433 



spot in the innermost recesses of the Sierra Mad re Mountains, 
and compelled the chief, Geronoio, and a large party of 
his followers to surrender. These Indians were subsequent- 
ly removed to Florida, where, far from their old scenes of 
bloodshed, they are kept under strict surveillance. 



President, there was erected 
gigantic statue of Liberty En- 
i ■ designed by the eminent 
tholdi. and presented by 
the people of America 
event that occupied 
occurring the same 
earthquake that visited 
of the United States, 
this earthquake were 
city of Charleston, 
buildings were 
and a number 
treasured land 
effaced. For 
seemed as if 
ity of the city 
terminated, 
mendable 
zens declined 
their city, and 
energies to 
rebuilding. 
There now remains but little trace of disaster. 

The election of Harrison to the Presidency of the United 
States brings the subject of American history within the 
present knowledge of the student. The events that are 
to transpire during his administration, and the relative 



While Cleveland was 
in New York Harbor a 
lightening the World, 
French sculptor, Bar- 
the people of France to 
(October 28, 1886). An 
wide-spread attention 
year, was a remarkable 
the South Atlantic Coast 
The destructive effects of 
particularly felt in the 
where many 
laid in ruins 
of old and 
marks were 
some time it 
the prosper- 
had abruptly 
but with corn- 
spirit, the citi- 
to abandon 
bent their 
the work of 





STATUE OF LIBERTY. 



434 



PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 




ftFTER THE EARTHQUAKE. 



importance of them in their bearing upon the progress of 
the country, remain to be seen. Already a number of 
occurrences have been chronicled that deserve passing 
notice. Among these are the Samoan controversy: the 
admission as States of North Dakota, South Dakota, 
Washington and Montana, preliminary steps to which were 
taken during the latter part of Cleveland's administration ; 
the opening up to settlement of a large tract of land known 
as Oklahoma, in the Indian Territory, the unprecedented 
rush of settlers to which has been termed the " Oklahoma 
Boom"; the celebration in New York with great pom]) and 
ceremony of the one hundredth anniversary of Washington s 
inauguration (April 30, 1889): and the terrible devastation 
inflicted upon one of Pennsylvania's fair valleys — that of 
Conemaugh — by the bursting of a large reservoir near its 
head. In this disaster the lives lost amounted to many thou- 
sands, the property destroyed to many millions, and the des- 
titution, suffering, and bereavement caused, have had few 
parallels in the annals of human woes. 



REUNION. 



435 




■P 



HARRISON. 



The inauguration of Harrison brings to mind the signer of 
the Declaration of Independence from whom he is descended. 
With this event the gov- 
ernment of the United States 
completes the first one hundred 
years of its existence. In look- 
ing over the field of American 
history covered by this period, 
one cannot but be impressed 
with the wonderful changes 
that have been wrought, the 
results that have been accom- 
plished, the growth that has 
been attained, and the progress 
that has been achieved. The thirteen States have become 
forty-two ; the three millions of people have become sixty 
millions. The domain whose western boundary was once 
the Mississippi, now extends to the Pacific. 

It is to be noted that the constituency ruled over by the 
United States Government is rapidly becoming homogeneous, 
and sectional lines are disappearing so far as industrial 
interests are concerned. The destruction of slavery has 
caused a concentration of the thought and intelligence of the 
South in the development of the extraordinary natural 
resources of that section. The coal and iron fields of 
Pennsylvania have their counterparts in Alabama and Ten- 
nessee, the pineries of Maine and Michigan theirs, in the 
almost untouched forest treasures of the southern tier of 
States. The dairy and farming enterprises of New York 
are paralleled by those of Mississippi and Georgia. The 
rich plains of Texas are being peopled by the same hardy 
class that have wrung the agricultural treasures from the 
prairies of the Northwest. Pittsburg. Chattanooga and 



436 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

Birmingham: Providence, Atlanta and Augusta; Philadel- 
phia and New Orleans, have identical interests. 

In thought and in feeling the sections are drawing closer 
together. In the old days, before the revolution, Charleston 
sent her food supplies to the closed port of Boston ; in later 
times Boston sends her message of sympathy and material 
aid to the earthquake-stricken city. An epidemic in Florida, 
a storm-ravaged coast in Texas, an overflow in the delta 
of the Mississippi, a conflagration in a large city, a 
disastrous inundation in a Pennsylvania valley — each with its 
attendant misery and human suffering, — calls forth a gene- 
rous response from the American people as a whole, and 
brings them into closer fellowship. The antagonisms of the 
past are passing from view, and are only brought to mind by a 
few demagogues, who, in vain attempts to attain political popu- 
laritv, seek to revive issues no longer potent for evil. The 
veterans once opposed to each other now meet at times, upon 
the old battlefields, in reunions that establish ties of lasting 
friendship. The graves of dead heroes are hallowed 
and honored, irrespective of the side upon which they 
fought. Marble shafts in memory of many a valiant deed, 
point upwards in all their massiveness, indicative of the 
greatness and of the aspirations of those they commemorate. 
From manv a pedestal there look down upon us the sculp- 
tured forms of those whose memories neither North nor 
South will willingly let die. History preserves them. The 
student, when he comes to perform his part — humble or 
exalted — in the social, political and moral life of the reunited 
nation, must remember that the past has given him a herit- 
age : that the present, becoming the past, will leave to pos- 
terity another heritage: that whatever the bequest is to be, 
depends upon the intelligence and integrity of the self- 
governing bodv-politic of which he is a constituent. 



Greenwich 8' 




TERRITORIAL GROWTH 

OF THE 

UNITED STATE 

The figures under the Statenames indicate the datesof their 
admission into the Union; or. in the case of tlte Original Thir- 
States, the date of their ratification of the Constitution 



SCALE OF MILES 



300 400 500 



ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U.S. 



REUNION. 437 

QUESTIONS. 

What do you know of Cleveland and his administration? Of whom was 
his cabinet composed? What policy did he pursue in regard to removals 
and appointments? What great declaration did he make? Who were dis- 
pleased with his policy? What question had again arisen since the close 
of the war? What position did Cleveland take upon the tariff? Surplus? 
What do you know of the "Educational Campaign" of 1888? Who were 
the principal candidates? What was the result? What were the principal 
events of Cleveland's administration ? What do you know of the Apache 
war? Of Bartholdi's statue? Charleston earthquake? What are some 
of the events that have transpired since Harrison's election ? Give the 
changes in size and population that have occurred in the first one hundred 
years of national existence? How are the sections becoming alike in 
interests? What facts show that they are drawing closer together in thought 
and feeling? What must the student of history realize? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

When and where was Washington inaugurated? Who composed his 
Cabinet? What was the Capital Bargain? Whisky Rebellion? What 
Presidents served two terms? One term? Died in Office? How and when 
was Louisiana acquired? Florida? Texas? California? Alaska? What 
do you know of the Northwest Territory? The Organization and Admis- 
sion of Tennessee and Kentucky? Who was Genet? What were the Ken- 
tuckv and Virginia Resolutions? What wars have occurred with the Bar- 
bary Powers? What do you know of Burr's Conspiracy? Fulton's first 
Steamboat? What were the causes of the War of 1812? Mexican War? 
What Indian wars have occurred since the establishment of the Federal 
Government? When and why was the Indian Territory organized? What 
two campaigns were executed in the first year of the War of 1812? Three 
in the second? Two in the third? Name the principal American Generals. 
British? American Naval Commanders? British? American Naval Vic- 
tories? British? What do you know of the battle of New Orleans? The 
State of West Florida? Internal Improvements? What is the Monroe 
Doctrine? The Era of Good Feeling? The American System? Nullifica- 
tion? What is a Tariff ? A Tax? How may Tariffs be classified? What 
do you know of the growth of Cotton Manufactures? The Business Panic 
of 1S37? When did a similar panic occur? What is the Sub-Treasury Sys- 
tem and when established? What do you know of the Mormons? The 
Annexation of Texas? The Texas Revolution? What three Campaigns 



438 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 

were accomplished in the Mexican War? What were the principal battles of 
each? How did an antagonism between the sections originate? What was 
the Missouri Compromise? The Omnibus Bill? The Dred Scott decision? 
The Fugitive Slave Law? The Kansas-Nebraska Bill? What do you know 
of the beginning and progress of the Anti-Slavery Movement? Why did 
the Southern States secede? What do you know of the organization of the 
Confederate Government? Why was Fort Sumter fired upon? What bat- 
tles of the Civil War occurred in Virginia? Missouri? Kentucky? Arkan- 
sas? Tennessee? Mississippi? Georgia? North Carolina? Louisiana? 
Texas? New Mexico? West Virginia? Pennsylvania? The Shenandoah 
Valley? What do you know of Stonewall Jackson? Name the five greatest 
Confederate Victories of the Civil War? Federal? Five decisive battles, 
and tell why? What effect had the Blockade? What do you know of the 
Alabama? The Virginia? The Tennessee? Give the principal military 
operations along the Mississippi River? The principal coast operations? 
Name some of the principal Cavalry leaders on the Confederate side? 
Federal? Name as many Confederate Generals as you may know, with a 
battle in which each participated? Federal? Name ten battles in which 
Grant took part? Ten of Lee's battles? Seven of J. E. Johnston's? Four of 
McClellan's? Four of Rosecrans'? Two of Banks'? Five of Price's? 
Two of Van Dorn's? Three of Hood's? Four of Bragg's? Six of Sher- 
man's? What do you know of the capture of New Orleans? Vicksburg? 
Last charge at Gettysburg? Defense of Sabine Pass? Battle of Olustee? 
Sherman's March? Jackson's Valley Campaign? Banks' Red River Expe- 
ditions? Magruder's Capture of Galveston? Valley Operations of Early? 
Battle of New Market? Appomattox Surrender? What was the last 
engagement of the war? What do you know of the Trent affair? Maxi- 
millian invasion of Mexico? Abolishment of slavery? Death and charac- 
ter of Lincoln? What contest arose between President Johnson and Con- 
gress concerning the readmission of the Southern States? What was the 
policy of each? Why was Johnson impeached? What was the Geneva 
award? What do you know of the disputed election of 1 876? How was 
the decision reached? What do you know of the election and death of 
Garfield? The Educational Campaign of 1S8S? The events that have 
transpired since Harrison's election? What Presidents were elected by the 
Democratic-Republican party? The National Republican or Whig party? 
The Democratic party? The Republican party? Name some political 
parties that have been unsuccessful in electing a President? Give the prin- 
cipal events of the administration of each President in order? Draw a 
comparison between the United States of Washington's time and the United 
States of to-day. 



APPENDIX I. 



The Declaration of Independence. 



In Congress^ July 4, 1776. 

The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States op 

America. 

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, 
and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station 
to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent 
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, 
that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to 
secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of 
Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People 
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its founda- 
tion on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them 
shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, in- 
deed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, 
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to 
right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it 
is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide 
new Guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance 
of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to 
alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present 
King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all 
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these 
States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be 
obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Repre- 
sentation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomforta- 
ble, and distant. from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedlv, for opposing with 
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 



44-0 APPENDIX I. 

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, 
have returned to the People at large for their exercise; tbe State remaining 
in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and 
convulsions within. 

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
of new Appropriations of Lands. 

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent 
to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. 

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of 
Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the 
Consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to 
the Civil Power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their 
Acts of pretended Legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders 
which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: 

For cuttting off our Trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our Consent: 

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: 

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring 
Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for in- 
troducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: 

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and 
altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection 
and waging War against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with 
circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken captive on the high Seas to 
bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, 
whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes and conditions. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



44 1 



In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the 
most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by 
repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free People. 

Nor have We been wanting in r-ttention to our British brethren. We have 
warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an 
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed 
to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the 
ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would 
inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, 
as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in 
General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and bv Authority 
of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That 
these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent 
States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, 
and that all political connection between them and the State of Great 
Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Inde- 
pendent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract 
Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which 
Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we 
mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred 

Honor - JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay — Saml. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island — Step. Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

Netu York — Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis 
Morris. 

New Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. IIopkixson, 
John Hart, Abra. Clark. 

Pennsylvania — Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Franklin, John 
Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. 
Ross. 

Delaware — Cesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tiio. M'Kean. 

Maryland — Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton. 

Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, T::. Jefferson,. 
Benja. Harrison, Thos. Nelson, jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
Braxton. 

North Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hcwes, John Penn. 
South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. IIeyward, Junr., Thomas. 
Lynch, Junr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton. 



APPENDIX 11. 



Constitution of the United States of America. 



Preamble. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- 
mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTI- 
TUTION for the United States of America. 

Article I. 
Section- I. i. All legislative powers herein granted 
}!%■*!■!■*"''' Bha11 be vested in a Congress* of the United States, which 

shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
Sec. II. i. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year, by the people of the severai 
£nt'«tn"C. B<P ' e ~ 8tates ; and " th e electors in each State shall have the quali- 
fications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the State Legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the 

age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
?eprJJ!%au"cs° f the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States which may be included within this Union, according to their 

respective numbers, f which shall be determined bv add in:; 
i^l'prllTntatiles to the whole number of free persons, including those 

bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians 
not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. I The actual enumeration shall 
be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such man- 
ner as they shall bv law direct. The number of representatives shall not 
exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New 
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; 
New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; 
Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, 
three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 

executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to 
Vacancies. «-,, . . J 

fill such vacancies. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their 

^uted hOU aP ~ s P ea ^ er and other officers, § and shall have the sole power 

of impeachment. 

*The body of senators and representatives for each term ot two years for which repre- 
sentatives are chosen is called one Congress. Each Congress expires at noon of the 4th of 
March next succeeding the beginning of its second regular session, when a new Congress 
begins. 

t'l'he apportionment under the census of 1SS0 is one representative to every '54,325 
persons. 

JThis refers to slaves, and is no longer in force (see Amendment XIII). 

§Clerk, sergeant- at- arms, doorkeeper and postmaster, and others. The speaker is the 
presiding otlicer. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 443 

Sec. III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature there- ,, 
of, for six years; and eachSenator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into 

three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class senators? U ° n ° f 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of 
the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class, 
at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every 
second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during 
the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make 
temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which 
shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have 

attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a ^^^ Uma of 

citizen of the United States; and who shall not, when 

elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be 

president of the Senate; but shall have no vote, unless f^ate™* ° f *''* 
they be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers,* and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the 
office of the President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirma- Senate a court 
tion. When the President of the United States is tried, for trial of inv- 
the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be con- peachments. 
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment, in case of impeachment, shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and en- 
joy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United ^f^onviction 41 ^ 
States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be lia- 
ble and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according 
to law. 

Sec. IV. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for 
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each Elections of sen- 
State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at utors and of rep- 
any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except resentatives. 
as to the places of choosing senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in ^ffJs"^ °^ Con ~ 
December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Sec. V. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and 
qualifications of its own members; and a majority of 
each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a oonS^e^** ** °^ 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may 
be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such man- 
ner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed- 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, ^'Je of proceed- 
with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in 

their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of ™^" al ° f Con ~ 

the members of either house, on any question, shall, at 

the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

*Secretary, sergeant-at-arms, doorkeeper and postmaster, and others. 



444 APPENDIX II. 

4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- 
sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to 

(untile""''''''* an - v other P lace than that [n which the two houses shall 

be sitting. 
Sec. VI. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compen- 
sation* for their services, to lie ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
. . treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, 
I?,',™ "/"iLflblr*. except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privi- 
leged from arrest during their attendance at the session 
of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same: 
and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned 
in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 

elected, be appointed to any civil office, under the author- 

l'!" inhibited lt y oi the United States, which shall have been created, 

or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 

during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States 

shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 

Sec. VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 

„ , .„ Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur 

Hcceiitie bills. .£ , ,, lmi 

with amendments, as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of 
the United States. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return 
it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who 

shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
,''""''" 7 ' S&ff °""' proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration 

two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it 
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it 
shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house 
it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall 
be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for 
and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respective- 
ly. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same 
shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the 
Approx-al ami Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
veto powers of the (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented 
President. to t he President of the United States; and before the 
same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by 
him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Sec. VIII. The Congress shall have power — 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and ex- 

Congre88? 8ted "* ciscs to P a - V the debts and provide for the common defense 
and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, 
imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes. 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 

*The present compensation is $5,000 a year, with twenty cents for every mile of travel by 
the most usually traveled post route to and from the national capital. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 445 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standards of weights and measures. 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States. 

7. To establish postoffices and postroads. 

S. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, bv securing, for 
limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their re- 
spective writings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations. 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water. 

12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of monev to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years. 

13. To provide and maintain a navy. 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces. 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 

16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress. 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of 
the United States,* and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, 
by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, 
for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards and other needful 
buildings; and 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrving 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department 
or officer thereof. 

Sec. IX. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not 
be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one hmi^admitted 
thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may 
be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. f 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safetv 

may require it. Habeas corpus. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be 

„ 1 Attainder. 

passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to 
the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be 

taken. Direet taxes - 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

6. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of 

commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those r^^-d inn 'duties' 
of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State 
be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 

*The District ot Columbia. 

jThis has reference to the foreign slave trade. 



446 APPENDIX II. 

7. Xo money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and 
d\"'iu)' t S ' h ° l ° account of the receipts and expenditures of all public 

money shall be published from time to time. 
S. Xo title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no per- 
son holding any oifice of profit or trust under them shall, 
prohibit,!! " f " Uty withou t the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from 
any king, prince or foreign .State. 

Sec. X. 1. Xo State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confedera- 
tion; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; 
Pojrcrs of States it bills of crec ij t; ma k e anything but gold and silver 

coin a tender in payment ot debts; pass any bill of 
attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; 
or grant any title of nobility. 

2. Xo State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts- 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and im- 
posts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the 
revision and control of the Congress. Xo State shall, without the consent 
of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time 
of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with 
a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded or in such immi- 
nent danger as will not admit of delay. 

Article II. 

Section I. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his office during 

?nwholti e £sti(i'' the term ot four vears i and > together with the Vice- 
President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in 
the Congress; but no Senator, or Representative, or per- 
son holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall 
be appointed an elector. 

[3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same State with themselves. And they shall make a list 
1 ' r '".''''' , '"y )i °t of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to 
the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the 
presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certifi- 
cates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who 
have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of 
Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one 
JtevrttenUMott* ot them tor President; and if no person have a majority, 
then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, 
in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 447 

person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the 
Vice-President. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal 
votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President.]* 

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing 

the electors, and the day on which they shall give their el"a °£ choosing 
votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United 
States. f 

5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, 

shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall SutSSSSSk ° f 
any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident 
within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, 
resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and 

the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, ^ZTsaMiUj* ° f 
death, resignation or inability, both of the President and 
Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as president; and such 
officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President 
shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compen- 
sation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished 

during the period for which he shall have been elected; weaidenf 
and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. J 

S. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the follow- 
ing oath or affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office 
of President of the United States, and will, to the best of 
my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution 
of the United States." 

Sec. II. 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when 
called into the actual service of the United States; he 
may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal f»J^!»SL2* the 
officer, in each of the executive departments, upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their respective officers; and he shall have 
power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and 
he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- ]\[ av ma Tee trea~ 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other pub- ties, appoint am- 
lic ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, bassadors, judg- 
and all other officers of the United States whose appoint- es ' etc ' 
ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such 
inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts 
of law, or in the heads of departments. 

*This clause, within brackets, has been superseded by the 12th Amendment. 

fThe electors are chosen on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November pre- 
ceding the expiration of a presidential term, and vote for president and vice-president on the 
first Wednesday of the December following. The votes are counted and declared in Con- 
gress the second Wednesday of the following February. 

JThe salary of the President was $25,000 a year until 1S72, when it was increased to $50,000. 
That of the Vice-President is $Soooa year. 



443 



APPENDIX II. 



3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting 
cirJ! ''"<'""- commissions which shall expire at the end of" their next 

session. 
Sec. III. 1. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the State of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;* he may, on extra- 
ordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of 
CW//"s.'''''' them, and, in case of disagreement between them with 

respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them 
to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and 
other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- 
cuted; and shall commission all the ofilcers of the United States. 

Sec. IV. 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- 
bewmoved? " l "' J ment for, and conviction of treason, bribery or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

Article III. 

Section I. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the 
hou-'ves',-,/''"''' Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. 
The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, 
shall hold their offices during good behavior: and shall, at stated times, 
receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

Sec. II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and 
equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their author- 
To ?r/mf cases it -^. to a ii cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime 
jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party: 
controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of 
another State :f between citizens of different States: between citizens of the 
same State claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a 
State or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
Jurisdiction of and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme 
tin- Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other 
Court. cases before mentioned the Supreme Court shall have 
appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exemptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachments, shall be bv 

jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the 
JtH/rs respecting s;li ;, orimes sha n have been committed; hut when not 

committed within any State, the trial shall be at such 
place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Sec. III. 1. Treason against the'United States shall consist only in levy- 
ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, Trcaso „ defined. 
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- 
victed of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same 
overt act, or on confession in open court. 



*The President does this in messages at the opening of each session. Washington and 
John Adams read their messages in person to both houses of Congress. Jefferson intro- 
duced the present practice of sending to the two houses a written message by his private 
secretary. 

1See Amendments, Art. XI. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



449 



2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; 

but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood „ . . , 

£ -i. j • ..I- i-r i.- ..I How punished. 

or forfeiture, except during the lite ot the person at- 

tainted. 

Article IV. 

Section" I. i. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every 
other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, of >a es. 

prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be 
proved, and the effect thereof. 

Sec. II. i. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the ^J'l^i'egesofeiti- 
several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 

State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the ^%™/* ve re « M *- 
State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed 
to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 

escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or 

regulation therein be discharged from such service or „ "' re V»lcUng 
11 u j. u 11 u j .• j l- r^i. service or labor. 

labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to 

whom such service or labor may be due. 

Sec. III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected Neu , states how 
within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State formed and ad- 
be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts fitted. 
of States, without the consent of the Legislature of the States concerned, 
as well as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other p wer of Con- 
property belonging to the United States; and nothing in gress over jiublic 
this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice '«'"'*• 
any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. IV. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect Republican gov- 
each of them against invasion; and on application of the ernmentgua'ran- 
Legislature or of the executive (when the Legislature *eed. 
cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

Article V. 

1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the appli- 
cation of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a 
convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, Constitution 
when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the howtobearnend- 
several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, C<1 - 
as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con- 
gress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior "to the vear 
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the "first 
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that 
no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
Senate. 



45o 



APPENDIX II. 



Article VI. 
i. All debts contracted and engagements entered into 
reJoaHiL"/. d€btS before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid 
against the United States under this Constitution as under 
the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 

made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 

tu^Z HfiZef £ hich shal ! b « made ' under the authority of the United 
States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution 
or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members 
of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both 
Oath; of whom °f the United States and of the several States, shall be 
lit/ in red, and for bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; 
what, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifica- 
tion to any office or public trust under the United States. 

Article VII. 

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
for the establishment of this Contitution between the 
Ratification. Stateg gQ rati£ying the same . 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have 
hereunto subscribed our names.* 

GEORGE WASHINGTON', 
Presidt. and deputy from Virginia. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

John Langdon. 
Nicholas Oilman. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

Nathaniel Gorham, 
Rufus King. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Wm. Saml. Johnson, 
Roger Sherman. 

NEW YORK. 

Alexander Hamilton. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Wil. Livingston, 
David Brearlev, 
Wm. Paterson. 

Jona. Dayton. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

B. Franklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, 
Robt. Morris, 
Geo: Clvmer, 
Tho : Fitzsimons, 
Jared Ingersoll, 
James Wilson, 
Gouv : Morris. 

DELAWARE. 

Geo : Read, 



VIRGINIA. 

John Blair, 

James Madison, Jr. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

Wm. Blount, 

Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, 

Hu. Williamson. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

J. Rutledge, 



Gunning Bedford, Jun'r, Charles Cotesworth 

John Dickinson, Pincknev, 

Richard Bassett, Charles Pincknev, 

Jaco: Broom. Pierce Butler. 

MARYLAND. 

James M'llenrv, Georgia. 

Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifer, William Few, 

Danl. Carroll. Abr. Baldwin. 



Attest : 



WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 



*The number of delegates chosen to the convention was sixty-five ; ten did not attend ; six- 
teen declined signing the Constitution, or left the convention before it was ready to be 
signed. Thirty-nine signed. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 451 

Amendments to the Constitution. 

*Art. I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 

religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or Freedom in reli- 

abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the gion, speech, 

right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition press. 
the government for a redress of grievances. 

Art. II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a 

free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms , r .,.,. 

111 .1 m i" • j .)l it it 1*1, 

shall not be infringed. 

Art. III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, 

without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war „ ... 
, . , 1 ., j 1 , Soldiers. 

but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Art. IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 

papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 

■ r . uii l. \. . • 1 4. j 1 i_ 11 • Seareli warrants. 

seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue 

but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly 

describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Art. V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 

infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, 

except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when 

in actual service, in time of war or public daneer; nor „ . . 
111 u u- j. c i.u re l 1. Capital crimes. 

shall any person be subject tor the same offense to be 

twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any 

criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, 

liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property 

be taken for public use, without just compensation. 

Art. VI. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right 

to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 

wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 

been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed m . . . 

j- ., r J , c a i- l Trial by jury. 

of the nature and cause or the accusation; to be con- " J J 

fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for 

obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for 

his defense. 

Art. VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall 

exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be 

preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise Su,ts at common 

... ciT^-ir. . law. 

re-examined, in any court or the United btates, tnan ac- 
cording to the rules of the common law. 

Art. VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor _ „ „ 

r- . 1 j 1 • , Sail, tines, etc. 

excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 

ment inflicted. 

Art. IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, 
shall not be construedto deny or disparasre others retained „ ... 
by people. CeHain Ttghts - 

Art. X. The powers not delegated to the Uniied States by the Constitu- 
tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the „ 
Oii i-i i^u 1 Powers reserved. 

States respectively, or to the people. 

|Art. XI. The judicial power of the United States 

shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or Judicial power 
j , • . , limited. 

equity, commenced or prosecuted against one ot the 

United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 
foreign State. 

*The first ten amendments were proposed in 17S9, and declared adopted in 1701. 
fThe eleventh amendment was proposed in 1794, and declared adopted in 179S. 



452 



APPKNDIX II. 



*Art. XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
by ballot for President and Vice-President one of whom, at least, shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; thev shall name 
in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the 
person voted for as Vice-President: and thev shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-Presi- 
dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate 
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
'\'!'tV']'ll : 'slr°4, entatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then 
respecting elee- ' be counted; the person having the greatest number of 
*'"" of President votes for President shall be the President, if such number 
"hilt * ,f ''' '' t ' s '~ be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; 
and if no person have such majority, then from the per- 
sons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
diately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not 
choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President 
shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional 
disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have 
a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall 
choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- 
thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole num- 
ber shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligi- 
ble to the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of 
the United States. 

fAux. XIII. Sec. I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have 
Xo slavery. b ^ n du]y convicted, shall exist within the United States, 

or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 

JArt. XIV. Sec. I. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce 
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or 
property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to 
vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive or 
judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is 
denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 

*The twelfth amendment was proposed in 1S03, and declared adopted in 1S04. 

tTlie thirteenth amendment was proposed and adopted in 1S65. 

{The fourteenth amendment was proposed in iS66, and adopted in 1S6S. 



PRONUNCIATIONS. 



453 



of age and citizens of the United States, or in any war abridged, except for 
participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein 
shall be reduced in the proportion in which the number of such male citi- 
zens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of 
age in such State. 

Sec. III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or ejector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or mili- 
tary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously 
taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, 
or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com- 
fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of 
each house, remove such disability. 

Sec. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized 
by law, including debts incurred for payment of pension and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any 
debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but 
all Mich debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. V. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legisla- 
tion, the provisions of this article. 

*Art. XV. Sec. I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote 
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 

*The fifteenth amendment was proposed in jStx>, and adopted in 1S70. 



APPENDIX III. 



PRONUNCIATIONS. 



Acadie — Ah-cah-dee'. 

Aix-la-Chappelle — Aks-lah-shahpel'. 

Alamo — Ah'-lah-mo, 

Albert— Ahl-hare'. 

Alcolhuas — Ahl-kol-hoo'-wahs. 

Algonquin — Al-gon'-kwin. 

Alonzo de Ojedo — Ah-lon'zo-da-O-ha'do. 

Altamaha — Awl' -taw -maw -haw'. 

Aimable— A-mab'-bl. 

Ampudia — Ahm-poo'-de-ah. 

Antonio de Mendoza — 

Ahn-to'-ne-o da Men-do'-zah. 
Apache — Ah-pah'-cha. 
Arista — Ah-rees'tah. 
Arkansas — Ar'-kan-saw. 
Attakullakulla— Ah-tah-kool'-ah-kool-ah. 
Aztlan — Ahz'-tlahn. 
Bahama — Bah-hahm'-ah. 
Bartholomeu Diaz — Rar-tol'-o-mou-Dee-az. 
Bermudas — Ber-mu'-daz. 
Beujeu — Bo-zhoo'. 
Bienville — Be-on -veal'. 

Bjorne Herjulfson — Be-orn-Har-yoolf-sun. 
Boishebert — Bwah'-e-bare'. 
Bracito — Brah-the'-to. 
Buena Vista — Bwa'-nah-Yees'-tah. 
Cabecca de Vaca — Ka-bek-ka-da-Yah'-ka. 



Cabral— Kah-brahl'. 
Cappas — Kah'-paws. 
Chaleurs — Sha'ler. 
Champlain — Sham- plane'. 
Chapultepec — Cha-pool-ta-pek'. 
Cherubusco — Che-roo-boos'-ko. 
Chevalier de Tonti — 

Shew vahl'-ya-du-Tonte. 
Chichimecs — Chee chee-meks'. 
Chicora — Sheko'-rah. 
Chihuahua — She-wah'-wah. 
Christoforo Colombo — 

Kres-to-fo'-ro Ko-lom' bo. 
Crozat — Kro'-zaht. 
Coahuila — Ko-a-hwe'-lah. 
Colito — Ko-le'-to. 
Comanches — Ko-man'-chez. 
Conception — Con-cep-tion. 
Contrecoeur — Kont'-ra-koor. 
Contreras — Kon-tra'-ras. 
Coronado — Kor-o-nah'-do. 
Cortez, Hernando — Her-nahn'-do-Kor'-tez 
Coureurs-de-bois — Koo-rer'-du-bwah. 
Dacan — Da-kong'. 
De Gourgues — Da-goorg'. 
De la Roche — Da-lah-rosh'. 
De Monts — Da-Mong'. 



454 



APPENDIX III. 



Denys — Duh -nee. 

De Rouville — Du-Roo-veel\ 

De Vitre— Da-Yu-tra'.] 

Dieskau — De-es-ko'. 

Duhault— Du-ho'. 

Duluth — Du-looth'. 

Du Quesne — Doo-Kane', 

Durand de Villagagnon — 

Du-rong'-da-Ve-lah-gahn-yong'. 
Enciso — En-see'-zo. 
Espejo — A-spa'-ho. 
Esquimaux — Es'-ki-mo*. 
Francisco — Fran-sees' -ko. 
Frontenac — Fron'-ta-nac. 
Gaspard de Coligny— Gas-par-da-Ko-len-ve'. 
Gila— lit'- lah. 
Gomera — Go- ma' -rah. 
Grijalva — Gre-hahl'-vah. 
Guadalupe — G wall -da -loo' -pa. 
Gunnbyorn — Goon'-he-yorn. 
Hennepin — Hen'-a-pan. 
Henricus — Hen-re'-cus. 
Hiens — He-an'. 
Hispaniola — Hes-pahn-yo'-lah. 
Hochelaga — Ho-shu-lah'-gah. 
Hoei Shin — Ho-yi-Shin'. 
Huguenots — Hu'-ge-no'. 
Iberville — E-bare-veel'. 
Iroquois — Ir-0 - k w a li ' . 
Jacques Cartier — Zhahk-Kahr'-te-a. 
Jalapa — Hah-lah'-pah. 
Joli— Zho-lee'. 
Joliet — Zho'-lee-a. 

Juan'de Onate — Iloo-ahn'-da-Oon-yat'. 
Jumonville — Zhu-mong-veel'. 
Karlsefne — Karl-sef'-nee. 
Keift— Keeft. 

Kiccowtan — Ke-koo-tan*. 
La Belle— Lah-bel'. 

La Noche Triste — Lah-Xocha-Trees'-ta. 
La Salle— Lah Sahl'. 
Laudonniere — Lo-don-yare'. 
Launcelot — Lon'-se-lo. 
Le Boeuf— Lu-ISuff. 
Le Feboure — Leh-Fa-boor". 
Leislur — Lise'-ler. 
Les Vaches — I.a-vash'. 
Liel Ericson — Leef Er'-ik-sun. 
Lriotot — Le-o-to'. 
Los Angeles— Los-ahng'-el-es. 
Luys de Moscoso — Loo-ees' da Mos-co'-so. 
Manchac— Man shac'. 
Marquette— Main- kut". 
Maurepas — Mor'-a ]>:ih. 
Mauvilla— Mo-vee'-lah. 
Melendez de Aviles — 

Mel-en'-daz-du-Ah-veel'-es. 
Minuit — Min'-oo-it. 
Moquis — Mo kee'. 
Montcalm — Mont-kahm'. 
Monterey — Mon-ta ray'. 
Montezuma — Mon-ta-zoo'-mah. 
Montiano — Mon-te-ah'-no. 



Nahuatlac— N'ah waht'-lak. 

Natchitoches — Nak'-a-tosh. 

Nueces — Nwa'-thes. 

Nunez de Balboa — Noon'-yez-da-Bahl-bo-ah. 

Opecancanough — O-pe-kan'-kan-o. 

Ouachita — Wash'-e-taw. 

Ouconostota — < >o-con-o-sto'-tah. 

Outagamis — < >o-ta-gahm'-ees. 

Oxenstiern — ( kks'-en-stern. 

Palo Alto— Pah'-lo-Ahlto. 

Pamphilo de Narvaez — 

Pahm-feel'-yo-da-Nar'-va-eth. 
Pascua Florida — Pahs-koo-ah-Flor-e'-dah. 
Phoenicians — Fe-nish'-ans. 
Pinzon — Peen'-zon. 
Pizarro — Pe-zar'-ro. 
Ponce de Leon — Pon'-tha-da-La-on'. 
Pontchartrain — Pon-shahr-tran'. 
Porto Rico — Por-to Ree'-co. 
Poutrincourt — Poo-tran-ki ior'. 
Prima Vista — Pre'-mah Vees-tah. 
Prideaux — Pre-do'. 
Prudhomme — Pru-dohm'. 
Puebla— Pweb'-lah. 
Quetzal — Kwut'zal. 
Rene — Ra-na'. 
Resaca-de-la-Palma — 

Ra-sah'-cah-da-lah-Pahl'-mah. 
Ribaut— Re-bo'. 
Rio Grande— He' -o- Grand' a. 
Roberval — Ro-ber-vahl'. 
Roderigo de Triana — 

Ro-dre-go-da-Tre-ahn'-ah. 
Ryswick — IUs'-w ik. 
Salamanca — Sahl-ah-mahn'-kah. 
Saltillo— Sahl-teel'-] o. 
San Augustine— San-Aw'gus-teen'. 
San Felipe— San-Fa-le'-pa. 
San Gabriel- San -(Jab -ru -ul'. 
San Jacinto— San-Ja-seen' -to. 
San Salvador— Sah n Sail l'-vah-dore. 
Santa Fe— Sahn-ta-Fa'. 
Santius — Sahn'-sha-oos. 
St. Croix— Sent Cro wall'. 
Sauvolle — So- vole'. 
Schuylkill— Skool'-kil. 
Sebastian — Sa-bahs 1 te-an. 
Shoshones— Slio sho'-neez. 
Sioux— Son. 

Stuyvesant — Sii'-ves-ant. 
Taensas— Ten'-saw. 
Tenochitlan — Ten-o-che'-tlan. 
Thorfin — Tor'-rin. 
Thornstein — Tor'-stine. 
Utrecht— U-treckt'. 

Vasco da Gama — Vahs'-ko -da-Gah' -mail. 
Velasquez— Va las' kctli. 
Verrazanni — Ve-rat-dzan'-e. 
Vincente Yanez — Yin tchtn-ta Va'nez. 
Wouter Van Twiller— 

Woo'-ter-Van-twil-'ler. 
Yeamans — Yee'-mans. 
Zuni — Zoon'-yee. 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Abercrombie, General 192 

Acadie , 59 

Acadians expelled 189 

x\dams, John 230, 273, 2S6, 2S9 

Adams, J. Q 313, 319 

Adams, Samuel 216, 271 

Adet, Commissioner 2S6 

Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty 180 

Alabama, Admission of 31S 

Alabama Claims 424 

Alabama, The 402, 403 

Alamance, Battle 218 

Alamo, Battle 340 

Alaska Purchase 421 

Albert, Captain 9S 

Albermarle Colony 149 

Alcolhuas 73 

Allen, Ethan 225 

Alexander, Chief 167 

Algerine War 315 

Alien Law 288 

Amaraca 41 

Amherst, General 192 

Amendment, Twelfth 288 

American Flag 241 

American System, The 325-331 

Amidas 102 

Ampudia, General 347 

Anahuac 47 

Anderson, Major 365 

Andros, Sir Edmund 179 

Andre, Major 248 

Annapolis Convention 268 

Anti-Federalists 272 

Antietam, Battle 3S6 

Appomattox Surrender 413 

Arbuthnot, Admiral 247 

Argall, Captain Samuel 122 

Arista, General 345 

Arkansas, Admission of 322 

Arkansas Explored 54 

Arkansas Post Captured 404 

Armistead, General 392 

Arnold, Benedict ...224, 254 240, 241 

Arnold's Treason 248 

Arthur, Chester A 427-42S 

Articles of Confederation 264-267 

Ashby, General Turner 409 

Ashe, Colonel John 214, 245 



Page. 

Assembly, First Colonial 123 

Atkinson, General 323 

Attakullakulla, Chief 197 

Austin, Moses 339 

Austin, Stephen F 339, 341 

Autosse, Battle 306 

Ayllon, Vasquez do 44 

Aztecs 47-74 

Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr 173 

Bacon's Rebellion 174 

Bailey, Colonel Joseph 401 

Bainbridge, Commodore 310 

Balboa, Nunez de 47 

Baltimore Conventions 362 

Baltimore Founded 144 

Baltimore, Lord 143 

Banks, General N. P 3S2, 3S4, 398 

Baratarians, The 313 

Barba, Don Antonio 1S3 

Barlow 102 

Barnwell, Captain John 169 

Barre 217 

Barron, Captain 294 

Bartholdi 433 

Battles of the Civil War 416 

Battles of Revolution 243, 25S 

Battles of the War with Mexico.. 351 
Battles of the War of 1812... 30S, 314 

Baum, Colonel 240 

Bayard, James 313 

Bayard, Thomas F 430 

Beauregard, General P. G. T. 

365. 373, 380, 371, 37^ 4" 

Bee, General 373 

Bell, John 362 

Belmont, Battle 377 

Benjamin, Judah P 363 

Bennington, Battle 240 

Berkley, Lord 129 

Berkley, Sir Wm 172 

Berlin Decree 293 

Beujeu 191 

Bienville 155 

Bill of Rights, Virginia 230, 264 

Biloxi 156 

Bishop, Edward 176 

Blackbeard 205 

Black Hawk, Chief 323 



456 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Blackstone, Wm 135 

Blackstock's Ford, Battle 25 1 

Blaine, James G 429 

Blair, Francis P 421 

Blair, Rev. Jas 207 

Blockade, The 393 - 394 

Bloody Marsh, Battle "183 

Bloody Run, Battle 173 

Blount, Gov. Wm 284 

Blue Laws 140 

Blunt, General .... 404 

Boguet, Colonel Henry 198 

Boishebert 1S9 

Boone, Daniel 266 

Booth, John Wilkes 418 

Boston Fire 424 

Boston, Founding of 135 

Boston Massacre 21S 

Bovd, Colonel 245 

Bracito, Battle 346 

Braddock, Sir Edward 189 

Bradford, Wm 132 

Bradstreet, Colonel 192 

Bragg, Braxton 348, 37^-3$° 

Brandywine, Battle 237 

Brazos Santiago, Battle 414 

Breckinridge, John C....362, 37S, 410 

Breed's Hill 227 

Brewster, Wm 132 

Brier Creek, Battle 245 

Brock, General 301, 302 

Brown, Colonel 247 

Brown, Fort ., 345 

Brown, General 305 

Brown's Raid 361 

Brownstown, Battle 301 

Buchanan, James 357 

Buell, General D. C 376, 380 

Buena Vista, Battle 347 

Buford, Colonel 251 

Bull Run, First Battle 372 

Bull Run, Second Battle 38s 

Bunker Hill 226 

Burgoyne, Sir John 22(1, 237, 239 

Burnet, David G 342 

Burnside, General A. E 387, 395 

Burr, Aaron 288, 293 

Burroughs, George 176 

Bushy Run, Battle 198 

Business Panic of 1837 333 

Business Panic of 1873 426 

Butler, General Benj. F..395, 398, 409 

Butler, Major John 246 

Cabrillo 52 

Cabot, John 39 

Cabot, Sebastian 39 



Page. 

Cabinet, First Confederate 363 

Cabral SS 

Calhoun 299, 320, 330 

Call for Troops 369 

Calvert, Cecil 143 

Calvert, Leonard 143 

Calvert, Philip 144 

Campbell, Colonel 245 

Camden, Battle 249 

Canary Islands 23 

Canby, General 425 

Canonicus, Chief 141 

Cantey, Captain 182 

Capital Bargain 2S2 

Captain Jack, Chief 425 

Garden, Captain 310 

Carleton, Sir Guy 228 

Caroline, Fort 99 

Carpenter's Hall 220 

Carr, Dabney 219 

Carver, John 132 

Carteret Colony 150 

Carteret, Sir Geo 129 

Cartier 59 

Castenado, General 340 

Caswell, Colonel Richard 22S 

Cavalry Leaders 409 

Cedar Creek, Battle 410 

Cedar Mountain, Battle 385 

Census, First 2S3 

Centennial Celebration 424 

Central America Discovered 37 

Cerro Gordo, Battle 349 

Chad's Ford, Battle 237 

Chalmette, Battle 313 

Champlain 60 

Chandler, Gen 304 

Chancellorsville, Battle 3SS 

Chapultepec. Battle 349 

Charleston Captured 247 

Charleston Convention 361 

Charleston Earthquake 433 

Charleston Founded 150 

Charter defined 260 

Charter Oak 178 

Charter, Massachusetts 135 

Charter, Rhode Island 141 

Cheatham, (Jen. B F 40S 

Cherokee War 197 

Cherry Valley Massacre 246 

Chesapeake Bay m 

Cheves, Lan^don 299, 324 

Chicago Fire 424 

Chickamauga, Battle 405 

Chicora 44 

Chippewa, Battle 306 



INDEX. 



457 



Page. 

Chrysler's Field, Battle 305 

Churchill, Gen. T. J 405 

Chichimecs 73 

Civil Rights Bill 421 

Civil Service Reform 430 

Claiborne, Gov. C. C 306, 316 

Clarke, Colonel 245 

Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers 242 

Clarke, Wm 292 

Clarendon Colony 149 

Clay, Henry....299, 313, 317, 319, 

3^9. 33i> 337> 343> 355 

Clayborne's Rebellion 143 

Clayton, Gen. H. D 409 

Cleburne, Gen. Pat 409 

Cleveland, Grover 429-433 

Clinch, General 323 

Clinton, General 226, 293, 234 

Clinton, George 295 

Clinton, Sir Henry 247 

Cloyce, Sarah 176 

Cobb, Howell 363 

Coddington, Wm 141 

Coffee, General 306 

Cold Harbor Battle 412 

Colgvvitt, Gen. A. H 406 

Coligny, 98 

Colito, Battle 340 

Colonial Coins 203 

Colonial Congress 179 

Colonial Differences 206 

Colonial Government, First. .111, 200 

Colonial Industries 202 

Colonial Life 207 

Colonial Money 204 

Colonial Progress 199 

Colonial Revolts 179 

Colorado, Admission of 424 

Columbia, District of 2S9 

Columbus 23, 37 

Compromise of 1833 331 

Compromises, Three Great 269 

Conception, Battle 340 

Conemaugh Disaster 434 

Confederate Government 363-365 

Conflicting Claims 164 

Congress, First Continental 220 

Congress, First Federal 279 

Connecticut settled 139 

Constitution, Adoption of ...272-273 
Constitutional Convention . ...26S-273 

Constitution defined 260 

Constitution, First written 256 

Constitution, First Virginia 123 

Constitutional Interpretation 271 

Constitutional Union Party 362 



Page. 

Contreras, Battle 349 

Conway Cabal 239 

Cooper, Sir Ashley iqo 

Corinth, Battle 3S0 

Cornwallis, General 234, 236, 

2 37> -247. 2 49 

Coronado 52 

Cory, Giles 176 

Cory, Martha 176 

Cortez, Hernando 49 

Correspondence, Committees of 219 

Cotymoore, Capt 197 

Cotton Gin 327 

Cotton Manufactures 327 

Cowpens, Battle 254 

Craven, Governor 170 

Creek War 306 

Creek Treaty 319 

t. rittenden, General 377 

Croatan 105 

Crawford, Wm. H 319 

Crockett, David 340 

Crook, General 432 

Cross Keys, Battle 384 

Crown Point captured 225 

Croghan, Major 303 

Cruger, Colonel 247, 255 

Cuba, Discovery of 35 

Cumberland Road 317 

Custer Massacre 425 

Curtis, Gen 376, 404 

Dacan 63 

Dade Massacre 323 

Dale, Sir Thos 119 

Dallas (Ga.), Battle 406 

Dare, Virginia 105 

Dark Ages 20 

Davis, John 69 

Davis, Jefferson 34S, 364 

Deane, Silas 241 

Dearborn, Gen. Henry 301 

Death Angle 411 

Decatur 291, 310 

De Chopart 171 

Declaration of Independence 231 

Declaratory Act 216 

De Contrecoeur 190 

Deerfield Massacre 168, 179 

De Gourgues 100 

De Kalb 237, 248 

Delaware, Lord 116 

De Leon, Alonzo 156 

Democratic-Republican Partv.... 286 

De Monts 59 

Denys 59 



45« 



INDEX. 



Page. 

De Rouville 179 

De Soto 52, 53 

D'Estaing, Count 241, 246 

Detroit, Surrender 301 

De Vitre 193 

Diaz, Bartholomeu 21 

Dieskau, Baron 190 

Dinwiddie, Governor 186 

Doniphan, Colonel 346 

Donop, General 23-; 

Dorchester Heights 228 

Dorr's Rebellion 336 

Douglas, Stephen A 356, 362 

Dover (N. II.) Massacre 179 

Dowling, Lieutenant R. W 400 

Downie, Commodore 307 

Drake. Sir Francis 69, 103 

Drake, Captain 1S2 

Dred Scott Decision 355 

Drummond, General 306 

Drummond, Wm 149 

Duhault 156 

Du Quesne Built 188 

Du Quesne, Capture of 193 

Early, Gen. Jubal 410 

East India Co 126 

Eccanacheca, Battle 306 

Educational Campaign 432 

Election, First 116 

Electoral College 270 

Electoral Commission 427 

Elizabeth, Queen 68 

Elizabeth, Settlement of 106 

Elmira, Battle 246 

Emancipation Proclamation 417 

Embargo Act ... 294 

Empressarios, The 339 

Emucfaw, Battle 306 

Enciso 47 

Endicott, John ... 135 

Endicott, W. C 430 

English Revolution 136 

English, Wm. II 428 

Era of Good Feeling 315 

Erie Canal 317 

Erik the Red 90 

Espejo 52 

Eutaw Springs, Battle 255 

Evans, General 373 

Everett, Edward 362 

Ewell, Gen. Richard S 3S4, 390 

Falling Waters, Battle 371 

Fauquier, Governor 215 

Farragut, Commodore... 396-39S, 412 
Federalists 272 



Page. 

Federalist, The 272 

Federal Convention, Work of... 268 
Federal Ratio 270 

Fenwick, Captain 1S2 

Ferdinand 26 

Ferguson, Major 251 

Fifteenth Amendment 420 

Fillmore, Millard 357 

Finnegan, Gen. Joseph.... 406 

Fisher Hill, Battle 410 

Fishing Creek, Battle 251 

Five Forks, Battle 413 

Florida Cession 317 

Florida, Discovery of 44 

Florida Settled 99 

Forbes, General 193 

Forrest, Gen. X. B 408-409 

Fort Donelson Captured 377 

Fort Henry Captured 377 

Fort Wm. Henry Massacre 191 

Fort Fontenac, Capture of 192 

Fort Piduski Captured 395 

Fort Rosalie Massacre 171 

Fort Sumter Surrendered 367 

Forty-niners 350 

Fourteenth Amendment 420 

Franklin, Battle 408 

Franklin, Benjamin 1S8, 241, 

262, 28 1 

Franklin, General 400 

Franklin, State of . 267 

Frazier, General.. 241 

Free Soil Party .. 3S7 

Fredericksburg, Battle 3S7 

Fremont, Gen. J. C..357, 3S2, 3S4, 401 

French Alliance 241 

French and Indian War 189 

Frenchtovvn, Battle 303 

Frobisher 69 

Frontenac, Count .... 63 

Front Royal, Battle 384 

Fugitive Slave Law 355 

Fulton, Robert 295 

Fu Sang 89 

Gadsden, Christopher ...215. 272 

Gadsden Purchase .. 350 

Gaines, Fort. 412 

Gaines, General 305, 306, 323 

Gallatin, Albert 313 

Galveston Captured 400 

Gama, Vasco da 21 

Gansevoort, Colonel 240 

Garfield, Jas. A 427, 428 

Garland, Augustus II 430 

Garnett, General 392 



INDEX. 



459 



Page. 

Garrison, Wm. L 356 

Gaspee, The 21S 

Gates, General 221,240, 248 

Gates, Sir Thomas 116 

General Court 136 

Genet 283 

Geneva Award 424 

Genoa City 21 

Germantown, Battle 237 

Geronimo, Chief 433 

Gettysburg, Battle 390-392 

Ghent Treaty 313 

Gibson, Gen. Randall L 409 

Gilbert, Raleigh 107 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 101 

Glorietta, Battle 375 

Gold, Discovery of 350 

Goliad Massacre 340 

Gonzales, Battle 340 

Good Hope, Cape 21 

Good Hope, Fort 139 

Good, Sarah 176 

Goodwin, John 175 

Gordon, Gen. J. B 410 

Gorges, Sir Ferdinand 139 

Gosnold 106, in 

Government, Forms of 259 

Grand Model, The 150 

Graffenreid, Baron 169 

Granganimo, Chief 102 

Grant, Gen. U. S 376, 377, 379 

399^ 405, 409- 4i 1 > 412, 421, 432 

Grant, Major 193 

Granville, Prime Minister 214 

Great Woods 186 

Greenbacks 426 

Green Mountain Boys 225 

Green, Rev. Roger 148 

Greene, General 234, 238, 253-257 

Greenville 103 

Grijalva 47 

Grundy, Felix 299 

Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty 350 

Guilford C. H. Battle 254 

Gunnbjorn 89 

Half King, Chief 188 

Halleck, Gen. H. W 376, 379, 3S5 
Hamilton, Alexander.. ..26S, 272, 281 

Hamilton, Governor 242 

Hamlin, Hannibal 361 

Hampton, Gen. Wade.. ..373, 374, 

303 > 409 

Hancock, Gen. W. S 411, 412, 428 

Hancock, John 218 

Handcock, Chief 169 



Page. 

Hanging Rock, Battle 251 

Hardee, Gen. W. J 378 

Harlem Heights. Battle 234 

Harmar, Gen 2S3 

Harper's Ferry Captured 3S6 

Harrison, Gen. Wm. Hy 298, 

303 , 333 

Harrison, Benjamin F 431 

Harrison, Benjamin 225, 271 

Hartford Convention 309 

Harvard College 207 

Harvard, Rev. John 207 

Harvey, Sir John 172 

Hatteras Inlet Captured 395 

Haverhill Massacre 179 

Haves, Rutherford B 426 

Hayti Discovered 35 

Hayne, Col. Isaac 24S 

Hendrick, Chief 190 

Herkimer, General 240 

Hendricks, Thos. A 426, 429, 432 

Hennepin 63 

Henry. Patrick 215, 271 

Herjulfson 89 

Hessians 235 

Hiens 156 

Hill, Gen. A. P 374, 390 

Hill, Gen. D. H 386, 413 

Hindman, Gen. T. C 404 

Hispaniola 34 

Hobbs, Deliverance 176 

Hobkirk's Hill, Battle 255 

Hoe, R. M, 343 

Iloei Shin 86 

Holmes, Gen. T. H 405 

Hood, Gen. J. B 407 

Hooker, Gen. Joseph 387, 390 

Hooker, Rev. Thomas 140 

Horse Shoe Bend, Battle 306 

Houston, Gen. Sam 341, 342 

Howe, Admiral 242 

Howe, Elias 343 

Howe, General 226 

Howe, Gen. Robt 245 

Howard, Gen 389, 427 

Hudson 70 

Hudson River, Discovery of 70 

Huger, Gen. Benj 371 

Huguenots 98 

Hull, Captain 309 

Hull, Gen. Wm 301 

Hunt, Rev. Robt 111 

Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne 13S 

Huger, Col 247 

Iberville 155 



460 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Ikiefonso Treaty 291 

Illinois, Admission of 318 

Illinois Explored 63 

Importation Acts 212 

Impressment of Seamen 300 

Independence, Growth of 276 

Indian Races 7S 

Indian Territory Organized 323 

Indiana, Admission of 315 

Internal Improvements 317 

Invention, Progress of 343 

Iowa, Admission of 343 

Iuka, Battle 3S0 

Isabel, Fort 35 

Isabella 26 

Island No. 10 Captured 395 

Izard, Gen. Ralph 305 



Jack, Capt 

Jackson, Andrew .306, 313, 316, 

319, 320, 322 

Jackson, Gen. " Stonewall " 372, 

373. 33i, 3S4> 3S5. 

Jamaica, Discovered 

Jamestown Massacre 

Jamestown Settled 

Japan Treaty 

Jasper, Sergeant 

Jay, John 

Jay's Treaty 

Jefferson, Thomas 231, 290 

Jesuits 

Johnson, Andrew 418 

Johnson, Col. Richard M. 
Johnson, Gen. Edward. 

Johnson, Governor 

Johnson, Ilerschel V 

Johnson Impeachment, The 

Johnson, Sir Wm 

Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney... 

37u 

Johnston, Gen. J. E....371, 372, 

3S1, 3S4, 406, 407, 

Joliet 

Jones, Capt. Paul 

Jumonville, 

Jury Trial, First 



190 
331 

339 

37 

165 

in 

357 
229 
279 
2S2 
296 
60 
•420 
304 
3S4 
182 
362 
421 
190 

-379 

4H 
62 

-47 

18S 



Kansas. Admission of 357 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill 356 

Kansas Struggle, The ... 356 

Karlsefne 90 

Kearney, Gen .... 346 

Kieft... " 128 

Kemper, Gen 392 

Kendall in 



Page. 

Kennesaw Mt., Battle 406 

Kent Island 143 

Kentucky, Admission of 2S3 

Kentucky Resolutions 288 

Kernstown, Battle 384 

Kettle Creek, Battle 245 

Kid, Capt 205 

Kilpatrick, Gen 409 

King George's War 180 

King's Mountain, Battle 251 

King, Rufus .... 295 

King Philip's War 167 

King William's War 17S 

Kuvphausen, Gen 234 

Knox, Gen 280 

Knoxville, Siege of , 405 

Kosciusko 237, 240, 255 

Labrador, Discovery of 39 

La Colle, Battle " 305 

Laconia 139 

Lafayette 237 

Lafayette's Visit 31S 

Lafitte.. 313 

Lake Erie, Battle 304 

Lake George, Battle 190 

Lamar, L. Q. C 430 

Lamar, Mirabeau B 342 

Lane, Jos 362 

Lane, Ralph 103 

Lancelot 156 

Laudonierre 99 

Langharne. Captain 309 

Laurens, Henry 230 

Lawrence, Captain 310-31 1 

La Salle 62. 155 

Law. John. 158 

Lee, Arthur 241 

Lee, Gen. Chas 241 

Lee, Gen. Fitzhugh 274 

Lee. Fort 234 

Lee. Col. Henry 251. 268, 272 
Lee, Gen. Robt. E 370, 384-393 

Lee. R. II 2IQ, 27 1 

Lee, Gen. S. D 399, 408, 4«> 

Le Boeuf, Fort 1N7 

Le Feboure 1S2 

Leisler, Jacob 179 

Lewis, Merriwether 292 

Lexington, Battle 223 

Lexington (Mo.), Captured 375 

Liberty Bell 231 

Liberty Party 357 

Liberty, Statue of 433 

Lief Ericson 90 

Lincoln, Abraham 361, 367, 409 



INDEX. 



461 



Page. 

Lincoln, General 240, 245, 246 

Liotot 156 

Little Turtle, Chief 2S3 

Livingstone, Commissioner 291 

Locke, Col. Francis 251 

Locke, John 150 

Logan, John A 429 

London Company 107 

Loudon, Lord 192 

Long Island Battle 234 

Longstreet, Gen. James 385, 3S6, 

390, 405, 413 

Loose Constructionists 317 

Lookout Mountain, Battle 405 

Louisburg Captured 1S0 

Louisiana, Admission of 315 

Louisiana, Limits of defined 290 

Louisiana Named 65 

Louisiana, Purchase 291, 292 

Louisiana Settled 15S 

Louisiana, Quarantine Station.... 427 

Lowndes, Wm. 299 

Loyalty, Question of 370 

Lundy's Lane, Battle -306 

Lyman, General 190 

Lynn, Captain 375 

Macdonough, Commodore. 307 

Mackey, Colonel 170 

Macomb, General 305 

Madison, James 26S, 272, 29S-315 

Madog S9 

Magas 73 

Magaw 234 

Magaw, Colonel 42 

Magellan 371 

Magruder, Gen. J. B 371, 3S3, 399 

Maguaga, Battle 301 

Maine, Admission of 31S 

Maine Settled 139 

Maitland, Colonel 246 

Mallory, Stephen B 363 

Malvern 385 

Mandeville, Sir John 20 

Manhattan Island Settled 126 

Manning, Daniel 430 

Mansfield, Battle 401 

Manteo, Chief 103 

Marion, General 2^0 

Marco, Friar 52 

Marquette 62 

Marshall, Colonel 348 

Martin. John in 

Maryland Named 143 

Mason, Geo 264, 271 

Mason James M 417 



Page. 

Mason, John 139, 167 

Mason and Dixon's Line 145 

Massachusetts Bay Co 135 

Massachusetts Explored 106 

Massasoit, Chief 134 

Mather, Cotton 176 

Mauvilla 54 

Maumee, Battle 283 

Maurepas 156 

Maximilian 417 

Mayflower 131 

Mayflower Compact 261 

Maynard, Lieutenant 205 

McClellan .370, 375, 382, 386, 432 

McCormick's Reaper 322 

McCulloch, Gen. Ben 375, 377 

McDowell, Battle 384 

McDowell, Gen. Irvin 371, 3S3 

McHenry, Fort 311 

Mcintosh, General 377 

McKay, Lieutenant 183 

McPherson, General 407, 408 

Meade, Gen. Geo. G 390 

Mecklenburg Resolutions 231 

Meigs, Fort 303 

Melendez 99 

Memminger, Chas. G 363 

Mendoza, Antonio de 52 

Mercer, Fort 238 

Mexican War 34-+-35 1 

Mexico, Aborigines of 73 

Mexico City Captured 349 

Mexico Discovered 47 

Micanopv, Chief 323 

Michigan, Admission of 322 

Minin, Fort 23S 

Milan Decree 293 

Military Act 421 

Mill Springs, Battle 377 

Miller, Colonel 306 

Minnesota, Admission of 357 

Minuit, Peter 127, 129 

Missionary Ridge, Battle 405 

Mississippi, Admission of 31S 

Mississippi Company 158 

Mississippi, Discoverv of 54 

Mississippi Explored 54 

Mississippi River Explored. 65 

Missouri, Admission of 3'S, 3*9 

Missouri Compromise 319 

Mobile Attacked 412 

Monckton, Colonel 1S9 

Modoc War 424 

Monk's Corner, Battle 247 

Monitor and Virginia 396 

Molino del Rev, Battle 349 



462 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Monmouth, Battle 241 

Monroe Doctrine 317 

Monroe, James 291, 315-319 

Montana, Admission of 434 

Montcalm 191 

Montezuma 49 

Montiano 182 

Montgomery, Colonel 197 

Montgomery, Gen. Richard..... 22S 

Montreal, Capture of 194 

Moore, Col. James 169 

Moore, Governor. 1S1 

Moore's Creek Bridge, Battle 228 

Morgan, Fort 412 

Morgan, Gen. Daniel ...228, 240, 254 

Morgan, Gen. Jno. II 408, 409 

Mormons, The 337 

Morris, Robt 263 

Morristown Heights 237 

Morse, Prof. S. F. B 343 

Morse, Rebecca 176 

Morton, Levi P 431 

Moultrie, Colonel 229, 245 

Moultrie, Fort 229 

Mound Builders ..86, 87 

Mulligan, Colonel 375 

Mumfordsville, Battle 380 

Murfreesboro, Battle 404 

Nadod 89 

Nahueke, Fort 169 

Nashville, Battle 409 

Natchitoches 158 

Natchez War 171 

National Republican Party 320 

Narvaez, Pamphilo de 45 

Navigation Acts 211 

Nebraska, Admission of 421 

Necessity, Fort iSS 

New Albion 69 

Newherne Settled 169 

New Hampshire Settled 139 

New Jersey Settled 129 

Nelson, Thomas 230 

Nelson, Governor 2qn 

New Market, Battle j.io 

New Netherlands 126 

New Orleans, Battle 313 

New Orleans Founded 158 

New Orleans, Capture of 39S 

Newport, Capt. Christopher no 

Newport Founded 141 

New Sweden 129 

Newtonia, Battle 404 

Nicholson, Governor 179 

Ninety-Six, Fort 255 



Page. 

North Dakota, Admission of 434 

Non- Conformists 131 

North Carolina Explored 102 

North Carolina Settled 149 

North, Lord 219, 2^7 

Northwest Territory, Conquest 242 

Nullification. 29^ 

Nullification Ordinance 330 

Oglethorpe, James 154, 1S3 

Ojedo 41 

Okeechobee, Battle 323 

Oklahoma Boom 434 

Opitchapan 105 

Opecancanough 115, 165 

Omnibus Bill 355 

Osceola, Chief 323 

Otis, James 213 

Oswego, Fort 191 

Ohio Company 1S6 

Ohio, Admission of 290 

( )nate ^2 

Olustee, Battle 406 

Ocean Cable, First 357 

Orange, Fort 127 

Orionoco River Discovered 37 

Orders in Council 293 

Oregon, Admission of 3^7 

Oregon Boundary Treaties... 317, 344 

Oregon, Discovery of 69 

Oriskany, Battle 240 

Ordinance of 17S7 265 

Ouconostota, Chief 197 

Pacific Discovered 47 

Pakenham, Sir Edward 313 

Palo Alto, Battle 345 

Paris, First Treaty of 195 

Paris, Second Treaty of 257 

Parker, Admiral Hyde 245 

Parker, Captain 223 

Parker, Sir Peter 228 

Parliament 213 

Parris, Samuel 176 

Partisan Warfare 250 

Patriot War 334 

Patroons 127 

Patterson, General 370 

Pearce, Gen. N. B 375 

Pea Ridge, Battle 376 

Pequods 167 

Pendleton, John II 418 

Penn, Wm 145 

Penn's Treaty 147 

Pennsylvania Line, Revolt of 263 

Pennsylvania, Settlement of 146 



INDEX. 



4 6 3 



Page. 

Pepperel, General 1S0 

Peratta, Battle 375 

Percy, George 117 

Perier, General 171 

Perry, Commodore 304 

Perryville, Battle 381 

Personal Liberty Bills 356 

Pet Banks 324 

Petersburg Captured 413 

Petition, Anti-Slavery 2S1 

Philadelphia Founded 146 

Philip, Chief 167 

Philips, General 241, 254 

Philippi, Battle 371 

Phips, Sir Wm 179 

Phoenicians 88 

Pickens, General 250 

Pickett, Gen. Geo. D 392 

Pierce, Franklin 357 

Piggott, General 227 

Pike, Gen. Albert 376 

Pike, Gen. Zebulon 304 

Pilgrims 132 

Pillow, General 349 

Pinckney, Chas. C....268, 2S7, 272, 295 

Pinzons, The. 29 

Pirates 205 

Pitcairn, Major 223 

Pitt, Wm 192 

Pittsburg Landing, Battle 37S 

Pizarro 50 

Plan of Union, Franklin's iSS 

Pleasant Hill, Battle 401 

Pleasanton, General 409 

Plymouth Company 107 

Plymouth Rock 132 

Plymouth, Settlement of 133 

Pocahontas 115 

Pocotaligo Massacre 170 

Political Thought Centers 212 

Polk, Gen. Leonidas 377, 378 

Polk, Jas. K 337, 343 

Polo, Marco 20 

Ponce de Leon 44 

Pontchartrain 156 

Pontiac, Chief 19S 

Pope, Gen. John 385, 395 

Popham Colony 107 

Popham, George 107 

Popham, Sir John 1S7 

Port Bill, Boston.../. 219 

Port Hudson Captured 399 

Port Royal (N. S.) 59 

Port Royal (S. C.) 9S 

Port Royal (N. S.) Captured 179 

Port Royal (S. C.) Captured 395 



Page. 

Port Republic, Battle 3S4 

Porter, Captain 309 

Poutrincourt 59 

Power Loom 327 

Powhattan in 

Prairie Grove, Battle 404 

Preble, Commodore 291 

Prescott, Colonel 226 

President's Cabinet, First 280 

Presque Isle, Fort 1S6 

Prevost, General 245, 304 

Price, Stirling 346, 375, 376, 

379. 38o, 405 

Prideaux, General 192 

Princeton, Battle 237 

Pring 107 

Printing Press, First Rotary 343 

Proctor, General 303 

Prophet, The 29S 

Proprietors, Lords 148 

Protective Tariff 326 

Protestants 98 

Providence Founded 141 

Province Defined 256 

Pueblos S7 

Pulaski 236 

Puritans 131 

Puritan Migration 136 

Pushamataha, Chief 306 

Putnam, General 224, 234 

Quakers 147 

Quasi French War 2S7 

Quebec, Capture of 194 

Queenstown, Battle 302 

Queen Anne's War 179 

Quetzal S9 

Rahl, Colonel 236 

Railroad, First 320 

Railroad Strikes 427 

Raisin River Massacre 303 

Raleigh 102 

Raleigh Tavern 216 

Ramsour's Mill, Battle 251 

Randolph, Edmund 279 

Randolph, Peyton 220 

Ratcliff in 

Rawdon, Lord 248, 255 

Reagan, J. H 363 

Reconstruction 419-421 

Red River Expedition 401 

Regulators, The 218 

Regulating Act 219 

Renssaellaer, Stephen Van 302 

Republican Party 357 



4 6 4 



INDEX. 



Page. 



Resaca de la Palma 

Resaca (Ga.), Battle 

Revenue Act 

Revenue Tariff 

Revere, Paul 

Rhett, Col. Wm 182, 

Rhode Island Expedition 

Rhode Island Settled 

Riall, General 

Ribaut 

Rice Culture Introduced 

Riedesel, General 

Rich Mountain, Battle 

Richmond (Kv.), Battle 

Riedesel, General 

Roanoke Island 

Robertson, James 

Robertson. J. W 

Rodgers, Commodore 

Rolfe, John 

Rosalie, Fort 

Rosecrans, Gen.W. S....3S0. 404. 
405, 

Ross. General 

Roberval 

Russell, Jonathan 

Rutledge, John 230. 

Ryswick Treaty 



St. Augustine Pounded 

St. Clair. General 239, 

St. Lawrence, Gulf 

St. Leger, General 

St. Louis, Fort 

St. Marv's (Fla.) 

St. Marv's ( Md.)', Settlement of.. 

Sabine Cross Roads. Battle 

Sabine Pass, Battle 

Sackett's Harbor, Defense of 

Sacramento Creek, Battle 

Sagadahoc 

Salamanca, Council of 

Salmon Falls (Me.) Massacre... 

Salzburgers 

Samoset, Chief 

Sander's Creek, Battle 

San Felipe Convention 

San Jacinto, Battle 341, 

San Salvador 

Santa Anna, General 

Santa l'Y Founded 

Santa F6 Expedition 

Santa Fe. Trail 

Sassacus, Chief 

Sauvolle 

Savannah Founded 



345 
406 
216 
326 
223 
205 
242 
Mi 
306 
9 S 
202 
241 

37i 
3S0 

235 
103 
366 
34i 
-99 
165 

157 

406 
3" 
59 
3'3 
268 
179 

99 
283 

59 
240 
156 

98 

M3 
401 
400 

3°5 

34" 
107 
26 
179 
'54 
i33 
249 

34' 
342 

33 
34- 

5 2 
346 
34" 
166 

'55 
153 



Page. 

Savannah Captured 245 

Sayle, Wm 149 

Schenectady Massacre 179 

Schoneld, General 408 

Schuyler, Fort 240 

Schuyler, General 237. 240 

Scott. Gen. W. S....305, 34S-350, 370 

.Screw Propeller 322 

Secession, Cause of 362 

Secession of Southern States 363 

Secession Ordinance 363 

Sedgwick, General 3S7 

Sectional Antagonism, Begin- 
ning of 31S 

Sectional Antagonism 35 3 ~354 

Sectional Inequality 342 

Sedition Law 2SS 

Self-Government, Development 277 

Seminole War 315, 323 

Semmes, Admiral 402-403 

Separatists 131 

Seven Days' Battles 3S4 

Seven Pines' Battle 3S4 

Sevier, Col. John 253, 267 

Sewing Machine, First 343 

Seymour, Gen. Freeman 406 

Slidell, John 417 

Shirley, General 189 

Shiloh, Battle 37S 

Shields, General 3S4 

Sherman, Gen. Thomas \V 395 

Sherman, Gen. W, T 399, 405-408 

Sherman's March 40S 

Sheridan, Gen. P. II 409, 410 

Shelby, Col. Isaac 253 

Shay's Rebellion 265 

Shawnee War 298 

Shawmut 136 

Sitting Bull. Chiet 4^5 

Si ux War 424 

Sigel, General 375, 409 

Sibley's Brigade "... 375 

Skipwith, Fulwar 316 

Skittaw aires 107 

Slavery Introduced 121 

Slavery, Opposition to 353 

Slater, Samuel 327 

Slemmer, Lieutenant 365 

Smyth, Gen. Alex 303 

Smith, Capt. John Ill 

Smithsonian Institution 344 

Smithson, James 343 

Smith, Lieut. N. II 400 

Smith, Joseph 337 

Smith. Gen. E. Kirbv... 372, 374, 

3So, 414 



INDEX. 



465 



Page. 

Smith, Gen. C. F 376 

Smith, Gov. Henry 341 

Snorri go 

Somers, Sir George 116 

South Carolina, Settlement of.... 98 

South Dakota, Admission of 434 

South Mountain, Battle 3S6 

Sovereignty 259 

Spottswood, Governor 169, 205 

Spottsylvania, Battle 411 

Spoliation Claims 292 

Spoils System 324 

Spain, Treaty with 283 

Squanto 133 

Squatter Sovereignty 356 

Stamp Act, The 214 

Standish, Captain 132, 133 

Stanton, Edwin M 421 

Stark, Gen. John 223 

Star of the West 365 

Starving Time 11S 

State Defined 256 

State Rights 271 

Steamboat, First 295 

Steamship, First 318 

Steele, Gen. Frederick 404 

Stephens, Alex. H 364 

Stephenson, Fort 303 

Steuben 237, 238 

Stewart, Gen. A. P 408 

Stewart, Gen. J. E. B 386 

Stirling, General 234 

Stoddart, Benjamin 2S7 

Stoneman, General 388 

Stono Ferry, Battle 246 

Stony Point, Capture 246 

Stringham, Commodore 395 

Stuyvesant 128 

Sub-Treasury System 335 

Suffrage 270 

Sullivan's Expedition 246 

Sullivan, General 234, 242 

Sumter, General 250 

Sutherland, Lieutenant 183 

Swansey Massacre 167 

Swedish Settlements 146 

Talladega, Battle 306 

Tariff Defined, 325 ; Classified.... 326 
Tarleton, Colonel.... 247, 249, 251, 254 

Taxes Defined 325 

Taylor, Zachary 323, 345-348, 357 

Taylor, Gen. Richard 40i> 414 

Teach, Pirate 205 

Tea Party, Boston 219 

Tecumseh, Chief 298, 301, 304 



Page. 

Telegraph, First 343 

Tennessee, Admission of 283 

Tenure of Office Act 421 

Territory, " South of the Ohio." 284 

Territory, State Cessions of 284 

Texas Admitted 343 

Texas Annexation 338-343 

Texas Annexed 343 

Texas Cession 350 

Texas Declaration of Independ- 
ence 342 

Texas, French Exploration of 156 

Texas Revolution 340 

Thames, Battle 304 

Thirteenth Amendment 420 

Thoerwald 90 

Thomas, Gen. George H 377, 

3So, 405 

Thomas, Gen. Philemon 315 

Thomas, Senator 319 

Thornton Massacre 345 

Thurman, Allen G 431 

Ticonderoga Captured 225 

Tilden, Samuel J 426, 432 

Tituba 176 

Tobacco Culture 119 

Toltecs 73 

Tomo Chichi, Chief 153 

Tonti 63 

Toombs, Robt 363 

Townshend, Chancellor 216 

Travis, Col. W. B 340 

Treasury Surplus 431 

Trent Affair 417 

Trenton, Battle : 236 

Tripolitan War 291 

Truxton, Commodore 287 

Tryon, Governor 218, 246 

Tuscarora War 169 

Twiggs, General 349 

Tyler, John 336 

Union Pacific Railroad 424 

United -Mates Bank 324 

Urrea, General 341 

Utrecht, Treaty 1S0 

Vacca, Cabacca de 45 

Valencia, General 349 

Valley Forge 238 

Valley Campaign 3S4 

Valverde, Battle 275 

Van Buren, Martin 333 

Van Dorn, Gen. Earl 376, 379 

Van Home, Major 301 

Van Twiller 12S 



466 



IND 



Page. 

Velasco, Treaty 342 

Velasquez 49 

Venango, Fort 1S7 

Vermont, Admission of -S3 

Verrazanni 58 

Vespuccius 41 

Vicksburg Captured 399 

Vikings 89 

Vilas, VV. F 430 

Vinland • 90 

Virginia and Monitor 396 

Virginia Resolutions 28S 

Von Heister, General 234, 235 

Votan 89 

Waldsee, Muller 41 

Walker, Sir Ilovenden 179 

Walker, Lerov P 363 

Wallace. Gen. Lewis 410 

Walloons 128 

Walthall, Gen. E. C 409 

Ward, Gen. Artemus 220 

Wardwell, Samuel 176 

Warner. Seth 22$ 

War of 1812 300-315 

Warren, General 180 

Washington. Admission of 434 

Washington City 289 

Washington, Col. William 254 

Washington (Tex.) Convention 341 

Washington, Fort 234 

Washington, George, 1S7; Gen- 
eral. 225-257; President, 279-2S4 

Washington, Treaty 424 

Waxhaw, IJattle 251 

Wayne, Gen. Anthony 246, 283 

Weathersford, Chief 306 

Webster-Ashburton Treaty 337 

Webster, Daniel 336 

West Florida, State of 315 

West. Gov. Joseph 150 

West India Company 127 

Weymouth 107 

Wheeler, Gen. Joseph H 380, 408 

Wheeler, W. A 426 

Whig Party 333 

Whisky Rebellion 282 



EX. „jt&l- 

\\ hite Apple \ illage 171 

White. Governor 105 

White Plains, Battle 234 

White. Rev. John 135 

Whitney, Eli 327 

Whitney, Wm. C 430 

Wilcox, General 392 

Wilderness, Battle 411 

Wilkinson, Gen. James 305 

Willard, John 176 

William and Mary College 2&] 

Williams, Colonel 190 

William Henry, Fort 191 

Williams, Roger 137 

Williamsburg, Battle 3S3 . 

Wilmot Proviso 354 

Wilson's Creek, Battle 375 

Winchester, Battle 410 

Winchester, General 303 

Winder, General 304 

Windsor, General 305 

Wingfield m-114 

Wingina 102 

Winthrop, General 179 

Winthrop, John 136 

Wisconsin, Admission of 343 

Wisconsin Explored 62 

Witchcraft, Salem 175 

Wolfe, General 193 

Wool, General 346 

World's Exposition |£8 

Worth, General 347 

Writs of Assistance 2(3 

Wyatt, Sir Francis 124 

Wyoming Massacre 246 

Yamassee War , 170 

Yeamans, Sir John 149 

Yeardly, Governor 119-123 

Yell, Colonel 34S 

York, Duke of 129 

Yorktown Surrender 256 

Young, Brigham 337 

Zavalla, Lorenzo de 342 

Zollicoffer, General 377 

Zuni S7 



